<p>O experimento foi realizado para estimar a exigência nutricional de sódio (Na) para codornas japonesas em postura. Foram utilizadas 245 codornas japonesas, com 187 dias de idade, peso de 189,4 <underline>+</underline> 6,1 g e taxa de produção de ovos de 91,05 <underline>+</underline> 5,5 %. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, constituído por cinco rações e sete repetições. Foram formuladas cinco rações experimentais à base de milho e farelo de soja, com cinco níveis de Na (0,10; 0,15; 0,20; 0,25 e 0,30%). Foram analisados: consumo de ração, produção de ovos por ave ao dia, por ave alojada, de ovos comercializáveis, de ovos viáveis por ave ao dia, peso do ovo, massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e por dúzia de ovos, componentes dos ovos (gema (g e %), albúmen (g e %) e casca (g e %), variação de peso corporal, viabilidade das aves e gravidade específica. Não foi verificado efeito (P>0,05) para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Sintomas de deficiência de sódio como inapetência, redução da taxa de crescimento, produção e apetite depravado não foram observados, demonstrando que o menor nível de sódio utilizado, 0,10%, não foi prejudicial às aves. A suplementação de 0,10% de sódio na ração, correspondente ao consumo diário de 26,1 mg de Na por ave foi suficiente para proporcionar satisfatório desempenho produtivo e qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas.</p>

<p>The experiment was conducted to estimate the nutritional requirement of sodium (Na) for laying Japanese quails. Were used 245 Japanese quails, with 187 days old, weight of 189.4 <underline>+</underline> 6.1 g and egg production rate of 91.05 <underline>+</underline> 5.5%. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized design, consisting of five diets and seven replicates. Five experimental diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, with five levels of Na (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30%). Were examined: feed intake, egg production per bird day, egg production per hen housed, commercial eggs, viable eggs per bird day, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion by egg mass and per dozen eggs, components eggs (yolk, albumen and shell), body weight variation, viability of birds and specific gravity. There were no differences (P>0.05) for all parameters studied. Symptoms of deficiency as inappetence, reduction in the growth rate and depraved appetite were not observed in this study, demonstrating that the lower level of Na used, 0.10%, was not adverse to birds. Supplementation of 0.10% Na in diet of the birds, corresponding to a daily intake of 26.1 mg / bird was enough to provide good performance and egg quality of Japanese quails.</p>

With the objective of evaluating available phosphorus (aP) levels in diets for barrows selected for lean meat deposition, eighty commercial hybrid pigs with initial weight of 94.05±1.05 kg were used in this experiment. Pigs were allotted in a completely randomized block design, with five treatments (0.092, 0.156, 0.220, 0,284, and 0.348% of aP), eight replicates and two pigs per experimental unit. The average daily weight gain of pigs increased and the feed conversion improved quadratically with increasing aP in the diets up to the estimated levels of 0.21 and 0.20%, respectively. There was no effect of the dietary aP on average daily feed intake. However, aP intake, bone strength and concentration of phosphorus in the bones increased linearly with increasing aP in the diets. The levels of aP did not affect carcass traits; however, the alkaline phosphatase activity was improved and the values of serum inorganic phosphorus increased quadratically up to the estimated levels of 0.26 and 0.27% of aP, respectively. The available phosphorus levels of 0.21, 0.27, and 0.35%, corresponding to daily aP intakes of 6.34, 8.13, and 10.44 g result, respectively, in greatest performance, blood and bone parameters of 95 to 120 kg barrows selected for lean gain.

To determine the relationship of arginine with lysine for Japanese quails during the period of production, an experiment was conducted using 360 subspecies of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with 162 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design. Diets were formulated with corn, soybean meal, sorghum and wheat bran containing 20.0% crude protein and 2,800 kcal ME/kg. The basal diet contained suboptimal level of lysine equal to 1% and was supplemented with five levels of L-arginine 99% (0.032; 0.083; 0.134; 0.185 and 0.236%) to replace the glutamic acid, corresponding to the relationship of arginine with digestible lysine of 1.16, 1.21, 1.26, 1.31 and 1.36. The parameters studied were: feed intake, egg production per hen/day, egg production per hen housed, commercial egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion by egg mass, feed conversion per dozen eggs, weight and percentage of components of the eggs (yolk, albumen and shell) and specific gravity. There was no significant effect on the relationship of arginine with digestible lysine in the diet of Japanese quails for any of the parameters examined. The arginine/lysine ratio of 1.16, which corresponds to a daily intake of 288.84 mg of arginine, provides satisfactory performance and egg quality of Japanese quails.

With the objective to evaluate the effect of dietary available phosphorus levels (aP) on the performance, blood and bone parameters of castrated male and female pigs, genetically selected for meat deposition, 60 commercial hybrids pigs with initial weight of 15.54±0.68 kg were allotted in a completely randomized block design, with six treatments (0.103, 0.210, 0.317, 0.424, 0.531, and 0.638% aP), five replicates, and two animals per experimental unit. Pigs were fed ad libitum and water was provided until the end of the experimental period (21 days), when animals reached 31.31±2.94 kg. Daily weight gain and daily feed intake increased, while the feed conversion improved quadratically up to 0.534, 0.487, and 0.574% aP maximum responses, respectively. The aP intake and the values of inorganic phosphorus in serum increased linearly with increasing the levels of aP in the diets. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased quadratically up to 0.558% maximum response. Bone breaking strength and calcium, phosphorus, and ash contents in the bones increased linearly with increasing aP concentration in the diets. The available phosphorus requirement of castrated male and female pigs genetically selected for meat deposition from 15 to 30 kg for best results of performance is 0.574%, corresponding to a daily intake of 8.26 g of available phosphorus.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de níveis de fósforo disponível (Pd) sobre o desempenho e a composição de carcaça de suínos machos castrados de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne. Utilizaram-se 60 suínos com peso inicial de 59,84 ± 1,64 kg distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco dietas (0,097; 0,190; 0,280; 0,370 e 0,460% de Pd), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais e a água foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do período experimental, quando os animais pesaram 96,64 ± 3,68 kg. O ganho de peso aumentou e a conversão alimentar (CA) melhorou de forma quadrática até os níveis estimados de 0,35 e de 0,33% de Pd das dietas, respectivamente. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre o consumo diário de ração. O consumo de fósforo disponível aumentou linearmente com o aumento dos níveis desse mineral na dieta. As dietas não influenciaram a atividade da enzima fosfatase alcalina. Entretanto, os valores de fósforo inorgânico no soro aos 21 dias e ao final do período experimental aumentaram de forma quadrática até o nível estimado de 0,35 e 0,38% na dieta, respectivamente. Os níveis de fósforo disponível afetaram de modo quadrático a profundidade de lombo, a taxa de deposição diária de carne magra e a quantidade de carne magra, que melhoraram, respectivamente, até o nível estimado de 0,35; 0,31 e 0,33% de Pd na dieta. Na fase dos 60 aos 95 kg, o nível de 0,33% de fósforo disponível na dieta, que corresponde a um consumo de 9,38 g de Pd/dia, proporciona melhor conversão conversão alimentar e maior quantidade de carne magra em suínos machos castrados híbridos comerciais selecionados geneticamente para deposição de carne na carcaça.

The effects of available phosphorus levels on performance and carcass composition of barrows with high genetic potential for meat deposition were evaluated. Sixty swine with initial body weight of 59.84 ± 1.64 kg were assigned to a randomized block experimental design, with five diets (0.097; 0.190; 0.280; 0.370 and 0.460% aP), six replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Experimental diets and water were supplied ad libitum until the end of the experimental period, when animals reached 96.64 ± 3.68 kg. Weight gain and feed conversion improved in a quadratic way until the estimate levels 0.35 and 0.33% aP in the diets, respectively. There was no effect of the diets on daily feed intake. Consumption of available phosphorus linearly increased as levels of this mineral increased in the diet. The diets did not change activity of alkaline phosphatase enzym. However, values of serum inorganic phosphorus at 21 days of age and in the end of the experimental period increased in a quadratic way until the estimate level 0.35 and 0.38% in the diet, respectively. Levels of available phosphorus affected in a quadratic way loin depth, daily fat-free lean deposition rate, and the amount of fat-free lean which improved until the estimated level of 0.35; 0.31 and 0.33% of aP in the diet, respectively. In the phase from 60 to 95 kg, the level of 0.33% of aP in the diet, which corresponds to a 9.38 aP/day intake provided better feed conversion and a greater amount of fat-free lean meat in hybrid commercial barrows genetically selected for meat deposition on the carcass.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do número de animais por unidade experimental e do tipo de comedouro sobre as exigências nutricionais e as características de carcaça de suínos dos 60 aos 95 kg. Utilizaram-se 704 suínos, machos castrados, com 59,84 ± 1,67 kg de peso corporal, distribuídos em delineamento experimental em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com diferentes números de animais por unidade experimental nas parcelas e, nas subparcelas, um esquema fatorial 2 × 4, com dois tipos de comedouro e quatro níveis de lisina digestível na ração (0,75; 0,85; 0,95% e 1,05%), em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Não ocorreu interação significativa entre níveis de lisina, tipo de comedouro e número de animais na unidade experimental para os consumos de ração e de lisina, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. O ganho de peso e o consumo de lisina aumentaram de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis de lisina digestível. A conversão alimentar melhorou de forma linear, contudo o modelo "Linear Response Plateau" foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados, estimando em 0,96% o nível de lisina digestível, correspondente a um consumo diário de 26,1 g, a partir do qual ocorreu "plateau". O uso de dois animais por unidade experimental proporcionou melhores resultados de ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Houve interação tipo de comedouro × número de animais na unidade experimental, de modo que o rendimento de carcaça e a quantidade de carne magra reduziram com o uso dos comedouros conjugados com bebedouros nas unidades experimentais com dois animais, mas não variaram com o tipo de comedouro nas unidades experimentais com 20 animais. Suínos dos 60 aos 95 kg exigem, respectivamente, 1,05 e 0,96% de lisina digestível para melhores resultados de ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, independentemente do tipo de comedouro e do número de animais na unidade experimental. Nas unidades experimentais com dois suínos, ocorrem diferenças no desempenho, com maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar, mas nenhuma alteração significativa nos consumos de ração e de lisina.

With the objective of evaluating the effects of the number of animals per experimental unit and the type of feeder on the nutritional requirement and carcass characteristics of pigs from 60 to 95 kg, 704 castrated male pigs with initial body weight of 59.84 ± 1.67 kg were used. The animals were distributed in a randomized experimental design subdivided into parcels, with different number of animals per experimental unit (EU) and in the subplots, a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, with 2 types of feeders and 4 levels of digestible lysine in the diet (0.75, 0.85, 0.95 and 1.05%), in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. There was no significant interaction between lysine levels, type of feeder and number of animals per EU on feed intake (DFI), lysine intake (DLI), weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion (FC). It was verified that DWG and DLI increased linearly with increased digestible lysine levels. It was verified that FC improved linearly, although the "Linear Response Plateau" model was the best that adjusted to the data, estimating in 0.96% the level of digestible lysine, corresponding to a daily consumption of 26.1g after the start of the "plateau". The use of two animals/EU provided better DWG and FC results. An interaction between the type of feeder and the number of animals per EU was observed, the carcass gain (CG) and the lean meat quantity (LMQ) were reduced with the use of feeders conjugated with nipple drinkers in the EU with two animals; however, no variation was observed with the type of feeder when the EU presented 20 animals. It could be concluded that pigs from 60 to 95 kg require, respectively 1.05 and 0.96% of digestible lysine for better DWG and FC performance, regardless of type of feeder and number of animals per EU; and in the EU with two pigs, the animals show changes on their performance, increasing DWG and improving FC, without significant changes on DFI and DLI.

Cinqüenta leitões mestiços (Landrace x Large White), sendo 25 machos castrados e 25 fêmeas, na fase inicial de crescimento (15 a 30 kg), foram utilizados em um experimento visando determinar a exigência de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,502; 0,530; 0,558; 0,586 e 0,614% de metionina + cistina digestível), cinco repetições e dois animais, um macho e uma fêmea, por unidade experimental. Os níveis de metionina + cistina digestível da ração influenciaram de forma quadrática o ganho de peso diário (GPD) dos animais, que aumentou até o nível de 0,582%; a conversão alimentar (CA), que reduziu até o nível de 0,588%; e o consumo diário de ração (CDR), que aumentou até o nível de 0,579%. Os tratamentos influenciaram a deposição de gordura (DG), que variou de forma quadrática, reduzindo até o nível de 0,556%, mas não alteraram a deposição de proteína (DP). A exigência de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis para suínos machos castrados e fêmeas de 15 a 30 kg, para maior ganho de peso, é de 0,582% e, para menor conversão alimentar, de 0,588% de metionina + cistina digestível na ração, correspondendo a uma relação de 63% de metionina + cistina digestível:lisina digestível.

A trial was conducted with fifty pigs (Landrace x Large White), barrows and gilts, from 15 to 30 kg, in the initial growing phase to determine the digestible sulfur amino acids requirements. The animals were allotted to a completely randomized experimental block design, with five treatments (0.502, 0.530, 0.558, 0.586, and 0.614% of digestible methionine plus cystine), five replicates and two animals (one male and one female) per experimental unit. It was observed quadract effect of treatments on daily weight gain, that increased up to the level of 0.582%, on feed:gain ratio, that decreased up to the level of 0.588%, and on daily feed intake, that increased up to the level of 0.579%. The intake of digestible methionine and cystine linearly increased as the dietary levels of digestible methionine plus cystine increased. It was observed quadract treatment effect on fat deposition, that increased up to the level of 0.556%, but no treatment effect on protein deposition was detected. It was concluded that the digestible sulfur amino acid requirement for barrows and gilts from 15 to the 30 kg is of 0.582 and 0.588%, that corresponds to a digestible methionine plus cystine:digestible lysine ratio of 63%, respectively, for the highest weight gain and lowest feed:gain ratio.