ABSTRACT The biomass sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] was developed for energy production, but its agronomic characteristics make it an alternative plant for silage production. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical-bromatological composition of silages from biomass sorghum genotypes. The experimental genotypes B004, B005, B009, B010, B011, B013, B015 and B020, as well as three commercially available genotypes (BRS655, Volumax and K1009), were evaluated. The pH, dry matter, ash, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose and lignin were analyzed. A completely randomized design, with four replications, was used, having the genotypes as treatments. Although significant differences were observed among the 11 genotypes, the chemical-bromatological composition of all them showed their potential to be used for silage production.

RESUMO O sorgo biomassa [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] foi desenvolvido para a produção de energia, mas suas características agronômicas o tornam uma planta alternativa para a produção de silagem. Objetivou-se avaliar a composição químico-bromatológica de silagens provenientes de genótipos de sorgo biomassa. Os genótipos experimentais avaliados foram B004, B005, B009, B010, B011, B013, B015 e B020, além de três genótipos disponíveis comercialmente (BRS655, Volumax e K1009). Foram determinados o pH, matéria seca, cinzas, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose e lignina. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, considerando-se os genótipos como tratamentos. Embora diferenças significativas tenham sido observadas entre os 11 genótipos, a composição químico-bromatológica de todos eles mostrou seu potencial para utilização na produção de silagem.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of hybrids and the heterosis in crosses of sweet sorghum using juicy sweet male-sterile lines and fertility-restoring lines with and without sensitivity to photoperiod. Thirty hybrids and six controls were evaluated in experiments laid out in a 6 × 6 triple lattice design. The genotypes differed for all traits. The general combining ability (GCA) of the R lines affected all traits, while the GCA of the A lines only affected juice extraction, total soluble solids, and tons of Brix per hectare (TBH). The photosensitive-restoring line CMSXS5022 had the highest positive GCA estimates for the fresh mass production and TBH traits. Heterosis was significant only for days to flowering and plant height. Overall, the photoperiod-sensitive hybrids stood out. The development of male-sterile lines requires better complementarity from restoring lines to reap the benefits of heterosis.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the effects of maturity at harvest and row spacing on fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and nutritional value of biomass sorghum (BRS 716) silage. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot completely randomized block design with three row spacings (45, 70, and 90 cm) and four maturities at harvest (70, 100, 130, and 160 days) and eight replications. Polyvinyl chloride silos of known weight measuring 50 cm length and 10 cm diameter were used for silage production. Dry matter and total carbohydrate contents of the silage increased linearly, whereas crude protein and ash decreased linearly with maturity at harvest. Row spacing did not influence pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), gas and effluent losses, and dry matter recovery of silage. The concentrations of malic, succinic, and acetic acids and ethanol responded quadratically to maturity at harvest. The levels of neutral detergent fiber, lignin, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber increased linearly with maturity at harvest. Ruminal degradation kinetics of dry matter of biomass sorghum silage was not influenced by row spacing. BRS 716 biomass sorghum should be planted at 70-cm row spacing and harvested at 160 days for silage production based on fermentative profile, dry matter losses, and nutritional characteristics.

Abstract The selection of sweet sorghum genotypes is based on multiple agronomical and technological traits. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of inter-trait recovery information in improving the selective accuracy of the predicted genetic values of sweet sorghum progenies, and to compare several selection indices in terms of selection gains using single- and multi-trait mixed models. The trials were conducted in two sites. The traits flowering time, plant height, green mass production, total soluble solids content, and tons of Brix per hectare were assessed. Significant genetic variance was observed for all traits, except for total soluble solids content. The multi-trait analysis provided more accurate estimates of genetic parameters and predictions of the progeny genetic values, and higher selection gain than the single-trait analysis. The direct selection for TBH and the FAI/BLUP index resulted in balanced genetic gains for the assessed traits.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial da inteligência computacional e de variáveis canônicas para estudos de diversidade genética entre genótipos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) biomassa. Os experimentos foram realizados no campo experimental da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, nos municípios de Nova Porteirinha e Sete Lagoas, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: dias para a floração, altura das plantas, produção de biomassa fresca, biomassa seca total e produção de biomassa seca. O estudo da diversidade genética foi realizado por meio da análise de variáveis canônicas. Para o reconhecimento do padrão de organização da diversidade genética, utilizou-se o mapa auto-organizável de Kohonen. O uso de variáveis canônicas e o mapa auto-organizável foram eficientes no estudo de diversidade genética. A utilização de inteligência computacional com mapa auto-organizável é promissora e eficiente para estudos de diversidade genética entre genótipos de sorgo biomassa.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of computational intelligence and canonical variables for studies on the genetic diversity between biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes. The experiments were carried out in the experimental field of Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, in the municipalities of Nova Porteirinha and Sete Lagoas, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The following traits were evaluated: days to flowering, plant height, fresh biomass yield, total dry biomass, and dry biomass yield. The study of genetic diversity was performed through the analysis of canonical variables. For the recognition of the organization pattern of genetic diversity, Kohonen’s self-organizing map was used. The use of canonical variables and a self-organizing map were efficient for the study of genetic diversity. The application of computational intelligence using a self-organized map is promising and efficient for studies on the genetic diversity between biomass sorghum genotypes.

ABSTRACT Biomass sorghum is an alternative feedstock to cogenerate energy and produce second-generation ethanol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Genotype by Environment Interaction (GEI) in biomass sorghum and to identify the hybrids that associate high adaptability and stability using the Toler nonlinear regression, the Genotypes plus Genotype by Environment (GGE) biplot, and the Annicchiarico recommendation index. Thirty-three experimental photoperiod-sensitive single-cross hybrids and three checks were evaluated in relation to the traits: flowering time, plant height, moisture content, green mass yield, and dry mass yield. It was observed that the effects of hybrids, environment, and GEI were expressive. The GEI was predominantly complex for the traits related to the biomass yield. The Toler, GGE biplot and Annicchiarico methods show complementarity. The experimental hybrids 1, 8, 22, 31 and 33 are promising because of associating stability and lower recommendation risk. The hybrids 1 and 8 present broad adaptability, while the hybrids 22, 31 and 33 exhibit specific adaptability to high quality environments.

Abstract In breeding of sweet sorghum hybrids, non-additive genetic effects are important in phenotypic expression of the traits of interest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the general combining ability (GCA) of sweet sorghum lines and the specific combining ability (SCA) of the hybrids for agronomic and technological traits. Five fertility restorer lines, four male-sterile lines, and their hybrids from partial diallel crosses were evaluated in experiments laid out in a 5 x 6 triple rectangular lattice design in the municipalities of Lavras, MG and Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. Diallel analysis was performed using the Griffing model adapted to partial diallel crosses. There was a significant effect of GCA and SCA for most of the traits evaluated, indicating the participation of additive or dominant genes in inheritance. The restorer lines CMSX508, BRS 511, CMSXS643, and CMSXS646 show potential for use as parents in sorghum breeding programs.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial per se de linhagens macho-estéreis e restauradoras de sorgo-sacarino (Sorghum bicolor), bem como detalhar a heterose manifestada quanto a algumas características relacionadas direta ou indiretamente à produção de etanol, à taxa de acúmulo e à previsibilidade. As avaliações foram realizadas com 20 genótipos, dos quais 4 linhagens restauradoras de fertilidade (R), 3 linhagens macho-estéreis (A) e 12 híbridos experimentais (H) resultantes do cruzamento dialelo parcial entre as linhagens A e R, além de um híbrido comercial CV198 como testemunha, em quatro épocas de colheita. Os experimentos foram realizados nos municípios de Lavras e Sete Lagoas, no Estado de Minas Gerais. As características mensuradas foram altura de planta, produção de massa verde, extração de caldo, conteúdo de sólidos solúveis totais e megagramas de Brix por hectare. As linhagens macho-estéreis A1 e as restauradoras R1 e R2 apresentam melhor potencial per se, ao se considerar todos os caracteres e a sua taxa de acúmulo e a previsibilidade de comportamento, nas diferentes épocas de colheitas. A heterose é significativa para todos os caracteres. Os híbridos H11, H13, H14, H21, H22 e H33 são promissores por seu maior desempenho per se e maior heterose.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential per se of male-sterile and fertility-restorer lines of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), as well as to detail the heterosis manifested for some traits directly or indirectly related to ethanol production, accumulation rate, and predictability. Evaluations were performed for 20 genotypes, of which 4 are fertility-restorer lines (R), 3 are male-sterile lines (A), and 12 are experimental hybrids (H) resulting from the partial diallel cross between lines A and R, besides a commercial hybrid CV198 used as a check, in four harvest seasons. The experiments were carried out in the municipalities of Lavras and Sete Lagoas, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The measured traits were plant height, green mass production, juice extraction, total soluble solids content, and megagrams of Brix per hectare. The male-sterile A1 and the fertility-restorer R1 and R3 lines show the best potential per se, considering all traits and their accumulation rate and predictability over harvest times. Heterosis is significant for all traits. The H11, H13, H14, H21, H22, and H33 hybrids are promising because of their better performance per se and higher heterosis.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar ganhos genéticos obtidos por diferentes índices de seleção aplicados a múltiplos caracteres agronômicos de sorgo-sacarino (Sorghum bicolor). Foram feitas avaliações de 189 progênies F5 e sete testemunhas, em delineamento de blocos incompletos, com três repetições. Mensuraram-se os caracteres produtividade de matéria verde, teor de sólidos solúveis totais, extração de caldo, teor de sacarose no caldo e sólidos solúveis totais por hectare. Analisaram-se os índices de soma de postos de Mulamba e Mock (ou índice de ranks), da soma dos valores padronizados (ou índice Z), índice padronizado pela média e índice padronizado pela média modificado. As correlações e as percentagens de coincidência na seleção das progênies foram elevadas entre o índice Z, o índice padronizado pela média e o índice padronizado pela média modificado. Entre os índices de seleção testados, o de soma de postos de Mulamba e Mock foi o menos eficiente. A seleção simultânea de progênies de sorgo-sacarino permite ganhos genéticos expressivos para todos os caracteres mensurados.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to compare the genetic gains obtained by different selection indices applied to various agronomic traits of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Evaluations were carried out for 189 F5 progenies and seven controls, in an incomplete block design, with three replicates. The measured traits were green matter yield, content of total soluble solids, juice extraction, sucrose content in juice, and total soluble solids per hectare. The rank summation index of Mulamba and Mock (or index of ranks), standardized value summation index (or Z index), standardized by the mean index, and the modified standardized by the mean index were analyzed. The correlations and coincidence percentages in the progeny selections were high between the Z index, the standardized by the mean index, and the modified standardized by the mean index. Among the tested selection indices, the rank summation index of Mulamba and Mock was the less efficient. The simultaneous selection of sweet sorghum progenies allows expressive genetic gains for all measured traits.

RESUMO O sorgo sacarino [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] se destaca como cultura complementar à cana-de-açúcar Saccharum spp. na produção de etanol, uma vez que este possui colmos suculentos com presença de açúcares diretamente fermentescíveis. Em decorrência deste fato, existe a necessidade de se analisar as propriedades do sorgo, a fim de atender às demandas da agroindústria. No presente trabalho, buscou-se desenvolver e estudar as curvas de maturação de sete cultivares de sorgo sacarino em dez épocas de colheita. Os resultados mostram que houve diferença significativa para cultivares e épocas de colheita para todos os parâmetros (p≤0,01). Quanto aos teores de açúcares, as cultivares BRS508, XBWS80147 e CMSXS629 apresentaram as maiores médias para as variáveis açúcares redutores totais (ART) e açúcares totais recuperáveis (ATR). Em relação à produção de etanol por tonelada de biomassa, as cultivares BRS 508 e a CMSXS629 apresentaram os melhores resultados.

ABSTRACT Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] stands out as a complementary crop to sugarcane Saccharum spp. for the production of ethanol, since it has juicy stems with directly fermentable sugars. Due to this fact, there is a need for the analysis of sweet sorghum properties in order to meet the agro-industry demand. This work aimed to develop and study the maturation curves of seven sweet sorghum cultivars in ten harvest dates. The results showed a significant difference between cultivars and harvest dates for all parameters analysed (p≤0.01). Regarding the sugar content, the cultivars BRS508, XBWS80147 and CMSX629 showed the highest means for the total reducing sugars (TRS) and recoverable sugar (RS). In the production of ethanol per tonne of biomass (EP), the cultivars BRS508 and CMSX629 presented the best results.

A severidade da mancha angular do feijoeiro foi avaliada com base nas áreas sadia e doente da folha e na escala diagramática. Foram avaliadas 12 linhagens de feijão nas épocas das secas e das águas. Em cada época foram conduzidos dois experimentos contíguos, com e sem controle químico do patógeno. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens das áreas sadia e doente da folha, severidade da doença segundo uma escala diagramática, área abaixo da curva sob progresso da doença e produtividade de grãos. As áreas sadia e doente da folha são eficientes para avaliar a severidade da mancha angular com uma amostra de 20 a 30 folíolos por parcela. A avaliação de todos os caracteres na área útil ou bordadura da parcela não difere, indicando que a bordadura por parcela é desnecessária. A avaliação da severidade na metade superior da planta discrimina as linhagens mais eficientemente.

This study compared severity of angular leaf spot in common bean lines, based on the healthy and diseased leaf area, and the graded scale. We used 12 common bean lines in the dry and rainy seasons. Two contiguous experiments were conducted in each season, with and without chemical control of the pathogen. We evaluated the percentage of the healthy and diseased leaf area; severity based on a graded scale and the area under the disease progress curve; and yield. The diseased or healthy leaf area is efficient to evaluate the severity of angular leaf spot with a sample of 20 to 30 leaflets per plot. For all traits, the results of central and border areas did not differ, indicating that the evaluation of border rows is unnecessary and, finally, the severity assessment of the upper plant half can discriminate the lines more efficiently.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica de 25 cultivares de sorgo sacarino da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em cinco ambientes, três no Estado de Minas Gerais e os demais nas cidades de Sinop - MT e Pelotas - RS, no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliados a produção de biomassa fresca (PBF) e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) do caldo. Na análise de variância conjunta, a interação genótipos com ambientes foi significativa para os dois caracteres avaliados. Para análise da adaptabilidade e estabilidade, utilizou-se o método de Annicchiarico. Os genótipos CMSXS634, BRS506 e CMSXS646 foram os mais adaptados e estáveis para PBF e SST concomitantemente, sendo CMSXS634 mais adaptado a ambientes favoráveis e CMSXS646 a ambientes desfavoráveis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic stability and adaptability of 25 sweet sorghum cultivars of Embrapa Maize and Sorghum. The experiments were conducted in five Brazilian environments, three in the state of Minas Gerais, and the others in Sinop, Mato Grosso and Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Fresh biomass yield (FBY), and total soluble solids (TSS) of the juice were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed significant genotype by environment interaction for both traits. According to the Annicchiarico methodology analysis, genotypes CMSXS634, BRS506, and CMSXS646 were the most stable and adapted for FBY and TSS concomitantly; CMSXS634 being more adapted to favorable environments and CMSXS646 being more adapted to unfavorable environments.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a dissimilaridade genética de acessos de manga 'Ubá' na região leste de Minas Gerais, por meio da caracterização biométrica e físico-química dos frutos, visando a identificar materiais de interesse industrial para futuros trabalhos de melhoramento. Frutos de 67 acessos de mangueira Ubá provenientes do leste de Minas Gerais foram caracterizados, avaliando-se: massa da fruta, massa do endocarpo, relação polpa/endocarpo, diâmetro longitudinal, diâmetro transversal, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, relação sólidos solúveis total/acidez total titulável e pH. Os resultados foram avaliados por estatística descritiva, utilizando-se de medida de tendência central (média) e de variabilidade de dados (desvio-padrão). Foram realizadas análises estatísticas, utilizando-se das técnicas de agrupamento e medidas de dissimilaridade. Os frutos que apresentaram melhores características para o processamento foram os provenientes dos acessos 10; 22; 23; 24; 35; 38; 40; 42; 52; 55 e 63. A análise de agrupamento mostrou a formação de dois grupos de acessos com base nas características biométricas e físico-químicas dos frutos, o que demonstra variabilidade genética em mangueiras Ubá, no leste de Minas Gerais.

This job has had as the main objective the evaluation of the genetic dissimilarity in accessions of mango 'Ubá' in the eastern region of Minas Gerais by means of biometrical and physical-chemical characterization of the fruit in order to identify materials wich has industrial interest for breeding works. Fruits of 67 accessions were characterized by evaluation of fruit mass, endocarp mass, pulp/endocarp race, longitudinal diameter, transversal diameter, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable total acidity (TTA), TTS/TTA race and pH. The results were evaluated by descriptive statistics using central trend (average) and variability of data (standard deviation). Statistical analysis were performed using the clustering techniques and dissimilarity measures. The fruits wich have showed the best characteristics for the processing were the hits from the 10, 22, 23, 24, 35, 38, 40, 42, 52, 55 and 63. Cluster analysis demonstrated the formation of two groups of accesses in reference with the biometrical and the physical-chemical characterization of the fruit, which shows the genetic variability the eastern Minas Gerais' mango

Cultivares de feijoeiro com grão rosinha foram de grande importância, no passado, e ainda hoje, mesmo com a preferência pelo grão carioca, há nichos de mercado para feijões do grupo Rosinha. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi selecionar linhagens de feijoeiro comum com grão rosinha, alta produção de grãos, rápido cozimento e resistentes à antracnose e à mancha angular. A partir de cinco famílias F8 superiores, provenientes do cruzamento entre os genitores Rosinha Maria da Fé e ESAL 693, foram extraídas 143 linhagens as quais foram avaliadas na safra das águas de 2005/2006 em Lavras (MG). Dessas, manteve-se 99 linhagens que foram avaliadas em Lavras e Lambari (MG), na safra da seca de 2006. As 24 linhagens selecionadas foram novamente avaliadas nos dois locais, no inverno de 2006. Os caracteres avaliados foram produção e tipo de grão, tempo de cocção, reação à mancha angular e também, foi realizado o teste de resistência ao patótipo 65 de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Nas linhagens, observaram-se variabilidade genética para todos os caracteres avaliados, altas estimativas dos coeficientes de herdabilidade, assegurando elevados ganhos com a seleção. Foram selecionadas quatro linhagens com alta produção, tipo de grão ideal, com rápido tempo de cocção e resistência à mancha angular e à antracnose.

Common bean cultivars with pink grain type used to be very important, although there is still some market spot for them. The objective of the research was to select common bean lines with pink grain, high grain yield with good cooking ability, and resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot. One hundred and forty three lines were selected from five F8 segregant families derived from the cross Rosinha Maria da Fé x ESAL 693. Those lines were evaluated in the rainy season of 2005/2006 at Lavras county, MG State. Ninety nine lines were kept and tested in the dry season of 2006 at Lavras and Lambari. The 24 selected lines were again evaluated in the same last sites in the winter/spring of 2006. Traits recorded included grain yield, grain type, cooking time, angular leaf spot reaction, and resistance test against the pathotype 65 of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. The lines were genetically different for all traits as confirmed by the high estimates of heritability, assuring high selection gains. Four lines were selected with high grain yield and ideal pink type plus good cooking ability and resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot.

Na obtenção de cultivares de feijão com resistência à antracnose, outros atributos agronômicos também devem ser considerados para atender a preferência do consumidor e do produtor. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se identificar famílias de feijão que reúnam, além da resistência à antracnose, alta produtividade, grãos tipo Carioca e porte ereto. Foram cruzados os genitores CNFC 10706, B1 portador do alelo de resistência à antracnose Co-4 e H147 portador do alelo de resistência Co-5. Os três possuem grãos semelhantes ao Carioca. Inicialmente foram avaliadas 224 famílias F2:3, derivadas dos três cruzamentos, mais a cultivar Talismã como testemunha, no inverno/primavera de 2004, em Lavras, com base no tipo de grão. Foram selecionadas 99 famílias F2:4 e avaliadas com a testemunha Talismã, na seca de 2005 em Lavras e Lambari. Essas 99 famílias foram também inoculadas com as raças 593 e 337 de C. lindemuthianum, para auxiliar na seleção daquelas portadoras dos alelos de resistência Co-4 e Co-5. As 35 famílias F2:5 remanescentes, foram avaliadas no inverno/primavera de 2005, em Ijaci, MG. Em todos os experimentos foi utilizado, o delineamento látice quadrado. As 35 famílias foram novamente inoculadas com as raças 65 e 321. Por meio das inoculações e também com o uso de um marcador molecular SCAR ligado ao alelo Co-4, foi possível identificar a constituição genética da maioria das 35 famílias quanto à reação antracnose e selecionar quatro que reúnem, simultaneamente, tipo de grãos semelhante ao Carioca, porte ereto e boa produtividade, além de serem portadoras dos alelos Co-4 e Co-5 de resistência à antracnose.

In the common bean breeding, besides anthracnose resistance other agronomical traits need to be considered for achieving the producer and consumer requirements. So the aims of this research were to select common bean families resistant to anthracnose, high grain yield, Carioca grain type and upright plant type. The lines CNFC 10706, B1 and H147 were crossed. All of them have Carioca grain type. The B1 line is resistant to anthracnose due to the Co-4 allele, and the H147 due to the Co-5 allele. From the CNFC 10706 x H147, CNFC 10706 x B1 and H147x B1, 224 F2:3 families plus the check Talismã were evaluated in the winter/spring of 2004, in Lavras county, based on grain type. Ninety nine families were selected and evaluated, plus the check, in the "seca" of 2005 at Lavras and Lambari county. The families were also inoculated with the 337 and 593 races of C. lindemunthianum for selecting those with the Co-4 and Co-5 resistant alleles. The 35 selected families (F2:5) were evaluated in the winter/spring of 2005, in Ijaci county. The square lattice design was used in all experiments. Those 35 families were also inoculated with the 65 and 321 races of C. lindemunthianum. Through the inoculations and the Co-4 SCAR marker the genetic constitutions of most of the 35 families were identified. Four families were selected with Carioca grain type, upright plant type, high grain yield and besides bearing the Co-4 and Co-5 alleles for anthracnose resistance.