A description is given of the shell, renal organ, reproductive system and radula of topotypic specimens of Lymnaea cousini Jousseaume, 1887. A diagnosis between it and four other lymnaeids which also occur in South America and were previously studied by the author (L. columella, L. diaphana, L. viatrix and L. rupestris) is presented.

Contrasting with many populations of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. straminea previously dealt with in this laboratory, which when reared in isolation deposit self-fertilized eggs without apparent restraint, isolated individuals of the former species from São Sebastião do Passé, Bahia state, and of the latter from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul state, show a high degree of self-sterility, laying egg capsules with a few usually abortive, rarely viable egg cells, or just jellylike masses without egg cells. When two individuals are paired they readily copulate, usually withing 24 hr deposit one of more egg capsules containing many eggs, and egg-laying continues up to exhaustion of stored allosperm. So far this aspect of reproductive biology has been only observed in a number of populations of the planorbid species Helisoma duryi, and should be viewed as a populational rather than specific characteristic. Since sterility is not overcome by courtship, copulation and insemination by individuals of a different species, the stimulating factor that causes ovulation in the studied self-sterile individuals is considered to be present in the conspecific allosperm.

The finding in 1985 of a well-established population of Biomphalaria straminea in a pond in Grande Terre of Guadeloupe constitutes a new species record for the freshwater molluscan fauna of that island. The following years a rapid extension of the species was documented on Grande Terre and Marie Galante. However, it was never found in the neighboring island of Basse Terre. The invasion of the whole hydrographic system of this island by Melanoides tuberculata during the last decade and the current presence of well-established and dense populations of this snail may explain the failure of the colonization by B. straminea.

Biomphalaria prona from Lake Valencia, Venezuela (type locality) has a polymorphic shell wich in the great majority of specimens is wider, with fewer rapidly expanding whorls, the outer one subcarinate on the left side and more or less strongly deflected leftward. Besides those modal forms there are little frequent variants characterized by narrower shell with less rapidly expanding, regularly curved whorls directed forward. Recent studies have shown that such variants constitute the predominant shell phenotype in extralacustrine populations, but are anatomically and biochemically indistinguishable from the modal class of the Lake. In the present paper it is demonstrated that the nominal species Planorbis meridaensis Preston, 1907, from Mérida, Venezuela, is identical with B. prona (Martens, 1873) of wich it must be considered a junior synonym.

Two samples of Biomphalaria prona (Martens, 1873) from Lake Valencia (type locality) and seven from other Venezuelan localities were studied morphologically (shell and reproductive system) and biochemically (allozyme electrophoresis). In spite of marked differences in shell characters, all of them proved indistinguishable under the anatomic and biochemical criteria. So far B. prona has been considered an endemic species, restricted to Lake Valencia. It is now demonstrated that the extralacustrine populations refered to Biomphalaria havanensis (Pfeiffer, 1839) by several authors correspond in shell characters to an extreme variant of B. prona from the Lake and really belong to the last*mentioned species. They may be regarded as the result of a process of directional selection favoring a shell phenotype other than those making up the modal class in the Lake.

A redescription of Halipegus dubius Klein, 1905, of Brazilian frogs Leptodactylus pentadactylus and L. ocellatus, is presented. The parasite was found exclusively in the buccal cavity, in number varying from 1 (in most instances) to 3, and exceptionally 25 (one instance). Morphological data were based on 40 whole-mounted specimens and 4 serially sectioned ones. Larval development takes place in planorbid snails (Biomphalaria glabrata and B. tenagophila) and in an undetermined species of cyclops. Working of the ovarian complex was followed by microscopical observation of life specimens. Constrating with the similarity of the four American species of Halipegus currently recognized as valid, they can be easily separated by the characters of their cercariae.

A description of Biomphalaria obstructa (Morelet, 1849), based on specimens collected at its type locality - isla del carmen, state of Campeche, Mexico - is presented. The Shell is small, 13 mm in diameter, 3.5 mm in width and with 5.75 whorls in the largest specimen, thin, moderately lustrous and translucent, horn-colored. Whorls increasing regularly (neither slowly nor rapidly) in diameter, rounded on the periphery side, bluntly angular on the left. Suture well-marked, deeper on the left. Right side widely concave, with first whorl deeply situated and partly hidden by the next. Left side shallower than right one, largely flattened, with first whorl plaintly visible. Aperture roundly heart-shaped, usually in the same plane as the body whorl but somewhat deflected to the left (less frequently to the right) in some specimens. Peristome sharp, seldom blunt; a distinct callus on the parietal wall. A number of young shells develop one set (seldom more) of apertural lamellae which tend to be resorbed as the shell grows. Absence of renal ridge. Ovotestis with about 70 mostly unbrached diverticula. Seminal vesicle beset with well-developed knoblike to fingerlike diverticula. Vaginal pouch more or less developed. Spermatheca club-shaped when empty, egg-shaped when full, and with intermediate forms between those extremes. Spermathecal body usually somewhat longer than the duct. Prostate with 7 to 20 (mean 12.06 ± 2.51) usually short diverticula which give off plumpish branches spreading out in a fan shape and overlapping to some extent their immediate neighbors. Foremost prostatic diverticulum nearly always partially or completely inserted between the spermathecal body and the uterine wall. Penial sheath consistently narrower and shorter than the prepuce. Muscular coat of the penis consisting of an inner longitudinal and an outer circular layers. Ratios between organ lengths: caudal to cephalic parts of female duct = 0.55 to 1.37 (mean 0.85 +- 0.17); cephalic parte of female duct to penial complex = 1.36 to 2.81 ((mean 1.90 +- 0.33); penial sheath to prepuce = 042 to 0.96 (mean 0.67 +- 0.13). Comparison with Morelet’s type specimens of Planorbis orbiculus and P. retusus points to the identity of those nominal species with B. obstructa.

Foram feitas provas de suscetibilidade com um molusco planorbídeo semelhante à Biomphalaria straminea (species inquirenda) de Espinillar, localidade próxima a Salto (Uruguay), na área da represa de Salto Grande, cada exemplar sendo exposto individualmente a 5 miracídios de Schistosom mansoni (cepas SJ2 e BH2). De 130 exemplares expostos à cepa SJ2, originalmente infectante para B. tenagophila, 30 se infectaram (23%). O período pré-patente (pré-cercariano) variou de 35 a 65 dias. A emissão de cercárias foi irregular, não seguindo padrão definido, variando de 138 a 76.075 por exemplar (média diária de 4,3 a 447,5) e teminando com a morte. Três exemplares que morreram, sem ter eliminado cercárias, no 69º (2) e no 80º dia após exposição aos miracídios, tinham esporocistos secundários em desenvolvimento nos tecidos, justificando a expectativa de um período pré-patente mais longo nestes casos. Em um grupo-controle de 120 B. tenagophila, exposta à cepa SJ2, 40 se infectaram, não diferindo significativamente seu índice de infecção (33.3%) daquele do planorbídeo de Espinillar (X [ao quadrado]=3.26). De 100 exemplares de Espinillar expostos a miracídios da cepa BH2, originalmente infectante para B. glabrata, nenhum produziu cercárias. Um esporocisto primário formou-se em um tentáculo em 4 exemplares, desaparecendo entre 15 e 25 dias após a exposição. Dois outros exemplares morreram com esporocistos imaturos e muito delgados nos tecidos (4 em um caso e 3 no outro), no 36º e 54º dias. Em um grupo-controle de 100 B. glabrata exposto à cepa BH2, 94 emitiram cercárias (94%) e 6 permaneceram negativos. De acordo com o índice TCP/100 de Frandsen (1979a,b), a combinação Biomphalaria de Espinillar-S. mansoni SJ2 constitui uma relação vetor-parasito "compatível". Tendo em vista que a xistosomose transmitida pela B. tenagophila é prevalente nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo e recentemente propagou-se para o sul até o estado de Santa Catarina, e a distribuição geográfica da B. tenagophila soprepõe-se à da Biomphalaria de Espinilar, a possibilidade do estabelecimento da xistosomose no Uruguai, ainda que não iminente, não deve ser desconsiderada.

Susceptibily experiments were carried out with a Biomphalaria straminea-like planorbid snail (Biomphalaria aff. straminea, species inquirenda) from Espinillar, near Salto (Uruguay), in the area of the Salto Grande reservoir, exposed individually to 5 miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni (SJ2 and BH2 strains). Of 130 snails exposed to the SJ2 strain, originally infective to Biomphalaria tenagophila, 30 became infected (23%). The prepatent (precercaria) period ranged from 35 to 65 days. The cercarial output was irregular, following no definite pattern, varying from 138 to 76,075 per snail (daily average 4.3 to 447.5 and ending up with death. Three specimens that died, without having shed cercarie, on days 69 (2) and 80 after exposure to miracidia, had developing secondary sporocysts in their tissues, justifying the prospect of a longer precercarial period in these cases. In a control group of 120 B. teangophila, exposed to the SJ2 strain, 40 became infected, showing an infection rate (33.3%) not significantly different from that of the Espinillar snail (X [raised to the power of] 2 = 3.26). No cercarie were produced by any of the Espinilar snails exposed to miracidia of the BH2 strain, originally infective to Biomphalaria glabrata. Four specimens showed each a primary sporocyst in one tentacle, which disappeared between 15 and 25 days post-exposure, and two others died with immature, very slender sporocysts in their tissues on days 36 and 54. In a control group of 100 B. glabrata exposed to BH2 miracidia, 94 shed cercariae (94%) and 6 remained negative. Calculation of Frandsen's (1979a, b) TCP/100 index shows that "Espinillar Biomphalaria-SJ2 S. mansoni" is a vector-parasite "compatible" combination. Seeing that tenagophila-borne schistosomiasis is prevalent in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states and has recently spread sothwards to Santa Catarina state, and the range of B. tenagophila overlaps taht of the Espinillar Biomphalaria, the possibility of schistosomiais establishing itself in Uruguay, although not imminent, is not to be disregarded.

Cinquenta espéciems de cinco cepas (10 de cada cepa) de helisoma duryi de Lima (Peru), St. Croix (Ilhas Virgens), Formosa (Brasil), Cartago (Costa Rica) e St. Vicent (Pequenas Antilhas), criados isoladamente durante cerca de 150 dias, depositaram 103 ovos.Os números de ovos postos pelos 10 espécimes de cada cepa foram respectivamente (ovos viáveis entre parênteses): 44(26), 1(1), 5(0), 15(7) e 38(0). A produção de ovos variou amplamente entre os indivíduos de cada cepa, havendo em todas elas, exceto na de St. Vicent, certo número de espécimes (3 a 9) que não puseram nenhum ovo. Depois do período de observação os espécimes isolados, inclusive os que não puseram ovos, prontamente passaram a copular quando acasalados e produziram grande número de ovos. Os F1s gerados por autofecundação foram perfeitamente interférteis, produzindo decendência normal por fecundação cruzada. Dez espécimes de Helisoma trivolvis (cepa de Zempoala, México), também criados isoladamente durante cerca de 120, depositaram 646 ovos, dos quais 74 foram inviáveis. Nossos dados, somados aos de poucos estudados anteriores citados no texto, mostraram que no H. duryi a autofecundação não é um modo alternativo de reprodução tão eficiente quanto em muitos outros planorbídeos (no H. trivolvis é um pouco mais eficiente que no H. duryi). H. duryi, portanto, beneficia-se muito menos do hermafroditismo funcional que, além de outras vantagens, capacita um único indivíduo virgem a fundar uma nova população.

Fifty specimens of five strains (10 per strain) of Helisoma duryi from Lima (Peru), St. Croix (Virgin Islands), Formosa (Brazil), Cartago (Costa Rica) and St. Vincent (Lesser Antilles), reared in isolation for about 150 days, laid 103 eggs. The numbers of eggs laid by the 10 specimens of each strain were respectively (viable eggs in parenthesis): 44(26), 1 (1), 5(0), 15 (7) and 38 (0). Egg production widely varied between the individuals of each strain, there being in all strains,except St. Vincent, a number of specimens (3 to 9) which did not lay any eggs. After the observation period the isolated specimens, including those that laid no eggs, readily engaged in cross-breeding when mated and brought forfh large numbers of eggs. Self-fertilized F 1s are fully interfertile, producing normal cross-fertilized offspring. Ten specimens of Helisoma trivolvis (strain from Zempoala, Mexico), also reared in isolation for about 120 days, laid 646 eggs, of which 74 were inviable. our data, added to those from a few ´revious studies cited in the text, show that self-fertilization is not so efficient an alternative mode of reproduction in H. duryi as in many other planorbids (it is a little more efficient in H. trivolvis than in H. duryi). Thus, H. duryi benefits much less from functional hermaphroditism which, besides other advantages, enables a single virgin individual to found a new population.