Abstract In recent decades, there have been significant advances in the diagnosis of diffuse gliomas, driven by the integration of novel technologies. These advancements have deepened our understanding of tumor oncogenesis, enabling a more refined stratification of the biological behavior of these neoplasms. This progress culminated in the fifth edition of the WHO classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in 2021. This comprehensive review article aims to elucidate these advances within a multidisciplinary framework, contextualized within the backdrop of the new classification. This article will explore morphologic pathology and molecular/genetics techniques (immunohistochemistry, genetic sequencing, and methylation profiling), which are pivotal in diagnosis, besides the correlation of structural neuroimaging radiophenotypes to pathology and genetics. It briefly reviews the usefulness of tractography and functional neuroimaging in surgical planning. Additionally, the article addresses the value of other functional imaging techniques such as perfusion MRI, spectroscopy, and nuclear medicine in distinguishing tumor progression from treatment-related changes. Furthermore, it discusses the advantages of evolving diagnostic techniques in classifying these tumors, as well as their limitations in terms of availability and utilization. Moreover, the expanding domains of data processing, artificial intelligence, radiomics, and radiogenomics hold great promise and may soon exert a substantial influence on glioma diagnosis. These innovative technologies have the potential to revolutionize our approach to these tumors. Ultimately, this review underscores the fundamental importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in employing recent diagnostic advancements, thereby hoping to translate them into improved quality of life and extended survival for glioma patients.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, houve avanços significativos no diagnóstico de gliomas difusos, impulsionados pela integração de novas tecnologias. Esses avanços aprofundaram nossa compreensão da oncogênese tumoral, permitindo uma estratificação mais refinada do comportamento biológico dessas neoplasias. Esse progresso culminou na quinta edição da classificação da OMS de tumores do sistema nervoso central (SNC) em 2021. Esta revisão abrangente tem como objetivo elucidar esses avanços de forma multidisciplinar, no contexto da nova classificação. Este artigo irá explorar a patologia morfológica e as técnicas moleculares/genéticas (imuno-histoquímica, sequenciamento genético e perfil de metilação), que são fundamentais no diagnóstico, além da correlação dos radiofenótipos da neuroimagem estrutural com a patologia e a genética. Aborda sucintamente a utilidade da tractografia e da neuroimagem funcional no planejamento cirúrgico. Destacaremos o valor de outras técnicas de imagem funcional, como ressonância magnética de perfusão, espectroscopia e medicina nuclear, na distinção entre a progressão do tumor e as alterações relacionadas ao tratamento. Discutiremos as vantagens das diferentes técnicas de diagnóstico na classificação desses tumores, bem como suas limitações em termos de disponibilidade e utilização. Além disso, os crescentes avanços no processamento de dados, inteligência artificial, radiômica e radiogenômica têm grande potencial e podem em breve exercer uma influência substancial no diagnóstico de gliomas. Essas tecnologias inovadoras têm o potencial de revolucionar nossa abordagem a esses tumores. Em última análise, esta revisão destaca a importância fundamental da colaboração multidisciplinar na utilização dos recentes avanços diagnósticos, com a esperança de traduzi-los em uma melhor qualidade de vida e uma maior sobrevida.

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the immunomodulatory profile of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, in the presence or absence of TNF-α, and agonist and antagonists of CB1 and CB2. Methods Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth were cultured in the presence or absence of an agonist, anandamide, and two antagonists, AM251 and SR144528, of CB1 and CB2 receptors, with or without TNF-α stimulation. For analysis of immunomodulation, surface molecules linked to immunomodulation, namely human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype (HLA-DR), and programmed death ligands 1 (PD-L1) and 2 (PD-L2) were measured using flow cytometry. Results The inhibition of endocannabinoid receptors together with the proinflammatory effect of TNF-α resulted in increased HLA-DR expression in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, as well as, in these cells acquiring an anti-inflammatory profile by enhancing the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2. Conclusion Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth respond to the endocannabinoid system and TNF-α by altering key immune response molecules.

Resumo Um material endodôntico deve ser minimamente prejudicial às células-tronco, uma vez que essas células são extremamente importantes, devido à sua capacidade de proliferação, autorrenovação e diferenciação celular. Por esse motivo, a viabilidade celular e a expressão de genes envolvidos na plasticidade e diferenciação celular foram investigadas em células-tronco recuperadas de polpa dentária humana (HDPSCs) que estiveram em contato com quatro materiais endodônticos (Endofill, MTA, Pulp Canal Sealer e Sealer 26). A viabilidade das HDPSCs foi avaliada pelos ensaios MTT e de exclusão de azul de tripano. A plasticidade celular foi avaliada pela determinação das expressões dos genes CD34, CD45, Nestin, CD105, Nanog e OCT4 por PCR. O efeito na diferenciação celular foi determinado pela expressão dos genes RUNX2, ALP, OC/BGLAP e DMP1 por RT-PCR. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA com correção de Bonferroni (p <0,05). Em comparação com o controle, Pulp Canal Sealer e Endofill diminuíram a viabilidade celular após 48 horas (p <0,001). MTA e Sealer 26 não interromperam a viabilidade celular (p> 0,05). Quando cultivado na presença de MTA e Sealer 26, as HDPSCs expressaram Nestin, CD105, NANOG e OCT-4 e não expressaram CD34 e CD45. MTA e Sealer 26 interferiram nas expressões de DMP1, OC / BGLAP e RUNX2 (p <0,05), mas não alteraram a expressão do gene ALP (p> 0,05). Sendo assim, MTA e Sealer 26 demonstraram compatibilidade biológica na presença de HDPSCs.

Abstract An endodontic material must be minimally harmful to stem cells since they are essential, thanks to their capacity for cell proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. For this reason, in this in vitro study, the cell viability and the expression of genes involved in cell plasticity and differentiation were investigated in stem cells recovered from human dental pulp (hDPSCs) that were in contact with four endodontic materials (Endofill, MTA, Pulp Canal Sealer, and Sealer 26). The viability of HDPSCs was assessed by MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays. PCR evaluated cellular plasticity by determining the CD34, CD45, Nestin, CD105, Nanog, and OCT4 expressions. The effect on cell differentiation was determined by RT-PCR expression of the RUNX2, ALP, OC/BGLAP, and DMP1 genes. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (p <0.05). Pulp Canal Sealer and Endofill decreased cell viability after 48 hours (p <0.001). MTA and Sealer 26 did not disrupt cell viability (p> 0.05). When cultivated in the presence of MTA and Sealer 26, hDPSCs expressed Nestin, CD105, NANOG, and OCT-4 and did not express CD34 and CD45. MTA and Sealer 26 interfered with DMP1, OC/BGLAP and RUNX2 expressions (p <0.05) but did not change ALP gene expression (p> 0.05). MTA and Sealer 26 showed biological compatibility in the presence of hDPSCs.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the biochemical, histological, histomorphometric and molecular effects of biliary duct ligation (BDL) induced liver cirrhosis in the heart and kidneys. Methods: Thirty-two weaning rats (21 days old, 50-70 g) underwent BDL and were divided in four groups (euthanasia after two, four, six, and eight weeks, respectively) and compared to control groups. Results: The animals’ hearts of group 3 were bigger than those of the control group (p=0.042), including thinner right ventricle wall, decreased internal diameter of ventricles, and increased perivascular collagen deposition in left ventricle, as well as increased interstitial collagen in right ventricle after six weeks. In the kidneys of groups 3 and 4, bilirubin impregnation in the tubules, hydropic degeneration, loss of nuclei and lack of plasmatic membrane limits were noted. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene expressions were higher in group 1 (p=0.008), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expressions were elevated in all experimental groups (p=0.008, p=0.001, p=0.022, and p=0.013, respectively). In the heart, a decreased expression of eNOS in group 1 (p=0.04) was observed. Conclusions: Liver cirrhosis leads to histological and histomorphometric alterations in the heart and kidneys, with changes in the NOS and eNOS gene expressions, that may suggest a role in the associated myocardial and renal manifestations.

OBJECTIVES: In cirrhotic children, infection events and sepsis are more frequent and more severe due to immune dysfunction. The objectives of the current study were therefore to develop an experimental model of infection and sepsis in cirrhotic weaning growing rats, by the use of bile duct ligation (BDL) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Additionally, the correlation of the clinico-histopathological data and serial cytokine levels in septic cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic animals was studied. METHODS: Young Wistar rats of age 21 days and of weight between 70-90 g were divided into 12 groups according to the surgical procedure performed: sham (sacrificed after 2 or 4 weeks), BDL (sacrificed after 2 or 4 weeks), CLP (2- or 4-week old animals sacrificed after 12 or 24 hours), BDL+CLP (2- or 4-week old animals sacrificed after 12 hours). Histopathological studies and determination of serum levels of cytokines IL-1 beta, IL-10, and TNF-alpha, for studies of systemic infection, were performed. Murine sepsis scores (MSS) based on the clinical aspects just before euthanasia were also included. RESULTS: A transitory increase in IL-1, IL-10, and TNF-alpha levels was observed, with different patterns according to the groups. Two-hit groups tended to present with higher values of serum cytokines and histopathological scores than their septic non-cirrhotic counterparts. There was a correlation between mortality rate and MSS (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The model is feasible and may be utilized in studies on liver cirrhosis and infection in growing animals.

Abstract Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart.) Barroso, commonly known as “imbuia”, “canela-imbuia” or “imbuia-amarela” in Brazil, is a tree of the Southern Atlantic Forest. The present study investigates the anatomy of leaf and stem, volatile oil chemistry, as well as cytotoxicity and insecticidal activities of the essential oil of O. porosa. Species identification was achieved by anatomy features, mainly due to paracytic and anomocytic stomata; non-glandular trichomes; biconvex midrib and petiole with a collateral open arc vascular bundle; presence of a sclerenchymatous layer, starch grains and crystal sand in the stem; and the presence of phenolic compounds in the epidermis, phloem and xylem of the midrib, petiole and stem. The main volatile components of the essential oil were α-pinene (19.71%), β-pinene (13.86%) and bicyclogermacrene (24.62%). Cytotoxicity against human cancer cell (MCF-7), mouse cancer cell (B16F10) and mouse non-tumoral cell (McCoy) was observed as well as insecticidal activity of the essential oil against susceptible ‘Ft. Dix’ bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) by topical application.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to present an experimental model of short bowel syndrome (SBS) in weaning rats and to compare the adaptative mechanisms of the remaining bowel in weaning rats and adult animals by means of morphometric, histologic and molecular methods. METHODS: Twenty-four weaning rats were divided into 3 groups of 8 animals, one control group and two short bowel groups (euthanasia after 4 and 21 days), and were compared with similar adult groups. Morphometric evaluations of the animals and histopathological and molecular studies of the remaining bowel were performed. RESULTS: The weight of young rats increased after enterectomy, whereas that of adult rats decreased after enterectomy (p<0.0001). The ratio of intestinal length/body weight was significantly higher in weaning rats than in adults (p<0.002), showing that intestinal growth was more intense in weaning rats. Intestinal resection promoted increased thickness of the small bowel lamina propria (p=0.001) and reduced thickness of the colon lamina propria (p=0.04) in weaning rats relative to those in adults. In addition, intestinal resection promoted increased expression of the Bcl-xl gene (antiapoptotic) in adult animals compared with that in weaning rats (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Morphometric, histological and molecular differences were shown in the adaptation processes of growing and mature organisms.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To quantify the amount of lymph nodes harvested in modified radical neck dissection. METHODS: Cross-sectional anatomical study conducted in 28 non-preserved cadavers. RESULTS: The mean number of lymph nodes found in each nodal level of the 56 modified radical neck dissections performed were: level IA - 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1 - 1.8), level IB - 2.5 (95% CI: 2.1 - 2.9), level IIA - 7.2 (95% CI: 6.0 - 8.5), IIB level - 6.5 (95% CI: 5.5 - 7.4), level III - 6.6 (95% CI: 5.7 - 7.4), level IV - 8.6 (95% CI: 7.1 - 10.1), level V - 11 (95% CI: 9.2 - 12.7), totalizing 43.8 lymph nodes (95% CI: 40.3 - 47.4). CONCLUSION: The results defined a parameter in relation to the minimum recommended nodal yield in a modified radical neck dissection, as well as the number of lymph nodes in each level of this dissection, performed in clinical practice.

Foram avaliadas as repercussões tardias da desnutrição multicarencial imposta no período de aleitamento e os possíveis efeitos e/ou alterações tanto do processo de envelhecimento como do treinamento físico aeróbio moderado sobre o diâmetro luminal e a área da túnica média da parede das artérias carótida comum esquerda, aorta horizontal e aorta torácica de ratos em processo de envelhecimento. Vinte e quatro ratos machos, Wistar, foram separados de acordo com a dieta e o treinamento físico em: GNS - nutrido sedentário, GNT - nutrido treinado, GDS - desnutrido sedentário e GDT - desnutrido treinado. Aos 10 meses, o GNT e o GDT foram submetidos ao treinamento, em meio aquático, durante oito semanas. Em seguida, os ratos foram anestesiados, sacrificados e, posteriormente, foram coletados fragmentos arteriais para o processamento histológico. A área da túnica média foi mensurada através da diferença entre as áreas externa e interna da parede arterial e o diâmetro luminal foi mensurado a partir da média de dois diâmetros medidos a partir de quatro pontos marcados na camada interna do vaso. A área da túnica média apresentou redução na aorta horizontal quando comparamos os grupos GNS x GDS (p = 0,015) e um aumento da artéria carótida comum esquerda entre os grupos GNT e GNS (p < 0,001). A aorta torácica apresentou um aumento do diâmetro luminal ao compararmos o GDS com o GDT (p= 0,041). Tanto a desnutrição multicarencial induziu alterações parciais na parede aorta horizontal, como também o treinamento físico foi capaz de promover mudanças na área da túnica média da artéria carótida comum esquerda e no diâmetro luminal da aorta torácica.

We evaluated the late effects of malnutrition multicarencial imposed during lactation and the possible effects and / or changes to both the aging process as of moderate aerobic training on the luminal diameter and the tunica media area of the left common carotid artery, horizontal aorta and thoracic aorta of rats in the aging process. Twenty-four Wistar rats male were separated according to diet and physical training: GNS - Nourished Sedentary Group, GNT - Trained Nourished Group, GDS - Malnourished Sedentary Group and GDT - Malnourished Trained Group. At 10 months, the GNT and GDT were submitted to TAM, in water for 8 weeks. Then the mice were anesthetized and sacrificed and the arterial fragments were collected for histological processing. The area of the tunica media was measured by the difference between external and internal areas of the arterial wall and luminal diameter was measured from the average of two diameters measured from four points marked on the inner layer of the vessel. The area of tunica media decreased in the horizontal aorta when compared the groups GNS x GDS (p = 0.015) and increased in left common carotid artery between the groups GNS and GNT (p = <0.001). The thoracic aorta showed an increase in luminal diameter when comparing the GDS with the GDT (p = 0.041). Both malnutrition multicarencial induced partial changes in the horizontal aorta wall, as well as the physical training was able to promote changes in the tunica media area of the left common carotid artery and luminal diameter of the thoracic aorta.