At present, the friendly recycling of paper industry effluent sludge has gained great prominence due to the ecological and economic benefits. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of the incorporation of paper industry effluent sludge into a red wall tile formulation (BIII group), replacing natural limestone material by up to 10 wt.%. For this purpose, five red wall tile formulations were developed by the dry process, pressed at 47 MPa, and fired at 1170 ºC by using a fast-firing cycle. The wall tile formulations were characterized in terms of chemical analysis, thermal analysis (DTA-TG), and dilatometric analysis. The influence of paper industry effluent sludge on the technical properties (apparent density, water absorption, and flexural strength) and sintered microstructure was investigated. The results showed that red wall tiles containing up to 10 wt.% of paper industry effluent sludge have very good usable final properties, indicating their suitability for the wall tile industrial production (BIII group - ABNT NBR ISO 13006). Such results emphasize the feasibility of ecological and economic recycling of paper industry effluent sludge for the production of red wall tiles.

ABSTRACT Films of lanthanum strontium manganite, LSM (La0.8Sr0.2MnO3) were deposited on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates by different methods aiming to establish the most suitable route to prepare cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Samples were obtained by using a solution of lanthanum, strontium and manganese nitrates or a dispersion of the LSM powder in this solution. Both commercial and synthetized LSM powders were used, the last one obtained by amorphous citrate method. The films were deposited by spray pyrolysis on YSZ substrates prepared by uniaxial and isostatic pressing. Samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, X-ray diffraction and two-probe conductivity measurements. The area specific resistance and relaxation to cathodic activation were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The substrate obtained by uniaxial pressing and the commercial LSM produced films with the highest amount of surface cracks. The film obtained from the suspension showed area specific resistance and activation energy lower than the other produced from the solution. For both samples, the cathodic activation process resulted in an initial reduction of the total resistance of around 20%, the sample produced from the suspension being more resistant to relaxation. Therefore, the LSM suspension is more suitable than the salts solution for preparing films by spray pyrolysis on YSZ substrates to obtain efficient cathodes for SOFC.

Neste trabalho foram preparados filmes de manganita de lantânio dopados com estrôncio (LSM) nas concentrações de 0, 20 e 40 %at. depositados sobre substratos de silício monocristalino (100) tipo p e de zircônia estabilizada com ítria 8 % em mol (8ZEI) utilizando a técnica de spray-pirólise, tendo como objetivo principal sua utilização como catodo em pilhas a combustível de óxido sólido (PaCOS). Os filmes foram termicamente tratados a 900 ou 1000ºC por duas horas em atmosfera ambiente, tendo sido caracterizados estrutural e morfologicamente pelas técnicas de difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos por MEV revelaram que o tipo de substrato tem grande influência na microestrutura dos filmes. Os filmes depositados em substratos de silício e tratados termicamente tendem a apresentar grande quantidade de trincas. Este fato se deve a incompatibilidade térmica entre filme e substrato, ocasionada pela grande diferença dos respectivos coeficientes de expansão térmica. Os filmes depositados sobre substratos de 8ZEI, além de apresentar maior uniformidade, se mostraram mais aderentes ao substrato. A análise das estruturas cristalográficas dos filmes de LSM tratados termicamente comprova a formação da fase cristalina referente à estrutura da perovskita.

Lanthanum manganite films doped with strontium (LSM) were deposited by spray-pyrolysis on p-type monocrystalline silicon (100) and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) 8mol% substrates, aiming their application as cathode in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The films were heat treated in air at 900 or 1000ºC for two hours and the structural and morphological properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained by SEM revealed that the substrate type has great influence on the film microstructure. SEM images of the heat-treated films deposited on silicon substrates tend to present a great amount of cracks. This result is related with the thermal incompatibility between film and substrate, caused by the great difference of the respective thermal expansion coefficients. For films deposited on YSZ substrates better uniformity and adherence were observed. X-ray diffraction patterns of the thermal treated films revealed peaks corresponding to the perovskite structure.