ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatic fibrosis in biopsies of people with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery and examine the possible association of different variables with a diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH. Materials and methods: Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data from 574 individuals with obesity of both genders seen by the same physician between 2003 and 2009 who had a liver biopsy during bariatric surgery were examined. Results: Of the 437 patients included, 39.8% had some degree of liver fibrosis, 95% had a histologic diagnosis of NAFLD, and the risk factors were age ≥ 28 years and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) ≥ 2.5 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.016, respectively). In the NAFLD group, NASH was present in 26% of patients and the associated factors were aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase index (AST/ALT) > 1, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) < 40 mg/dL, total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 200 mg/dL, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) > 38 U/L and triglycerides (TG) levels > 150 mg/dL. The independent risk factors were low HDL-c, elevated AST/ALT and high TG. Conclusion: The variables associated with a diagnosis of NAFLD were HOMA ≥ 2.5 and age ≥ 28 years. NASH was associated with low HDL-c, high TG and AST/ALT ≤ 1.

ABSTRACT Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic diseases that result from the deregulation of the mucosal immune system of the gastrointestinal tract. The use of biological therapies, including infliximab (IFX), is one of the strategies to treat both CD and UC. The IFX treatment is monitored by complementary tests, namely: fecal calprotectin (FC); C-reactive protein (CRP); and endoscopic and cross-sectional imaging. Besides, serum IFX evaluation and antibody detection are also used. Objective: To evaluate trough levels (TL) and antibodies in a population with inflammatory bowel (IBD) disease undergoing treatment with IFX, and the factors that might impact the treatment effectiveness. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional study with patients with IBD that were assessed for TL and antibody (ATI) levels in a southern Brazilian hospital, from June 2014 to July 2016. Results: The study assessed 55 patients (52.7% female) submitted to serum IFX and antibody evaluations (95 blood samples, 55 first test; 30 second test, and 10 as third testing. Forty-five (47.3%) cases were diagnosed with CD (81.8%), and ten with UC (18.2%). Serum levels were adequate in 30 samples (31.57%), subtherapeutic in 41 (43.15%), and supratherapeutic in 24 (25.26%). IFX dosages were optimized for 40 patients (42.10%), maintained for 31 (32.63%), and discontinued for 7 (7.60%). The intervals between infusions were shortened in 17.85% of the cases. In 55 tests (55.79%), the therapeutic approach was exclusively defined according to IFX and/or serum antibody levels. The assessment of patients one year later indicated that: the approach was maintained with IFX for thirty-eight patients (69.09%); the class of biological agent was changed for eight (14.54%); changes using the same class of biological agent occurred for two patients (3.63%); the medication was discontinued and not replaced for three patients (5.45%), and four patients (7.27%) were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: There were no differences in TL between groups with or without immunosuppressants, serum albumin (ALB), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), FC, CRP, and endoscopic and imaging examinations. Current therapeutic approach could be maintained for almost 70% of patients. Thus, serum and antibody levels are a useful tool in the follow-up of patients undergoing maintenance therapy and after treatment induction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

RESUMO Contexto: A doença de Crohn e a colite ulcerativa são doenças crônicas nas quais existem desregulação do sistema imune da mucosa do trato gastrointestinal. Uma das terapias usadas no tratamento dessas doenças são as medicações biológicas, entre elas o Infliximabe. A monitorização do tratamento dos pacientes com Iinfliximabe é feita por exames complementares: calprotectina fecal, pesquisa de atividade inflamatória, exames endoscópicos e imagem. Utiliza-se, também a dosagem do nível sérico do Infliximabe e a pesquisa de anticorpos. Objetivo: Analisar uma população com doenças inflamatórias intestinais, em tratamento com Infliximabe, submetida a avaliação do nível sérico do Infliximabe e do anticorpo, além de possíveis fatores que possam alterar ou contribuir no tratamento. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, transversal, realizado por meio da revisão dos prontuários dos pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal, em um hospital sul-brasileiro, no período de junho de 2014 até julho de 2016, que foram submetidos a avaliação dos níveis séricos de Infliximabe e do anticorpo. Resultados: Foram incluídos 55 pacientes, submetidos a dosagem do Infliximabe e do anticorpo, totalizando 95 coletas sanguíneas. Destes, 55 realizaram uma primeira coleta, 30 tiveram uma segunda amostra coletada e 10 coletaram uma terceira vez. Vinte e nove pacientes eram do sexo feminino (52,7%) e vinte e seis do sexo masculino (43.2%). Quarenta e cinco (47,3%) casos tinham diagnóstico de doença de Crohn (81,8%) e 10 de colite ulcerativa (18,2%). Em relação ao nível sérico encontrou-se nível adequado em 30 coletas (31,57%), subterapêutico em 41 coletas (43,15%) e supraterapêutico em 24 coletas (25,26%). A prescrição foi otimizada em 40 (42,10%) casos, mantida em 31 (32,63%) pacientes, suspensa em 7 (7,60%) ou que o intervalo entre as infusões fosse aumentado (17,85%). Na análise geral, em 53 coletas (55,79%) a conduta foi definida em função exclusivamente da dosagem sérica do Infliximabe e/ou do anticorpo, já em relação, apenas a primeira coleta obteve-se 33 (60%) pacientes. Avaliando-se os pacientes um ano após, obteve-se: em 38 (69,09%) pacientes a conduta foi mantida com Infliximabe e, em 8 (14,54%) foi optado por troca de classe, em 2 (3,63%) foi optado por troca da medicação na mesma classe, em 3 (5,45%) pacientes a medicação foi suspensa e não foi substituída e, em 4 (7,27%), perdeu-se o seguimento. Conclusão: Não encontrou-se diferença entre os níveis de Infliximabe entre os grupos com ou sem imunossupressor, albumina sérica, velocidade de hemossedimentação, Calprotectina, Proteína C reativa, exames endoscópicos e exames de imagem. A conduta atual pode ser mantida em quase 70% dos pacientes. Concluindo, a dosagem do nível sérico e do anticorpo é ferramenta útil no acompanhamento dos pacientes em terapia de manutenção e após a indução de tratamento em pacientes com Doença Inflamatória Intestinal.

Abstract Background Dental anesthetic management in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) recipients with cardiac channelopathies (CCh) can be challenging due to the potential risk of life-threatening arrhythmias and appropriate ICD therapies during procedural time. Objectives The present study assessed the hypothesis that the use of local dental anesthesia with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine or without a vasoconstrictor can be safe in selected ICD and CCh patients, not resulting in life-threatening events (LTE). Methods Restorative dental treatment under local dental anesthesia was made in two sessions, with a wash-out period of 7 days (cross-over trial), conducting with a 28h - Holter monitoring, and 12-lead electrocardiography, digital sphygmomanometry, and anxiety scale assessments in 3 time periods. Statistical analysis carried out the paired Student’s t test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In all cases, a significance level of 5% was adopted. All patients were in stable condition with no recent events before dental care. Results Twenty-four consecutive procedures were performed in 12 patients (9 women, 3 men) with CCh and ICD: 7 (58.3%) had long QT syndrome (LQTS), 4 (33.3%) Brugada syndrome (BrS), and 1 (8.3%) Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Holter analysis showed no increased heart rate (HR) or sustained arrhythmias. Blood pressure (BP), electrocardiographic changes and anxiety measurement showed no statistically significant differences. No LTE occurred during dental treatment, regardless of the type of anesthesia. Conclusion Lidocaine administration, with or without epinephrine, can be safely used in selected CCh-ICD patients without LTE. These preliminary findings need to be confirmed in a larger population with ICD and CCh.

Abstract INTRODUCTION We conducted a cost-utility analysis of available interferon-free treatments for patients with early-stage genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C based on a Brazilian public health system perspective. METHODS A Markov model was derived using a cohort of stage F0-F2 patients treated as recommended by the Brazilian national guidelines. RESULTS: Glecaprevir plus pibrentasvir was superior to all other treatments, followed by sofosbuvir plus velpatasvir. Sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir was identified as the least cost-effective option. CONCLUSIONS: The above findings were confirmed via probabilistic sensitivity analysis and the tested scenarios.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica vem sendo diagnosticada com frequência progressivamente maior na população geral, como consequência do aumento da prevalência da obesidade e do diabetes mellitus tipo 2, considerados seus principais fatores de risco. Caracteriza-se por acúmulo de gordura nos hepatócitos associada à inflamação lobular e balonização, podendo levar à cirrose e hepatocarcinoma. Desta forma, torna-se importante a caracterização e acompanhamento do nível de fibrose hepática destes pacientes, sendo que a elastografia hepática transitória, tem se mostrado um método confiável para esta avaliação com a medida do índice kapa. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a progressão da fibrose hepática através de elastografia em pacientes com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes que haviam realizado anteriormente biópsia hepática e cálculo de escores não invasivos para avaliação de esteato-hepatite não alcoólica (EHNA) e fibrose. Estes mesmos indivíduos foram então submetidos à avaliação clínica, laboratorial e exame de elastografia hepática atuais, definindo o nível de fibrose hepática, cerca de 10 anos após a primeira avaliação. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados dados relativos a 66 pacientes previamente submetidos a biópsia hepática. Destes, 16 não foram localizados, quatro não puderam participar por estarem incapacitados em função de cirrose hepática, dois haviam falecido por acidente automobilístico e cinco, por complicações de cirrose hepática. Portanto, do grupo de 50 pacientes com evolução conhecida, nove (18%) haviam falecido por cirrose ou estavam incapacitados de comparecer ao exame em função de sua doença hepática. A população restante era predominantemente do sexo feminino (61,5%), com idade média de 63 anos, apresentando sobrepeso, dislipidemia (76,9%), distúrbios do metabolismo glicêmico (76,9%) e síndrome metabólica (82,1%). Dos 39 casos avaliados, 35% tiveram o mesmo grau de fibrose na avaliação inicial (biópsia) e na avaliação atual (elastografia), 33% tiveram aumento no grau de fibrose e outros 30% tiveram diminuição no grau de fibrose. Vinte e oito pacientes apresentavam EHNA na avaliação inicial. Em relação a esses pacientes observou-se na avaliação atual que, 25% mantiveram-se estáveis no grau de fibrose, 39% progrediram e, 35% regrediram. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de algumas limitações do nosso estudo, como o pequeno número de pacientes e o uso de dois métodos diferentes de avaliação (biópsia e elastografia), os dados obtidos nos permitem concluir que dos 39 casos avaliados, 33% apresentaram progressão da fibrose e do grupo total de 50 pacientes, 42% apresentam cirrose ou faleceram em decorrência de doença hepática. A presença de EHNA à biópsia hepática não se mostrou um dado capaz, no nosso estudo, de predizer a evolução da fibrose hepática nos pacientes.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been progressively diagnosed in the general population as a consequence of the increased prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, its main risk factors. It is characterized by accumulation of fat in the hepatocytes associated with lobular inflammation and balonization, which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. Thus, a characterization and follow-up of a progression of the fibrosis level of these patients becomes important, being that the transient hepatic elastography is a reliable method for this evaluation with a measure of the kapa index. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the progression of hepatic fibrosis through elastography in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. METHODS: Patients who had previously performed hepatic biopsy and noninvasive scores for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis were included in the study. These same subjects were then submitted to current clinical evaluation, laboratory and liver elastography tests, defining the level of liver fibrosis, about 10 years after the first evaluation. RESULTS: Data were analyzed for 66 patients previously submitted to liver biopsy. Of these, 16 were not found, four could not participate because they were debilitated due to hepatic cirrhosis, two had died from an automobile accident and five from complications of cirrhosis of the liver. Therefore, of the 50 patients with a known history, 9 (18%) had died of cirrhosis or were unable to attend the examination because of their liver disease. The remaining population was predominantly female (61.5%), mean age of 63 years, being overweight, dyslipidemia (76.9%), disorders of the glycemic profile (76.9%), and metabolic syndrome (82.1%). Of the 39 cases evaluated, 35% had the same degree of fibrosis at the initial evaluation (biopsy) and at the current evaluation (elastography), 33% had an increase in the degree of fibrosis and another 30% had a decrease in the degree of fibrosis. Twenty-eight patients had NASH at baseline. Regarding these patients, it was observed in the current evaluation, that 25% remained stable in the degree of fibrosis, 39% progressed, and 35% regressed. CONCLUSION: Despite some limitations of our study, such as the small number of patients, and the use of two different methods of evaluation (biopsy and elastography), the data obtained allow us to conclude that of the 39 evaluated cases, 33% (13) presented progression of fibrosis and the total group of 50 patients, 42% had cirrhosis or died due to liver disease. The presence of NASH on hepatic biopsy did not prove to be, in our study, a predictive of the evolution of hepatic fibrosis in the patients.

ABSTRACT Background This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness in terms of sustained virological response and tolerability of available second generation direct-acting antivirals in Brazilian patients. Methods This was a retrospective observational study conducted in six centers in Southern Brazil. The sample comprised adult patients who were chronically infected with hepatitis C virus, regardless of virus genotype, fibrosis stage, or prior treatment. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the effectiveness among the treatments, and also to uncover the factors influencing the achievement of sustained virological response. Results A total of 296 patients were included in the study, with the majority receiving sofosbuvir with daclatasvir (59%) or sofosbuvir with simeprevir (26%). Overall sustained virological response rates were approximately 91.6%. For genotype 1, sofosbuvir with daclatasvir had an sustained virological response rate of approximately 95%, while the sustained virological response rate of sofosbuvir with simeprevir was 92%; this difference was statistically significant only for subtype 1b. The only treatment used for genotype 3 patients was sofosbuvir with daclatasvir, and lower rates of sustained virological response were observed for this group, compared to genotype 1 (84% versus 95%, p < 0.05). Apart from this difference between genotypes, and a difference between patients who achieved rapid virologic response compared with those who did not, there were no other statistically significant factors associated with sustained virological response. Conclusions The results point to the effectiveness of second-generation direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C virus Brazilian patients, especially those with genotype 1. Furthermore, that patients with genotype 3 need more attention and adjustments in available treatment options.

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of mathematical models used in non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients to determine when the patient needs to be referred to a hepatologist. Subjects and methods Patients referred by endocrinologists to the liver outpatient departments in two hospitals in Curitiba, Brazil, over a 72-month period were analyzed. The results calculated using the APRI, FIB 4, FORNS and NAFLD Fibrosis Score non-invasive liver fibrosis assessment models were analyzed and compared with histological staging of this population. Results Sixty-seven patients with NAFLD were analyzed. Forty-two of them (62.68%) were female, mean age was 54.76 (±9.63) years, mean body mass index 31.42 (±5.64) and 59 (88.05%) of the 67 cases had glucose intolerance or diabetes. A diagnosis of steatohepatitis was made in 45 (76.27%) of the 59 biopsied patients, and advanced liver fibrosis (stages 3 and 4) was diagnosed in 18 (26.86%) of the 67 patients in the study population. The FIB 4 and NAFLD Fibrosis Score models had a high negative predictive value (93.48% and 93.61%, respectively) in patients with severe liver fibrosis (stages 3 and 4). Conclusion In conclusion, use of the FIB 4 and NAFLD Fibrosis Score models in NAFLD patients allows a diagnosis of severe liver disease to be excluded.

The aim of this study was to conduct a cost-utility study of adefovir, entecavir, interferon alpha, pegylated interferon alpha, lamivudine and tenofovir for chronic hepatitis B in the context of Brazilian Public Health Care System. A systematic review was carried out for efficacy and safety. Another review was performed to collect utility data and transition probabilities between health states. A Markov model was developed in a time horizon of 40 years with annual cycles for three groups of: HBeAg positive, HBeAg negative, and all patients. These strategies were compared to a fourth group that received no treatment. Discount rates of 5% were applied and sensitivity analyses were performed. Tenofovir offered the best cost-utility ratio for the three evaluated models: U$397, U$385 and U$384 (per QALY, respectively, for HBeAg positive, negative, and all patients). All other strategies were completely dominated because they showed higher costs and lower effectiveness than tenofovir. The sequence of cost-utility in the three models was: tenofovir, entecavir, lamivudine, adefovir, telbivudine, pegylated interferon alpha, and interferon alpha. In the sensitivity analysis, adefovir showed lower cost-utility than telbivudine in some situations. The study has some limitations, primarily related to the creation of scenarios and modeling. In this study, tenofovir presented the best cost-utility ratio. The results obtained in this study will be valuable in decision-making and in the review of the clinical protocol, mainly involving the allocation of available resources for health care.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados em escolares de 11 a 14 anos no município de Cuiabá, MT, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado no periódo de maio a novembro de 2008. A amostragem foi por aglomerados, sendo selecionados nove, totalizando 329 escolares. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos 329 escolares foi a de 12 anos, sendo 58,4% do sexo masculino e 55,3% da cor/etnia parda. O índice de hipertensão arterial foi de 11,2%. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi de 11,2% nos escolares estudados, sendo os fatores de risco o índice de massa corpórea elevado e cor/etnia parda. A partir do estudo, considera-se necessária a monitorização rotineira da pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes, com a finalidade de prevenção da hipertensão arterial na vida adulta.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of high blood pressure among students aged 11 to 14 years from public schools in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to November 2008. Custer sampling technique was used to select clusters of 9 public schools. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 329 students. They had a mean age of 12 years. More than a half of the students were "de cor parda - brown" (55.0%) and males (58.0%). A great number of students (11.2%) had high blood pressure. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of high blood pressure among the student was 11.2%. The two major risk factors for high blood pressure were body mass index and ethnicity (being "de cor parda - brown"). There is a need for routine monitoring and management of blood pressure in children and teenagers to prevent the development of high blood pressure in adulthood.

OBJETIVO: Verificar la prevalencia de niveles de presión elevados en escolares de 11 a 14 años del municipio de Cuiabá, MT - Brasil. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en el período de mayo a noviembre del 2008. El muestreo fue realizado por conglomerados, siendo seleccionados nueve, dando un total de 329 escolares. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio de los escolares participantes fue de 12 años, de los cuales el 58,4% del sexo masculino y el 55,3% de color/etnia parda. El índice de hipertensión arterial fue de 11,2%. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial fue de 11,2% en los escolares estudiados, siendo los factores de riesgo el elevado índice de masa corporal y color/etnia parda. A partir del estudio, se considera que es necesaria la monitorización de rutina de la presión arterial en niños y adolescentes, con la finalidad de prevenir la hipertensión arterial en la vida adulta.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of high blood pressure among students aged 11 to 14 years from public schools in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to November 2008. Custer sampling technique was used to select clusters of 9 public schools. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 329 students. They had a mean age of 12 years. More than a half of the students were "de cor parda - brown" (55.0%) and males (58.0%). A great number of students (11.2%) had high blood pressure. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of high blood pressure among the student was 11.2%. The two major risk factors for high blood pressure were body mass index and ethnicity (being "de cor parda - brown"). There is a need for routine monitoring and management of blood pressure in children and teenagers to prevent the development of high blood pressure in adulthood.

OBJETIVO: Verificar la prevalencia de niveles de presión elevados en escolares de 11 a 14 años del municipio de Cuiabá, MT - Brasil. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en el período de mayo a noviembre del 2008. El muestreo fue realizado por conglomerados, siendo seleccionados nueve, dando un total de 329 escolares. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio de los escolares participantes fue de 12 años, de los cuales el 58,4% del sexo masculino y el 55,3% de color/etnia parda. El índice de hipertensión arterial fue de 11,2%. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial fue de 11,2% en los escolares estudiados, siendo los factores de riesgo el elevado índice de masa corporal y color/etnia parda. A partir del estudio, se considera que es necesaria la monitorización de rutina de la presión arterial en niños y adolescentes, con la finalidad de prevenir la hipertensión arterial en la vida adulta.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados em escolares de 11 a 14 anos no município de Cuiabá, MT, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado no periódo de maio a novembro de 2008. A amostragem foi por aglomerados, sendo selecionados nove, totalizando 329 escolares. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos 329 escolares foi a de 12 anos, sendo 58,4% do sexo masculino e 55,3% da cor/etnia parda. O índice de hipertensão arterial foi de 11,2%. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi de 11,2% nos escolares estudados, sendo os fatores de risco o índice de massa corpórea elevado e cor/etnia parda. A partir do estudo, considera-se necessária a monitorização rotineira da pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes, com a finalidade de prevenção da hipertensão arterial na vida adulta.