Polyesters of xylitol and succinic acid were prepared yielding from 70 to 75% by enzyme-catalyzed esterification using a molar mass from 1:1 to 2:5 at 120 and 140 °C employing from 1 to 10% m/m of enzyme. Control over branching degree was achieved by tuning the reaction conditions (temperature, time, comonomer ratio, enzyme content). This one-step process from renewable starting materials avoids protection-deprotection techniques, as well as the use of toxic solvents by introducing limonene as solvent for polyesterification for the first time. All materials were structurally characterized by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, their thermal properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the molecular weight of samples were obtained by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC).

Abstract The genus Trichorhina Budde-Lund, 1908 includes 70 species distributed mainly in tropical regions, of which three species have been recorded from Colombia: Trichorhina bermudezae Carpio-Díaz, López-Orozco and Campos-Filho, 2018, Trichorhina heterophthalma Lemos de Castro, 1964, and Trichorhina papillosa (Budde-Lund, 1893). The present work aims at describing Trichorhina navasi n. sp. from La Playa de Belén, Department of Norte de Santander. In addition, it provides the first record of terrestrial isopods in the Department of Norte de Santander.

ABSTRACT Systems of Uramba Marine Protected Area (MPA), like marine and coastal systems worldwide, sustain a great variety of ecosystem services (ES) (i.e. coastal protection, climate regulation, or food provision, etc.). Anthropogenic and natural stressors (i.e. coastal erosion, sea level rise, or overfishing, etc.) can transform, degrade, or limit the supply of ecosystem services. This study explores the vulnerability of Uramba MPA ecosystem services to anthropogenic and natural stressors. Stressors and ecosystems services were characterized by a literature review, an expert’s workshop, fieldtrips for validation, and georeferencing. To calculate the vulnerability of ecosystem services, the magnitude of each stressor, their risks, and their resilience capacity was estimated. Natural and anthropogenic stressors are more frequent at the outer region of Uramba MPA, in Ladrilleros, Juanchaco, and Base Naval. Sea level rise is the main stressor that potentially will affect Uramba MPA ecosystems services, including the following: coastal protection in sandy beaches, mud flats, and mangroves; climate regulation in sandy beaches and mud flats; recreation and tourism in sandy beaches and mangroves; life cycle maintenance in mangroves, and food provision in mud flats. Ecosystems services in rocky coasts are threatened by landslides, and in pelagic systems by overfishing.

RESUMEN Los sistemas marinos y costeros del área marina protegida (AMP) Uramba, así como en el resto del mundo, proporcionan una gran variedad de servicios ecosistémicos (i. e. protección costera, regulación de ciclos geoquímicos o provisión de alimento, etc.). Amenazas naturales y/o antropogénicas (i. e. como la erosión costera, el aumento relativo en el nivel del mar o la sobrepesca) pueden transformar, degradar o limitar el suministro de estos servicios ecosistémicos. Este estudio explora el grado de vulnerabilidad que presentan los servicios ecosistémicos del AMP Uramba ante las amenazas naturales y antropogénicas presentes. Los métodos incluyen una revisión bibliográfica, un taller de expertos, trabajo de campo para la validación y la georreferenciación de servicios y amenazas. Para calcular la vulnerabilidad de los servicios ecosistémicos, se estimó la magnitud de las amenazas, su riesgo y su capacidad de resiliencia. Las amenazas naturales y antropogénicas más frecuentes se encuentran en la región externa del AMP Uramba, en las localidades de Juanchaco, Ladrilleros y Base Naval. El aumento en el nivel del mar es la amenaza que más podría vulnerar los servicios ecosistémicos del AMP Uramba, incluyendo los siguientes: protección costera en playas arenosas, planos lodosos y manglares; regulación climática en playas arenosas y planos lodosos; recreación y turismo en playas arenosas y manglares; mantenimiento de ciclos de vida en manglares, y provisión de alimentos en planos lodosos. Los servicios ecosistémicos de la costa rocosa están amenazados principalmente por deslizamientos, y en el ecosistema pelágico por la sobrepesca.

Abstract Introduction Empathy is defined as the ability or process to identify and understand other person’s situation, feelings, and motives. These responses are essential for relationships and social behavior. Baron-Cohen et al. created the Empathy Quotient (EQ), a scale explicitly designed to have a clinical application. The instrument evaluates three constructs of empathy and several studies around worldwide, but not in Mexico. Objective To examine the psychometric properties and the factor congruence of the EQ in a community sample from Mexico City. Method Cronbach´s alpha coefficient and a correspondence factorial analysis was performed to test the relation between response options and factors from the Exploratory Factor Analysis 200 adults without Axis I disorders through the MINI, filled out the Spanish version of the short version (28-items) of the EQ. An exploratory factor analysis was performed while reliability was tested with Cronbach’s alpha. In addition, correspondence factorial analysis and the factor congruence coefficient were determined. Results Five items were eliminated from the original 28-item EQ. From the 23 remaining items, only 16 were grouped in the three original proposed dimensions (cognitive empathy: 8 items, emotional reactivity: 4 items and social skills: 3 items), while one item showed communality with a different domain from the one originally proposed. Reliability was adequate (.82) as well as the congruence coefficients (.76 to .99). Discussion and conclusion The EQ Mexican 16-item version is a good tool to assess empathy in a Mexican population.

Resumen Introducción La empatía es definida como la capacidad para identificar y comprender las situaciones, sentimientos y motivaciones de otra persona. Estas respuestas son esenciales para relaciones y comportamientos sociales. Baron-Cohen et al. crearon el cociente de empatía (EQ), una escala diseñada para tener aplicación clínica. El instrumento evalúa tres constructos de empatía y ha probado sus propiedades psicométricas con resultados adecuados en varios estudios mundiales, pero no en México. Objetivo El propósito de este estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas y la congruencia factorial del EQ en una muestra mexicana. Método El alpha de Cronbach y el análisis factorial fueron aplicados para probar la relación entre las opciones de respuesta y los factores en 200 adultos sin diagnóstico, a través de la entrevista MINI. Se utilizó la versión corta en español del EQ y se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio dónde se probó la confiabilidad con el alfa de Cronbach y se determinó adecuada correspondencia y congruencia factorial. Resultados Se eliminaron cinco reactivos de la escala original de 28 reactivos. De los 23 reactivos restantes, solo 16 se agruparon en las tres dimensiones originales (empatía cognitiva: 8 reactivos, reactividad emocional: 4 reactivos y habilidades sociales: 3 reactivos) mientras que un reactivo mostró una comunalidad con un dominio diferente del original. La confiabilidad fue (.82), así como los coeficientes de congruencia (.76 a .99). Discusión y conclusión La versión del EQ es una buena herramienta para evaluar la empatía en población mexicana.

Abstract Introduction Resilience is an adaptation resource for coping with adversity or high risk, in this case, breast cancer diagnosis. The SV-RES Resilience Scale, created in Chile, is a valid, reliable measure for evaluating healthy behaviors in adversity and could be useful for evaluating resources available to women with breast cancer diagnosis in Mexico. Objective To obtain the psychometric properties of the SV-RES Resilience Scale in Mexican women with breast cancer. Method 114 women with breast cancer attending a cancer care center were included. They answered the self-administered SV-RES Resilience Scale comprising three resources: “I am,” “I have,” and “I can.” The dimensions of the scale were identified through an exploratory factor analysis. Results The scale presented overall internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of .974), with seven dimensions (identity, satisfaction, links, networks, internal strength, self-efficacy, and affectivity/reciprocity) that accounted for 72.75% of the variance. Discussion and conclusion The SV-RES scale is a valid, reliable measure for assessing resilience in Mexican women with breast cancer. Since it is a short, self-administered, and reliable instrument, it is useful for clinical practice and research in similar populations to identify the resources people have for coping with their medical conditions.

Resumen Introducción La resiliencia es un recurso con que cuentan las personas para afrontar situaciones de adversidad o de alto riesgo en su salud, en este caso, el diagnóstico de cáncer de mama. La Escala de Resiliencia SV-RES fue creada en Chile y constituye una medición válida y confiable para evaluar las conductas saludables en condiciones de adversidad y podría ser útil para evaluar los recursos con que cuentan las mujeres mexicanas con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama. Objetivo Obtener las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Resiliencia SV-RES en mujeres mexicanas con cáncer de mama. Método Participaron 114 mujeres con cáncer de mama que acudieron a un centro especializado en atención oncológica, quienes respondieron la Escala Autoaplicable de Resiliencia SV-RES, que consta de tres recursos “Yo soy / Yo estoy”; “Yo tengo” y “Yo puedo”. Las dimensiones de la escala fueron identificadas por medio de un análisis factorial exploratorio. Resultados La escala presentó una consistencia global interna (alpha de Cronbach de .974), cuyas siete dimensiones (identidad, satisfacción, vínculos, redes, fortaleza interna, autoeficacia y afectividad/reciprocidad) explicaron en conjunto el 72.75% de la varianza. Discusión y conclusión La escala SV-RES es una medida válida y confiable para evaluar la resiliencia en mujeres con cáncer de mama. Al ser un instrumento breve, autoaplicable y confiable, constituye un instrumento útil para su aplicación en la práctica clínica y en la investigación en poblaciones similares, con el fin de identificar los recursos con que cuenta la población para enfrentar sus padecimientos.

Abstract Introduction Several studies have explored the relationship between serum prolactin levels, symptomatology, and cognitive dysfunction in individuals at high risk for psychosis and patients with a first psychotic episode. However, the relationship between such variables is poorly understood in the case of chronic patients. Objective To assess the relationship between prolactin levels, neuropsychological impairment, and symptom severity in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Method A total of 31 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia were evaluated between May and December 2018. The age range was 18 to 60 years, with patients receiving antipsychotic treatment during a month at least. Data was obtained from clinical records, interviews, clinimetry, and with the application of the PANSS and the MCCB battery. For the prolactin measurement, the analysis was performed on a sample of 500 microliters of serum, with a chemiluminescence technique. Results The sample was comprised mostly by men (77.4%), with a mean age of 37.65 years, 13.29 years of formal education, and disease duration of 11.58 years. No correlations were observed between prolactin levels and PANSS components and subscales. Only in male patients is there a negative correlation was found between prolactin levels with the overall combined score of the MCCB battery and cognitive domains of reasoning and verbal learning. Discussion and conclusions Men diagnosed with schizophrenia may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of hyperprolactinemia on cognition. These preliminary data have clinical implications for close monitoring of prolactin and cognitive decline in males with schizophrenia. Theoretically, these data are suggestive of a protective effect of hormones in women with this condition.

Resumen Introducción Diversos estudios han explorado la relación entre los niveles de prolactina sérica, la sintomatología y la disfunción cognitiva en individuos con alto riesgo de psicosis y pacientes con un primer episodio psicótico. Sin embargo, la relación entre tales variables es poco comprendida en el caso de los pacientes crónicos con esquizofrenia. Objetivo Evaluar la relación entre los niveles de prolactina, el deterioro neuropsicológico y la severidad de los síntomas en pacientes crónicos. Método Se evaluó un total de 31 pacientes. El rango de edad fue de 18 a 60 años, quienes recibieron tratamiento antipsicótico durante un mes como mínimo. Los datos se obtuvieron de entrevistas y de la aplicación de la PANSS y la MCCB. La medición de la prolactina se realizó con una muestra de 500 microlitros de suero, con una técnica de quimioluminiscencia. Resultados La muestra estuvo compuesta en su mayoría por hombres (77.4%), con una edad media de 37.65 años, 13.29 años de escolaridad y una duración de la enfermedad de 11.58 años. No se observaron correlaciones entre los niveles de prolactina y los componentes y subescalas del PANSS. Sólo en los pacientes varones se da una correlación negativa entre los niveles de prolactina con la puntuación global combinada de la batería de MCCB y los dominios cognitivos de razonamiento y aprendizaje verbal. Discusión y conclusiones Los hombres diagnosticados con esquizofrenia pueden ser particularmente vulnerables a los efectos negativos de la hiperprolactinemia sobre la cognición. Teóricamente, estos datos sugieren un efecto protector de las hormonas en las mujeres con esta enfermedad.

Abstract Timber sawing accuracy varies depending on the working methods, the degree of maintenance and the precision of the sawing equipment, and therefore its implications in planed dry timber have not been documented. The objective of this work was to determine if the saw thickness of 7/8” (22.23 mm) guarantees the obtainment of dry and planed timber with a final size that coincides with the nominal one. A sample of 150 boards of the Pinus genus produced at the La Peña sawmill was monitored during the drying and planing processes in order to determine their sawing accuracy through statistical process control; the volume that did not reach the final nominal size was thus quantified. The total standard deviation (St) of the sawmilling process was found to be 0.85 mm, which is influenced by the fact that the saw cuts are not homogeneous within the boards, and it is difficult to obtain boards with adequate surface quality and dimensional accuracy in the planing process. The quality control procedures showed that 67.50% of the planed boards were within the limits of dimensional quality control (20.92 to 22.32 mm), and 15.83% were above the upper control limit, together representing 83.33% of the total volume with adequate final nominal dimension; while the remaining 16.67% did not reach the final nominal size in dry and planed timber because they were insufficiently thick. It is concluded that the sawing variation in this sawmill compromises up to 17% of the timber.

Resumen La calidad dimensional de la madera aserrada es variable en función de los métodos de trabajo, el grado de mantenimiento y precisión de los equipos de asierre; además sus implicaciones en la madera seca y cepillada no se han documentado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar, si el grueso de asierre de 7/8” (22.23 mm) garantiza obtener madera seca y cepillada con dimensión final coincidente a la nominal. A una muestra de 150 tablas de Pinus sp producidas en el aserradero La Peña, se le dio seguimiento durante los procesos de secado y cepillado para conocer la variación dimensional, mediante un control estadístico de procesos; con esos datos se cuantificó el volumen que no alcanzó la dimensión nominal final y se determinó que la desviación estándar total del proceso de aserrío (St) fue de 0.85 mm, en la cual influyó que los cortes de la sierra no son homogéneos dentro de las tablas, lo que dificulta obtener piezas con calidad de superficie y precisión dimensional adecuadas para el cepillado. El control de calidad evidenció que 67.50 % de las tablas cepilladas estuvieron dentro de los límites de control de calidad dimensional (20.92 a 22.32 mm); 15.83 % por encima del límite de control superior, y ambas representaron 83.33 % del volumen total con buena dimensión nominal final; mientras que 16.67 % no la tuvieron, ya que presentaron subdimensiones en grosor. Se concluye que la variación del corte en este aserradero compromete hasta 17 % de la materia prima.

Abstract: Teak is an important species in the forest markets, due to the value of the timber which, it has increased the interest to establish stands in Mexico. However, the influence of properties soil and nitrogen on plantations have been poorly evaluated. The aim of the study was to measure quality soil in 6-yrs-old commercial teak plantations in Nayarit, Mexico. 30 days before planting, were applied to fertilizers soils 50- 120 - 75 (NPP), 3 t ha-1 Ca hydroxide, 250 kg ha-1 of diammonium phosphate, 63 kg ha-1 of potassium chloride and 75 kg ha-1 Potassium sulfate to improve your fertility. After 6 yrs-old, the diameter, height, basal area and volume were measured in order to contrast the growth and productivity between stands. Soil samples, the texture, bulk density (BD), cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM) and C:N ratio were determined to know the OM mineralization, as well as nitrogen in biomass. The ANOVA and Tukey test showed that soils with pH > 6 < 7, CEC > 30 cmol(+) kg-1, OM > 2.5 % and C:N ratio > 15 of 0 - 10 cm, were associated with the best stand productivity, as well as the highest nitrogen concentration in leaves. It is concluded that the success in the stand’s productivity with exotic species in Mexico, will depend essentially on the health of the soil.

Resumen: La teca es una especie importante en los mercados forestales, debido al valor de su madera, lo cual en México ha incrementado el interés de establecer plantaciones. Sin embargo, la influencia de las propiedades del suelo y nitrógeno bajo esas condiciones han sido poco evaluadas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue medir la calidad del suelo en plantaciones comerciales de teca en Nayarit, México. Antes de plantar (30 días), se aplicaron fertilizantes 50 - 120 - 75 (NPK), 3 t ha-1 de hidróxido de Ca, 250 kg ha-1 de fosfato diamónico, 63 kg ha-1 de cloruro de potasio y 75 kg ha-1 de sulfato de potasio. A la edad de 6 años, se midieron el diámetro, altura, área basal y se calculó el volumen, con el propósito de contrastar el crecimiento y productividad entre plantaciones. En muestras de suelo, se determinó la textura, densidad aparente (Da), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), materia orgánica (MO) y relación C/N para conocer la mineralización de la MO, así como el nitrógeno en la biomasa. El ANOVA y prueba de Tukey demostraron que los suelos con pH > 6 < 7, CIC > 30 cmol(+) kg-1, MO > 2.5 % y relación C/N > 15 de 0 - 10 cm, se asociaron a la plantación de mejor productividad, así como la mayor concentración de nitrógeno en hojas. Se concluye que en México, el éxito en la productividad de plantaciones con especies exóticas dependerá, esencialmente, de las propiedades del suelo.

Abstract: The lack of a public policy based on scientific and traditional knowledge, oriented to the integral management of the territory is intrinsically expressed in the construction of risk, and therefore in the increase of the occurrence of disasters. Although in the last three decades there have been some advances in terms of civil protection in Mexico, it is necessary to conduct a critical review and evaluation of the National Civil Protection System and the existing institutional framework within the three orders of government, to determine role and functionality, as well as its effectiveness and relevance, in order to analyze its possible transformation into a System or National Coordination of Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRM). The implementation of such system should be based on five normative axes; efficiency and equity, integrality, transversality, co-responsibility and accountability. IDRM should be understood as a complex systematic process consisting of a series of decisions, actions and activities, as well as a transversal coordination between the different institutional and social actors, to understand and transform the needs and weaknesses expressed in the different aspects of vulnerability and exposure, in specific responses and collective solutions, whose main objective is the deconstruction of risk. Inevitably, IDRM requires a foundation directed towards the reduction of vulnerabilities as a strategic axis of diagnosis, laws, programs and co-management of government and society, where safeguarding human life is privileged, along with the improvement of the quality of life of the population and its integral development, within a framework of respect for human rights and, consequently, with a gender perspective. Based on the principles of the IDRM developed and agreed upon at the international level, this document contains a series of recommendations that were discussed by a group of academicians and put into consideration of the candidates for the Presidency of Mexico and those candidates of popular election at the Federal, State and Municipal level in June 2018, as well as to the President-elected Andrés Manuel López Obrador, and the next members of his cabinet, head of the cross-cutting areas related to disaster prevention. Within the sphere of IDRM, the same conception of the General Law of Civil Protection of 2012, poses significant challenges of coordination and institutional, administrative, regulatory and financial reforms, as well as a reconceptualization that could lead to its efficient implementation as a Public Policy. The latter must have a binding cross-sectoral character, in and between the different levels of government and be regulated under the axes of efficiency and equity, integrality, transversality, co-responsibility and accountability. For this, the reduction of institutional vulnerability is unavoidable. The transformation of the current National Civil Protection System into a National System for the IDRM, is raised through 55 considerations and requires the support of the Federal Government to establish new bases, learning from the most valuable elements of the generated experiences and focus on the production of welfare conditions of the population, considering as determining factors for the reduction of social vulnerability. It is a long-term research task, which must begin with the contributions of sciences and social, natural disciplines, as well as engineering and technology, in a sphere of rigorous assessment of its contemporary complexity, from an integral perspective, and therefore, of transdisciplinary work. Under this perspective, the territory is a fundamental factor in the processes of assessment of social vulnerability as it determines to a large extent the scope of the disaster risk reduction required by the National System for IDRM. As such, it is necessary and urgent recovering, disseminating and encouraging scientific research to generate theories, methods and models (quantitative and qualitative) of analysis, aimed at the comprehension of the territory, territoriality and habitability. It also should be directed towards strengthening territorial management, taking into account its different dimensions and scales, for the assessment of the real conditions of the population: experiences, resources, assets, capabilities, potentials and requirements in terms of social welfare, as an inescapable - and irreplaceable - device for the reduction and management of risks. Therefore, undoubtedly, IDRM must be understood in a transversal way to the public policy that affects the use of the territories from the local scale, and through the permanent coordination with other territorial levels: this is where the disasters have their origin and that is where the reduction of risk must first be rooted, which leads to the prevention of future disasters.

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Abstract: Objective: To provide updated information regarding the 12-month prevalence and associated sociodemographic factors for suicide ideation and behavior (plan and attempts) to substantiate preventive programs in Mexico. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional nationally representative survey, conducted during 2016 (n=56 877) among those 12-65 years old living in rural, urban and metropolitan dwellings. Results: The prevalence of suicide ideation in the last 12-months was 2.3%, 0.8% of the sample reported a plan and 0.7% reported a suicide attempt. All three outcomes were about two times more common among females and suicide plan and attempt were less common among the elderly (50-65 years old). Suicide attempts were more common in urban than in rural areas. The state of Tabasco showed an increased prevalence of ideation, plan and attempts when compared to national average rates. Conclusions: Public health measures to diminish and treat suicidal behavior are urgently needed all over the country.

Resumen: Objetivo: Dar información actualizada sobre la prevalencia de 12 meses y los factores sociodemográficos asociados para la ideación y el comportamiento suicida (plan e intentos) para fundamentar programas preventivos en México. Material y métodos: Encuesta transversal representativa a nivel nacional, por sexo y grupos de edad, realizada durante 2016 (n = 56 877) entre personas de entre12 y 65 años de edad en zonas rurales, urbanas y metropolitanas. Resultados: La prevalencia de ideación suicida en los últimos 12 meses fue de 2.3%, 0.8% de la muestra informó un plan y 0.7% informó un intento de suicidio. Los tres resultados fueron aproximadamente dos veces más comunes entre las mujeres y el intento de suicidio fue menos común entre los más viejos (50 a 65 años). Los intentos de suicidio fueron más comunes en las zonas urbanas que en las rurales. El estado de Tabasco mostró una mayor prevalencia de ideas, planes e intentos en comparación con las tasas promedio nacionales. Conclusiones: Es urgente y necesario que existan medidas de salud pública para disminuir y tratar el comportamiento suicida en todo el país.

Abstract: Objective: To provide updated information regarding the 12-month prevalence and associated sociodemographic factors for suicide ideation and behavior (plan and attempts) to substantiate preventive programs in Mexico. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional nationally representative survey, conducted during 2016 (n=56 877) among those 12-65 years old living in rural, urban and metropolitan dwellings. Results: The prevalence of suicide ideation in the last 12-months was 2.3%, 0.8% of the sample reported a plan and 0.7% reported a suicide attempt. All three outcomes were about two times more common among females and suicide plan and attempt were less common among the elderly (50-65 years old). Suicide attempts were more common in urban than in rural areas. The state of Tabasco showed an increased prevalence of ideation, plan and attempts when compared to national average rates. Conclusions: Public health measures to diminish and treat suicidal behavior are urgently needed all over the country.

Resumen: Objetivo: Dar información actualizada sobre la prevalencia de 12 meses y los factores sociodemográficos asociados para la ideación y el comportamiento suicida (plan e intentos) para fundamentar programas preventivos en México. Material y métodos: Encuesta transversal representativa a nivel nacional, por sexo y grupos de edad, realizada durante 2016 (n = 56 877) entre personas de entre12 y 65 años de edad en zonas rurales, urbanas y metropolitanas. Resultados: La prevalencia de ideación suicida en los últimos 12 meses fue de 2.3%, 0.8% de la muestra informó un plan y 0.7% informó un intento de suicidio. Los tres resultados fueron aproximadamente dos veces más comunes entre las mujeres y el intento de suicidio fue menos común entre los más viejos (50 a 65 años). Los intentos de suicidio fueron más comunes en las zonas urbanas que en las rurales. El estado de Tabasco mostró una mayor prevalencia de ideas, planes e intentos en comparación con las tasas promedio nacionales. Conclusiones: Es urgente y necesario que existan medidas de salud pública para disminuir y tratar el comportamiento suicida en todo el país.

Abstract Objective To compare drug use for cities along the US-Mexico border. Materials and methods Data are from the US-Mexico Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions (UMSARC, 2011-2013), a survey of 4 796 randomly selected Mexican and of Mexican origin individuals on both sides of the border. Results Higher rates of any past-year drug use and symptoms of drug use disorders were found only in the border city of Laredo, when compared to the non-border city of San Antonio. Nuevo Laredo and Reynosa/Matamoros showed higher rates of drug use than the non-border city of Monterrey. Much higher rates (OR’s in the range of 4-11) were found in the US cities when compared to their across-the-border Mexican counterparts. Conclusions Drug use is high on the border for the selected Mexican cities. Misuse of prescription drugs is nevertheless a concern in the south Texas border cities in our study.

Resumen Objetivo Comparar el consumo de drogas para las ciudades a lo largo de la frontera Estados Unidos-México. Material y métodos Los datos provienen del Estudio “US-Mexico study on alcohol and related conditions” (UMSARC, 2011- 2013), una encuesta de 4 796 personas mexicanas y de origen mexicano en ambos lados de la frontera. Resultados Las tasas más altas de cualquier consumo de drogas en el año pasado y los síntomas de trastornos por uso de drogas se encontraron sólo en la ciudad fronteriza de Laredo, en com paración con la ciudad no fronteriza de San Antonio. Tanto Nuevo Laredo como Reynosa/Matamoros mostraron mayo res tasas de consumo de drogas que la ciudad no fronteriza de Monterrey. Tasas mucho más altas (OR en el rango de 4-11) fueron encontradas en las ciudades de los Estados Unidos en comparación con sus contrapartes mexicanas fronterizas. Conclusiones El consumo de drogas en México es alto en la frontera. El uso de medicamentos recetados fuera de prescripción es una preocupación en las ciudades fronterizas del sur de Texas.

Abstract Objective To compare drug use for cities along the US-Mexico border. Materials and methods Data are from the US-Mexico Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions (UMSARC, 2011-2013), a survey of 4 796 randomly selected Mexican and of Mexican origin individuals on both sides of the border. Results Higher rates of any past-year drug use and symptoms of drug use disorders were found only in the border city of Laredo, when compared to the non-border city of San Antonio. Nuevo Laredo and Reynosa/Matamoros showed higher rates of drug use than the non-border city of Monterrey. Much higher rates (OR’s in the range of 4-11) were found in the US cities when compared to their across-the-border Mexican counterparts. Conclusions Drug use is high on the border for the selected Mexican cities. Misuse of prescription drugs is nevertheless a concern in the south Texas border cities in our study.

Resumen Objetivo Comparar el consumo de drogas para las ciudades a lo largo de la frontera Estados Unidos-México. Material y métodos Los datos provienen del Estudio “US-Mexico study on alcohol and related conditions” (UMSARC, 2011- 2013), una encuesta de 4 796 personas mexicanas y de origen mexicano en ambos lados de la frontera. Resultados Las tasas más altas de cualquier consumo de drogas en el año pasado y los síntomas de trastornos por uso de drogas se encontraron sólo en la ciudad fronteriza de Laredo, en com paración con la ciudad no fronteriza de San Antonio. Tanto Nuevo Laredo como Reynosa/Matamoros mostraron mayo res tasas de consumo de drogas que la ciudad no fronteriza de Monterrey. Tasas mucho más altas (OR en el rango de 4-11) fueron encontradas en las ciudades de los Estados Unidos en comparación con sus contrapartes mexicanas fronterizas. Conclusiones El consumo de drogas en México es alto en la frontera. El uso de medicamentos recetados fuera de prescripción es una preocupación en las ciudades fronterizas del sur de Texas.

Abstract The persistence of the violence in México has allowed new ways of subjectivity through its internalization as a way to resist in a society where the words have lost their affectivity. The ascription to organized delinquency by the youth or the manifestation of violent behavior in different ambits has become more frequent. The silence and the fear also work as sources to legitimize this violence. The present paper presents some lines of thought about the testimonies of young people, who live in a context where the settlement of organized crime is accentuated. Their testimonies illustrate how they see their lives in a context that appears to present only two options: to assimilate or to be indifferent.

Resumen La persistencia de la violencia en México ha incidido en la conformación de nuevas subjetividades a partir de su interiorización como una forma de resistir dentro de una sociedad en la que la palabra ha perdido su efectividad simbólica. La adscripción de jóvenes al crimen organizado y la manifestación de conductas violentas, en cualquier ámbito, es cada vez más frecuente. El silencio y el miedo operan como fuentes de legitimación de la misma. El presente trabajo muestra algunas líneas de reflexión en torno a testimonios de jóvenes que habitan en contextos de violencia ligados al narcotráfico. Dichos testimonios ilustran cómo estos perciben su vida en un contexto donde las únicas opciones aparentes son la asimilación o la indiferencia.

Abstract: Objective: Describe the occurrence of potentially traumatic events (PTE) in high-school students, measure subthreshold post-traumatic symptomatology in those who still experience PTE repercussions and associate the symptomatology with sociodemographic and PTE characteristics. Materials and methods: Analytic transversal study carried out in a convenience sample of one thousand students from three high schools in the State of Mexico. The Scale for Post Traumatic Stress in University Students was applied. The presence of symptoms, their frequency and their association with explanatory variables was assessed by means of logistic and quantile logistic regression models, respectively. Results: 80% reported PTE. Of this, 79% still experienced current repercussions and almost a half presented symptomatology. Gender, number of events, and PTE characteristics (perceived and grave symptoms) were associated. Conclusions: Results suggest to intervene early to reduce the risk of developing a disorder.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la ocurrencia de eventos potencialmente traumáticos (EPT) en estudiantes de preparatoria, medir la sintomatología postraumática subumbral en quienes aún sufren repercusiones de un EPT y asociar la sintomatología con variables sociodemográficas y características del EPT. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico realizado en un muestra por conveniencia de 1000 estudiantes de tres preparatorias del Estado de México. Se aplicó la Escala para Estrés Postraumático en Universitarios Mexicanos. Se evaluó la presencia de síntomas y su frecuencia; la asociación con variables explicativas se realizó con modelos de regresión logística y cuantílica, respectivamente. Resultados: 80% reportó un EPT. De éstos, 79% aún sufría repercusiones actuales y casi la mitad de ellos presentó sintomatología. El sexo, número de eventos y características del EPT (cambios percibidos y gravedad) se encontraron asociados. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren intervenir tempranamente para disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar un trastorno.