Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 ha aumentado las demandas que enfrentan los trabajadores con respecto a su alimentación, como comprar alimentos y cocinar. Estudios muestran diferencias de género en estas demandas, pero también según características sociodemográficas como el nivel de escolaridad. Este estudio comparó patrones de compra y preparación de alimentos por género en trabajadores chilenos, antes y durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Este estudio es de corte transversal y utilizó datos de la primera ola de un estudio multinacional realizado en abril de 2020. La muestra fue 317 participantes que tenían trabajo durante el confinamiento (67.8 % mujeres, edad promedio de 38.14). Los participantes respondieron preguntas sociodemográficas y reportaron sus prácticas de compra y preparación de alimentos antes y durante el confinamiento. Se utilizó el análisis de comparación de proporciones. Durante el confinamiento, los hombres realizaron más compras de alimentos y las mujeres cocinaron más. Las mujeres se dedicaron a tareas relacionadas con la alimentación con más frecuencia durante la pandemia que los hombres. Este estudio muestra que personas trabajadoras han cambiado su nivel de involucramiento en tareas de alimentación durante la pandemia, tomando en cuenta condiciones como los roles de género, escolaridad y teletrabajo. Estos hallazgos pueden guiar intervenciones y políticas que refuercen ventajas derivadas de las medidas de confinamiento (e.g., cocinar en casa), para contribuir al bienestar alimentario de personas trabajadoras y sus familias durante y después de la pandemia.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demands that workers face regarding household food-related tasks, such as grocery shopping and cooking. The literature shows that there are differences in these demands by gender, but also based on other sociodemographic characteristics, such as schooling level. The aim of this study was to compare food purchasing and preparation patterns by gender in Chilean workers, before the COVID-19 lockdown and during the first six weeks of lockdown. The study was cross-sectional, and data was collected for the first wave of a multi-country study in April 2020. The sample was composed of 317 participants who were employed during lockdown (67.8% women, mean age of 38.14). Participants answered sociodemographic questions and reported their food purchasing and preparing practices before and during lockdown. Analysis of comparison of proportions was used. On average, during lockdown, men increased their involvement in grocery shopping while women cooked more. Overall, female workers have turned to food-related tasks more often during the pandemic than male workers. This study shows the extent to which workers have changed their degree of involvement in food-related tasks, accounting for conditions such as gender roles, schooling level and working from home. These findings can inform interventions and policies that reinforce advantageous changes brought on by lockdown measures (e.g., home-cooking) to contribute to workers’ and their families’ food-related well-being during and in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Resumen En tiempos recientes, la literatura en psicología sobre orientación sexual ha pasado de centrarse en aspectos negativos experimentados por personas no heterosexuales a examinar factores que potencien el bienestar de estas. Estos estudios se han enfocado mayoritariamente en lesbianas y hombres gay (orientación hacia un único género o monosexual), mientras la inclusión de otras orientaciones, como bisexual y pansexual (orientaciones hacia más de un género o plurisexual) es un interés emergente. En Latinoamérica, un tema poco explorado en este sentido es la satisfacción vital y las variables asociadas, como el apoyo social y el revelar la orientación sexual, y cómo estas pueden variar entre personas de distintas orientaciones no heterosexuales. Por ello, el objetivo general de este estudio fue comparar el grado de revelación de la orientación sexual, el apoyo social percibido, la conexión con la comunidad LGBTIQ+ (sigla que incluye a lesbianas, gay, bisexual, transgénero, transexual, travesti, intersexual y queer) y la satisfacción vital entre estudiantes universitarios lesbianas y gays (LG), y bisexuales y pansexuales (BP). La muestra fue tomada entre 82 estudiantes universitarios LGBP, quienes respondieron un cuestionario en línea que incluía datos sociodemográficos y escalas destinadas a evaluar las variables en estudio. Los resultados mostraron que estudiantes universitarios LG revelan más su orientación sexual que estudiantes BP. Igualmente, se destaca la asociación positiva entre el apoyo social percibido y satisfacción vital, y entre la conexión con la comunidad LGBTIQ+ y la revelación de la orientación sexual. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento sobre variables asociadas a la satisfacción vital según la orientación sexual, diferenciando entre estudiantes universitarios lesbianas y gays y estudiantes bisexuales y pansexuales.

Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing shift in research on sexual orientation. This focus has moved from centering on negative experiences, related to psychopathology and stigmatization, to examining subjective well-being factors in individuals belonging to these populations. In Latin American countries such as Chile, a scarcely explored link in this regard is satisfaction with life –the cognitive component of subjective well-being– and associated variables. The minority stress model indicates that individuals who belong to minority groups are exposed to additional stressors to which the general population is not exposed. These specific stressors are related to the marginalization, prejudice and exclusion suffered by the minority group of belonging. Researchers have shown that these stressors and their consequences may result in lower life satisfaction in non-heterosexual people compared to their heterosexual peers. Furthermore, different non-heterosexual orientations face specific forms of prejudice and, therefore, could experience a different impact on their life satisfaction. In this paper, the distinction is made between individuals with a monosexual orientation (towards one gender) and those with a plurisexual orientation, (towards more than one gender or independently of gender); namely, lesbians and gay men (LG) on the one hand, and bisexuals and pansexuals (BP) on the other. Research indicates that BP people experience lower levels of well-being than LG individuals. Compared to the latter, BP individuals tend to disclose their sexual orientation to a lesser extent, perceive less social support, and experience greater exclusion from community spaces destined to the general community of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and other queer identities (LGBTIQ+). Moreover, these differences between non-heterosexual orientations in terms of life satisfaction have been little explored in Latin American university students. To fill this gap in the literature, the general objective of this study was to compare the levels of disclosure of sexual orientation, perceived social support, connectedness with the LGBTIQ+ community, and life satisfaction among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and pansexual university students. Four hypotheses were proposed that addressed the comparisons between LG and BP participants for these variables. A non-probability sample of 82 LGBP university students was recruited to answer an online questionnaire. Of the sample, 32.9 % were lesbian or gay, and 67.1 % were bisexual or pansexual. Most participants were women (67.1 %), compared to 29.3 % men and 3.7 % of another gender. The questionnaire consisted of a section of sociodemographic data, a sexual orientation disclosure scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the LGBTIQ + Community Connectedness Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Analyses included comparisons of means between groups. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted for the Connectedness Scale to test its validity. Results showed that LG and BP students reported similar levels of perceived social support, community connectedness, and life satisfaction, while LG students tended to disclose their sexual orientation to more people than BP students. A positive association was also found between perceived social support and life satisfaction, and between connectedness and disclosure of sexual orientation. The CFA showed that the Connectedness Scale is valid for its use in university samples in Chile and other Latin American populations. Limitations regarding sample size and recommendations for future research are discussed. This study contributes to the knowledge about variables associated with life satisfaction in non-heterosexual university students, highlighting the differential needs for support of those with a monosexual orientation (lesbians and gays) and those with a plurisexual orientation (bisexual and pansexual).

Resumen Introducción: Para las personas con trabajo remunerado, la familia es una fuente importante de recursos psicológicos que contribuyen a su bienestar. Se hipotetiza que el apoyo familiar es un factor protector de la satisfacción vital de la persona, de modo directo y a través de otras variables como las comidas familiares y la satisfacción con la vida familiar. En ese sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue examinar el papel mediador en serie de la atmósfera de las comidas familiares y la satisfacción con la vida familiar en la relación entre el apoyo familiar y la satisfacción con la vida, en mujeres y hombres con trabajos remunerados. Método: Se aplicó la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, Escala Multidimensional de Apoyo Social Percibido, Escala Atmósfera de las Comidas Familiares y Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida Familiar, a una muestra de 236 mujeres y 236 hombres con trabajo remunerado en Temuco, Chile. El análisis estadístico consideró un modelo de mediación en serie con un Intervalo de Confianza del 95%. Resultados: El apoyo familiar y la satisfacción con la vida correlacionaron de forma directa y estadísticamente significativa. Además, se obtuvo un efecto indirecto significativo de la atmósfera de las comidas familiares y la satisfacción con la vida familiar, en la relación entre el apoyo familiar y la satisfacción con la vida. La atmósfera de las comidas familiares y la satisfacción con la vida familiar son mediadores en serie en la relación entre el apoyo familiar y la satisfacción con la vida, en este grupo de trabajadores. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que variables asociadas a la familia y a aspectos sociales de la alimentación influyen positivamente en la satisfacción vital de los trabajadores.

Abstract Introduction: For workers, family is an important source of psychological resources that contribute to the individual’s well-being. It is hypothesized that family support is a protective factor of the person’s life satisfaction, directly and through other variables such as family meals and satisfaction with family life. In this regard, the aim of this study was to examine the serial mediating role of the atmosphere of family meals and satisfaction with family life in the relationship between family support and satisfaction with life, in women and men with paid jobs. Method: The Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (family subscale), a measure of Atmosphere Scale of Family Meals and the Satisfaction with Family Life Scale were administered to a sample of 236 women and 236 men with paid jobs in Temuco, Chile. The statistical analysis considered a serial mediation model with a 95% Confidence Interval. Results: Family support and satisfaction with life significantly correlated with one another. In addition, a significant indirect effect of the atmosphere of family meals and satisfaction with family life was obtained in the relationship between family support and life satisfaction. The atmosphere of family meals and satisfaction with family life are serial mediators in the relationship between family support and life satisfaction in this group of workers. Conclusions: Results suggest that variables related to the family domain and to social aspects of food consumption have a positive impact in workers’ life satisfaction.

Abstract Objective. To examine the relationship among perceived social support, attitude towards sexuality, and life satisfaction of heterosexual and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) university students in Temuco, Chile. Method. A non-probabilistic sample of 281 university students (70.8% heterosexual, 29.2% LGB) answered an online questionnaire. Results. There were no significant differences between heterosexual and LGB students in attitude towards sexuality or life satisfaction. Heterosexual students reported greater social support from their family than LGB students; both groups reported equal support from friends. Only social support was a predictor of life satisfaction. These results indicate the importance of strengthening social support from different sources to contribute to the subjective well-being of students of different sexual orientations.

Resumen Objetivo. Examinar las relaciones entre el apoyo social percibido, actitudes hacia la sexualidad y satisfacción vital entre estudiantes universitarios heterosexuales y lesbianas, gay y bisexuales (LGB), en Temuco, Chile. Método. Muestra no probabilística de 281 estudiantes universitarios (70.8% heterosexual, 29.2% LGB), quienes respondieron un cuestionario en línea. Resultados. No hubo diferencias según orientación sexual en las actitudes hacia la sexualidad y la satisfacción vital. Estudiantes heterosexuales reportaron mayor apoyo social general y por parte de la familia y otros significativos que estudiantes LGB; ambos grupos reportaron igual apoyo de sus amistades. Únicamente, el apoyo social fue predictor de satisfacción vital. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de fortalecer fuentes de apoyo para contribuir al bienestar de estudiantes de distintas orientaciones sexuales.

O estudo buscou examinar as associações de spillover e crossover entre apoio familiar, equilíbrio trabalho-vida e satisfação com a vida alimentar em famílias com filhos adolescentes nas quais ambos os pais trabalham fora de casa. Foi explorado também o papel mediador do equilíbrio trabalho-vida nessas relações. O estudo adotou um desenho transversal, e os participantes eram mães, pais e filhos adolescentes na cidade de Temuco, Chile. A amostra consistia em 303 famílias de pais heterossexuais com duas rendas de trabalho e com filhos adolescentes (média de idade 13,3 anos; 51,5% do sexo feminino). Foi usado o Modelo de Interdependência Ator-Parceiro (APIM) para examinar as associações de spillover (efeitos de ator) e crossover (efeitos de parceiros) entre os membros da família. Foram encontrados efeitos positivos de spillover para ambos os pais (p < 0,001). Foram encontrados efeitos de crossover do apoio familiar e equilíbrio trabalho-vida dos pais, respectivamente, e em relação ao equilíbrio trabalho-vida e satisfação com a vida alimentar das mães (p < 0,001). Não foram encontrados efeitos de crossover entre o equilíbrio trabalho-vida parental e a satisfação com a vida alimentar dos filhos (p > 0,1). O equilíbrio trabalho-vida teve papel mediador completo entre o apoio familiar e a satisfação com a vida alimentar nas mães (IC95%, viés-corrigido: -0,191; 0,093) e papel parcial nos pais (IC95%, viés-corrigido: 0,007; 0,295). Os efeitos de spillover e crossover entre apoio familiar e equilíbrio trabalho-vida em famílias cujos ambos os pais trabalhavam fora de casa mostraram associação com aumento de satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação. As intervenções para promover a satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação devem levar em conta as atividades laborais e outros papeis vitais desempenhados por esses pais e mães.

This study aimed to examine spillover and crossover associations between parents’ family support, work-life balance, and satisfaction with food-related life in dual-earner parents with adolescent children. The mediating role of work-life balance in these relationships was also explored. This is a cross-sectional study with mothers, fathers and adolescent children from Temuco, Chile as participants. The sample comprised 303 families of different-sex dual-earner parents with adolescent children (mean age 13.3, 51.5% female). The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was used to examine spillover (actor effects) and crossover (partner effects) associations between family members. Positive spillover effects were found for both parents (p < 0.001). Crossover effects were found from fathers’ support and work-life balance, respectively, to mothers’ work-life balance and satisfaction with food-related life (p < 0.001). No crossover effects were found between parents’ work-life balance and their children’s satisfaction with food-related life (p > 0.1). Work-life balance had a complete mediating role between parents’ family support and satisfaction with food-related life in mothers (bias-corrected, 95%CI: -0.191; 0.093), and a partial role in fathers (bias-corrected, 95%CI: 0.007; 0.295). Spillover and crossover effects between parents’ family support and work-life balance in dual-earner parents are associated with increased satisfaction with food-related life. Interventions to promote food-related life satisfaction in dual-earner parents should address both the work and other life roles that these parents fulfill.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las asociaciones spillover y crossover entre el apoyo familiar, equilibrio entre trabajo-vida, y satisfacción vital relacionada con la comida en parejas de asalariados con hijos adolescentes. También se investigó el papel mediador del equilibrio entre trabajo-vida en estas relaciones. El diseño del estudio fue transversal, y los participantes fueron madres, padres y niños adolescentes de Temuco, Chile. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 303 familias con padres asalariados de diferente sexo e hijos adolescentes (media de edad 13,3, 51,5% mujeres). Se usó el Modelo de Interdependencia Actor-Pareja (APIM por sus siglas en inglés) para examinar asociaciones secundarias (efectos de actor) y transversales (efectos de pareja) entre los miembros de la familia. Se encontraron efectos positivos secundarios en ambos padres (p < 0,001). Se hallaron efectos crossover desde el apoyo familiar y equilibrio entre trabajo-vida de los padres, respectivamente, hasta el equilibrio entre trabajo-vida y satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres (p < 0,001). No se encontraron efectos spillover entre el equilibrio entre trabajo-vida de los padres y la satisfacción con la alimentación de su hijos (p > 0,1). El equilibrio entre trabajo-vida tuvo un rol mediador completo entre el apoyo familiar y satisfacción con la alimentación en madres (corregido por sesgo, IC95%: -0,191; 0,093), y un papel parcial en padres (corregido por sesgo, IC95%: 0,007; 0,295). Los efectos spillover y crossover entre apoyo familiar y equilibrio entre trabajo-vida en padres asalariados están asociados con la satisfacción con la alimentación. Las intervenciones para promover la satisfacción con la alimentación en parejas asalariadas deberían dirigirse tanto al trabajo, como hacia otros roles de la vida con los que deben cumplir los progenitores.

O estudo buscou examinar as associações de spillover e crossover entre apoio familiar, equilíbrio trabalho-vida e satisfação com a vida alimentar em famílias com filhos adolescentes nas quais ambos os pais trabalham fora de casa. Foi explorado também o papel mediador do equilíbrio trabalho-vida nessas relações. O estudo adotou um desenho transversal, e os participantes eram mães, pais e filhos adolescentes na cidade de Temuco, Chile. A amostra consistia em 303 famílias de pais heterossexuais com duas rendas de trabalho e com filhos adolescentes (média de idade 13,3 anos; 51,5% do sexo feminino). Foi usado o Modelo de Interdependência Ator-Parceiro (APIM) para examinar as associações de spillover (efeitos de ator) e crossover (efeitos de parceiros) entre os membros da família. Foram encontrados efeitos positivos de spillover para ambos os pais (p < 0,001). Foram encontrados efeitos de crossover do apoio familiar e equilíbrio trabalho-vida dos pais, respectivamente, e em relação ao equilíbrio trabalho-vida e satisfação com a vida alimentar das mães (p < 0,001). Não foram encontrados efeitos de crossover entre o equilíbrio trabalho-vida parental e a satisfação com a vida alimentar dos filhos (p > 0,1). O equilíbrio trabalho-vida teve papel mediador completo entre o apoio familiar e a satisfação com a vida alimentar nas mães (IC95%, viés-corrigido: -0,191; 0,093) e papel parcial nos pais (IC95%, viés-corrigido: 0,007; 0,295). Os efeitos de spillover e crossover entre apoio familiar e equilíbrio trabalho-vida em famílias cujos ambos os pais trabalhavam fora de casa mostraram associação com aumento de satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação. As intervenções para promover a satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação devem levar em conta as atividades laborais e outros papeis vitais desempenhados por esses pais e mães.

This study aimed to examine spillover and crossover associations between parents’ family support, work-life balance, and satisfaction with food-related life in dual-earner parents with adolescent children. The mediating role of work-life balance in these relationships was also explored. This is a cross-sectional study with mothers, fathers and adolescent children from Temuco, Chile as participants. The sample comprised 303 families of different-sex dual-earner parents with adolescent children (mean age 13.3, 51.5% female). The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was used to examine spillover (actor effects) and crossover (partner effects) associations between family members. Positive spillover effects were found for both parents (p < 0.001). Crossover effects were found from fathers’ support and work-life balance, respectively, to mothers’ work-life balance and satisfaction with food-related life (p < 0.001). No crossover effects were found between parents’ work-life balance and their children’s satisfaction with food-related life (p > 0.1). Work-life balance had a complete mediating role between parents’ family support and satisfaction with food-related life in mothers (bias-corrected, 95%CI: -0.191; 0.093), and a partial role in fathers (bias-corrected, 95%CI: 0.007; 0.295). Spillover and crossover effects between parents’ family support and work-life balance in dual-earner parents are associated with increased satisfaction with food-related life. Interventions to promote food-related life satisfaction in dual-earner parents should address both the work and other life roles that these parents fulfill.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las asociaciones spillover y crossover entre el apoyo familiar, equilibrio entre trabajo-vida, y satisfacción vital relacionada con la comida en parejas de asalariados con hijos adolescentes. También se investigó el papel mediador del equilibrio entre trabajo-vida en estas relaciones. El diseño del estudio fue transversal, y los participantes fueron madres, padres y niños adolescentes de Temuco, Chile. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 303 familias con padres asalariados de diferente sexo e hijos adolescentes (media de edad 13,3, 51,5% mujeres). Se usó el Modelo de Interdependencia Actor-Pareja (APIM por sus siglas en inglés) para examinar asociaciones secundarias (efectos de actor) y transversales (efectos de pareja) entre los miembros de la familia. Se encontraron efectos positivos secundarios en ambos padres (p < 0,001). Se hallaron efectos crossover desde el apoyo familiar y equilibrio entre trabajo-vida de los padres, respectivamente, hasta el equilibrio entre trabajo-vida y satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres (p < 0,001). No se encontraron efectos spillover entre el equilibrio entre trabajo-vida de los padres y la satisfacción con la alimentación de su hijos (p > 0,1). El equilibrio entre trabajo-vida tuvo un rol mediador completo entre el apoyo familiar y satisfacción con la alimentación en madres (corregido por sesgo, IC95%: -0,191; 0,093), y un papel parcial en padres (corregido por sesgo, IC95%: 0,007; 0,295). Los efectos spillover y crossover entre apoyo familiar y equilibrio entre trabajo-vida en padres asalariados están asociados con la satisfacción con la alimentación. Las intervenciones para promover la satisfacción con la alimentación en parejas asalariadas deberían dirigirse tanto al trabajo, como hacia otros roles de la vida con los que deben cumplir los progenitores.

O estudo examinou as interrelações entre qualidade da dieta, satisfação com a alimentação e satisfação com a vida em pares de mães e adolescentes. Foi recrutada uma amostra de 470 pares mãe-adolescente em Temuco, Chile. As mães e adolescentes responderam o questionário do Índice Adaptado de Alimentação Saudável, a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida e a Escala de Satisfação com a Alimentação. Os dados foram analisados com o modelo de interdependência ator-parceiro (APIM) e modelagem de equações estruturais. A qualidade da dieta está associada com a satisfação com a alimentação, e esta está associada com a satisfação com a vida, entre mães e adolescentes. Tanto nas mães quanto nos filhos adolescentes, não foram observadas relações diretas entre qualidade da dieta e satisfação com a vida. A qualidade da dieta dos adolescentes teve um efeito negative sobre a satisfação das mães com a alimentação; a satisfação dos adolescentes com a alimentação esteve associada positivamente à satisfação das mães com a vida. A satisfação das mães com a alimentação teve um papel mediador entre a qualidade de sua própria dieta e a satisfação com a vida. As mães e seus filhos adolescentes afetam uns aos outros nos padrões de dieta e satisfação com a vida. Foram identificadas influências de filho para mãe nas experiências relacionadas à alimentação, o que demonstra que a satisfação dos adolescentes com a alimentação potencializa a satisfação com a vida, tanto deles e quanto de suas mães. Devem ser realizadas intervenções no sentido de promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre as mães e seus filhos adolescentes.

This study examined the relationships between diet quality, satisfaction with food-related life and life satisfaction in mother-adolescent dyads. The sample consisted of 470 mother-adolescent dyads in Temuco, Chile. Mothers and adolescents responded to the Adapted Healthy Eating Index, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale. Data was analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Diet quality was associated with satisfaction with food-related life, which related to life satisfaction in mothers and adolescents. We did not find direct relationships between diet quality and life satisfaction for either dyad member. Adolescents’ diet quality negatively affected their mothers’ satisfaction with food-related life; adolescents’ food-related life was positively associated with their mothers’ life satisfaction. The mothers’ satisfaction with food-related life played a mediating role between their own diet quality and life satisfaction. Mothers and their adolescent children affect one another in their dietary patterns and life satisfaction. Child-to-mother influences on food-related experiences show that adolescents’ satisfaction with food-related life improves their own and their mothers’ life satisfaction. Interventions to promote healthy eating habits must be addressed to both mothers and their adolescent children.

Este estudió examinó las interrelaciones entre calidad de la dieta, satisfacción con la alimentación -relacionada con la vida, y satisfacción con la vida en díadas madre-adolescente. Se reclutó una muestra de 470 díadas madre-adolescente en Temuco, Chile. Las madres y adolescentes respondieron al Índice de Alimentación Saludable Adaptado, Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Alimentación. Se analizaron los datos usando el Modelo de Interdependencia Actor-Pareja (APIM) y el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. La calidad de la dieta está asociada con la satisfacción con la alimentación, y la última está asociada con la satisfacción con la vida, en madres y adolescentes. No se encontraron relaciones directas entre la calidad de la dieta y la satisfacción con la vida para ningún miembro de la díada. La calidad de la dieta de los adolescentes tuvo un efecto negativo en la satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres; la satisfacción con la alimentación de los adolescentes estuvo positivamente asociada con la satisfacción con la vida de sus madres. La satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres tuvo un papel mediador entre la calidad de su propia dieta y su satisfacción con la vida. Las madres y sus hijos adolescentes se influencia mutuamente en sus hábitos alimentarios y satisfacción con la vida. Se encontró que las influencias hijo/a-madre tienen un impacto en las experiencias relacionadas con la comida, mostrando que la satisfacción con la alimentación de los adolescentes potencia su propia satisfacción con la vida y la de sus madres. Las intervenciones para promover hábitos saludables en la alimentación deben dirigirse tanto a las madres como a sus hijos adolescentes.

O estudo examinou as interrelações entre qualidade da dieta, satisfação com a alimentação e satisfação com a vida em pares de mães e adolescentes. Foi recrutada uma amostra de 470 pares mãe-adolescente em Temuco, Chile. As mães e adolescentes responderam o questionário do Índice Adaptado de Alimentação Saudável, a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida e a Escala de Satisfação com a Alimentação. Os dados foram analisados com o modelo de interdependência ator-parceiro (APIM) e modelagem de equações estruturais. A qualidade da dieta está associada com a satisfação com a alimentação, e esta está associada com a satisfação com a vida, entre mães e adolescentes. Tanto nas mães quanto nos filhos adolescentes, não foram observadas relações diretas entre qualidade da dieta e satisfação com a vida. A qualidade da dieta dos adolescentes teve um efeito negative sobre a satisfação das mães com a alimentação; a satisfação dos adolescentes com a alimentação esteve associada positivamente à satisfação das mães com a vida. A satisfação das mães com a alimentação teve um papel mediador entre a qualidade de sua própria dieta e a satisfação com a vida. As mães e seus filhos adolescentes afetam uns aos outros nos padrões de dieta e satisfação com a vida. Foram identificadas influências de filho para mãe nas experiências relacionadas à alimentação, o que demonstra que a satisfação dos adolescentes com a alimentação potencializa a satisfação com a vida, tanto deles e quanto de suas mães. Devem ser realizadas intervenções no sentido de promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre as mães e seus filhos adolescentes.

This study examined the relationships between diet quality, satisfaction with food-related life and life satisfaction in mother-adolescent dyads. The sample consisted of 470 mother-adolescent dyads in Temuco, Chile. Mothers and adolescents responded to the Adapted Healthy Eating Index, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale. Data was analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Diet quality was associated with satisfaction with food-related life, which related to life satisfaction in mothers and adolescents. We did not find direct relationships between diet quality and life satisfaction for either dyad member. Adolescents’ diet quality negatively affected their mothers’ satisfaction with food-related life; adolescents’ food-related life was positively associated with their mothers’ life satisfaction. The mothers’ satisfaction with food-related life played a mediating role between their own diet quality and life satisfaction. Mothers and their adolescent children affect one another in their dietary patterns and life satisfaction. Child-to-mother influences on food-related experiences show that adolescents’ satisfaction with food-related life improves their own and their mothers’ life satisfaction. Interventions to promote healthy eating habits must be addressed to both mothers and their adolescent children.

Este estudió examinó las interrelaciones entre calidad de la dieta, satisfacción con la alimentación -relacionada con la vida, y satisfacción con la vida en díadas madre-adolescente. Se reclutó una muestra de 470 díadas madre-adolescente en Temuco, Chile. Las madres y adolescentes respondieron al Índice de Alimentación Saludable Adaptado, Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Alimentación. Se analizaron los datos usando el Modelo de Interdependencia Actor-Pareja (APIM) y el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. La calidad de la dieta está asociada con la satisfacción con la alimentación, y la última está asociada con la satisfacción con la vida, en madres y adolescentes. No se encontraron relaciones directas entre la calidad de la dieta y la satisfacción con la vida para ningún miembro de la díada. La calidad de la dieta de los adolescentes tuvo un efecto negativo en la satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres; la satisfacción con la alimentación de los adolescentes estuvo positivamente asociada con la satisfacción con la vida de sus madres. La satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres tuvo un papel mediador entre la calidad de su propia dieta y su satisfacción con la vida. Las madres y sus hijos adolescentes se influencia mutuamente en sus hábitos alimentarios y satisfacción con la vida. Se encontró que las influencias hijo/a-madre tienen un impacto en las experiencias relacionadas con la comida, mostrando que la satisfacción con la alimentación de los adolescentes potencia su propia satisfacción con la vida y la de sus madres. Las intervenciones para promover hábitos saludables en la alimentación deben dirigirse tanto a las madres como a sus hijos adolescentes.

Resumen Introducción: La Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para la evaluación cognitiva del bienestar subjetivo de los individuos. La SWLS ha sido validada en numerosos contextos y poblaciones, pero la invarianza de medida a nivel transcultural en adultos emergentes ha sido poco explorada. El propósito de este artículo fue evaluar la invarianza de medida de la SWLS en estudiantes universitarios de Chile y España y según género. Método: Una muestra no probabilística de 165 estudiantes universitarios de Chile (66.7% mujeres, edad promedio = 21.9, DE = 2.35) y 109 estudiantes de España (48.6% mujeres, edad promedio = 22.9, DE = 2.4) completaron la SWLS. Resultados: Por medio de un análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo, los resultados mostraron que la SWLS exhibió invarianza configural, métrica y escalar en la comparación entre las muestras de estudiantes chilenos y españoles y según género. Conclusión: Este hallazgo muestra que la SWLS permite comparaciones significativas de medias latentes entre muestras transculturales universitarias. Además, este estudio aporta evidencia de la SWLS como un instrumento válido que puede guiar la creación de políticas para mejorar el bienestar subjetivo de los estudiantes universitarios de ambos géneros, tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo de habla hispana.

Abstract Introduction: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used measure of an individuals’ cognitive assessment of subjective well-being. The SWLS has been validated in several contexts and populations, but its cross-cultural measurement invariance in emerging adult samples remains barely explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the SWLS in university students from Chile and Spain and according to gender. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of 165 university students from Chile (66.7% women, Mage = 21.9, SD = 2.35), and 109 students from Spain (48.6% women; Mage = 22.9, SD = 2.4) completed the SWLS. Results: Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, results showed that the SWLS exhibited configural, metric and scalar invariance in the comparison between the Chilean and Spanish student samples and also according to gender. Conclusions: This finding allows for significant latent mean comparisons between cross-cultural samples. Moreover, this study supports the SWLS as a valid instrument which provides data that can inform policies in order to improve the subjective well-being of university students of both genders, both in developed and developing Spanish-speaking countries.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar perfiles de familias basados en el nivel de satisfacción con la alimentación de tres miembros de la familia (madre, padre y un adolescente) y evaluar si estos perfiles difieren según la percepción de los tres miembros de la familia del funcionamiento familiar, el balance trabajo-vida y la salud mental de los padres, y características sociodemográficas. Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 303 familias con doble ingreso con un hijo entre 10 y 17 años en Temuco, Chile. Resultados: Se usó análisis de conglomerados para distinguir tres perfiles familiares: “madres moderadamente satisfechas con su alimentación, padres y adolescentes satisfechos” (Grupo 1; 32.7%), “familias extremadamente satisfechas con su alimentación” (Grupo 2; 55.0%) y “madres y padres satisfechos con su alimentación y adolescentes moderadamente satisfechos” (Grupo 3; 12.3%). Los grupos difirieron en la percepción de los tres miembros de la familia del funcionamiento familiar, el balance trabajo-vida y la percepción de la situación financiera del hogar de ambos padres, así como en los niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés de la madre. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio pueden guiar la investigación sobre los nexos entre la alimentación y otros dominios de la vida, así como ayudar a focalizar campañas e intervenciones que promuevan prácticas y hábitos alimentarios saludables en distintos grupos de edad.

Abstract Introduction/aim: The aim of this study was to identify family profiles based on the level of satisfaction with food-related life of three family members (mother, father and one adolescent), and to assess if these profiles differ according to the perceived family functioning of all three family members, the work-life balance and mental health of the parents, and the sociodemographic characteristics. Method: The sample was composed of 269 dual-earner parents with one child between 10 and 17 years of age in Temuco, Chile. Results: A cluster analysis was used to distinguish three family profiles: “mothers moderately satisfied with their food-related life, and fathers and adolescents satisfied” (Group 1, 32.7%), “families extremely satisfied with their food-related life” (Group 2, 55.0%) and “mothers and fathers satisfied with their food-related life, and adolescents moderately satisfied” (Group 3, 12.3%). Groups differed in the way that the three family members’ perceived family functioning, both parents’ work-life balance and perception of the financial situation of the household, as well as in the mother’s depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Conclusions The results of this study can guide research on the links between food-related life and other life domains, and it may provide guidelines for campaigns and interventions to promote healthy eating habits and practices in different age groups.

Resumen Se evaluó el efecto de la extrusión del pasto maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp) sobre la composición química de la pared celular y la digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca y de la fibra en detergente neutro. Para ello se recolectaron siete muestras (10,0 kg/muestra) del mismo lote, con 51 días de rebrote y se picaron a 2 cm. Tres de estas muestras, tomadas al azar, se procesaron frescas en un extrusor de tornillo cónico girando a 1050 rpm y con salida de 3 mm, mientras que las otras cuatro fueron extruidas en el mismo equipo con salida de 1 mm. En las muestras de pasto crudo y en las de los bagazos procedentes de la extrusión se determinó el contenido de fibra en detergente neutro, fibra en detergente ácido, lignina en detergente ácido, digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca y digestibilidad in vitro de la fibra en detergente neutro. Se aplicó la prueba de T de Student para analizar el efecto del tipo de tratamiento, tanto entre ellos como respecto al pasto fresco. Los resultados indican que, con relación al pasto fresco, la extrusión generó un bagazo con alto contenido de fibra en detergente neutro, incrementó la digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca en 8,81% y la de la digestibilidad in vitro de la fibra en detergente neutro en 20,6%, pero no diferencia con el tamaño de la salida del extrusor (p<0,1). Se concluye que el proceso de extrusión como fue aplicado al pasto maralfalfa en este experimento mejora la digestibilidad de la materiaseca y de la fibra en detergente neutro.

Abstract The effect of extrusion of maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum sp) on the chemical composition of the cell wall and the in vitro digestibility of dry matter and fiber in neutral detergent was evaluated. Seven samples (10.0 kg/sample) were collected from the same batch, with 51 days of regrowth, and chopped 2 cm. Three of them, taken at random, were processed fresh in a conical screw extruder turning at 1050 rpm and with 3 mm output, while the other four were extruded in the same equipment with 1 mm output. In the samples of raw grass and bagasse from the extrusion, the fibre content in neutral detergent, fibre in acid detergent, lignin in acid detergent, in vitro digestibility of dry matter and in vitro digestibility fibre in neutral detergent were determined. The Student T test was applied to analyze the effect of the type of treatment, both among them and with respect to fresh grass. The results indicate that, with respect to fresh grass, the extrusion generated a bagasse with high fiber content in neutral detergent, increased the in vitro digestibility of dry matter by 8.81 % and that of fiber in neutral detergent by 20.6 %, but did not differ due to the size of the extruder outlet (p<0.1). It is concluded that the extrusion process as applied to maralfalfa grass in this experiment improves the digestibility of dry matter and fiber in neutral detergent.

Resumo Foi avaliado o efeito da extrusão do capim maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp) na composição química da parede celular e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro. Sete amostras (10,0 kg/amostra) foram coletadas do mesmo lote, com 51 dias de recrescimento, e picadas 2 cm. Três deles, tomados ao acaso, foram processados frescos em uma extrusora de rosca cônica girando a 1050 rpm e com saída de 3 mm, enquanto os outros quatro foram no mesmo equipamento com saída de 1 mm. Nas amostras do capim fresco e dos bagaços da extrusão, foram determinados o teor de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, lignina em detergente ácido, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro. O teste T de Student foi aplicado para analisar o efeito do tipo de tratamento, tanto entre eles como em relação ao capim fresco. Os resultados indicam que, em relação ao capim fresco, a extrusão gerou um bagaço com alto teor de fibra em detergente neutro, aumentou a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca em 8,81% e a da fibra em detergente neutro em 20,6%, mas não diferiu devido ao tamanho da saída da extrusora (p<0,1). Conclui-se que o processo de extrusão aplicado ao capim-maralfalfa neste experimento melhora a digestibilidade da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro.

Resumen Objetivo: Examinar las manifestaciones y los vínculos entre síntomas emocionales y las compras por pánico durante la aplicación de medidas de cuarentena domiciliar debido a la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Una muestra no probabilística de 339 residentes en El Salvador, mayores de 18 años, respondió un cuestionario en línea. El instrumento constaba de datos sociodemográficos, ítems sobre percepciones sobre la pandemia, una escala sobre compras por pánico y la escala abreviada de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21). Se realizaron análisis bivariados y multivariados, incluyendo un análisis de trayectoria o path analysis. Resultados: Casi 40 % de la muestra incurrió en compras por pánico. Las compras por pánico se asociaron con depresión, ansiedad y estrés, con el interés en la pandemia y la percepción de alteración de rutinas. El análisis de trayectoria comprueba que, indirectamente, la depresión desalentó la compra por pánico y la ansiedad la incentivó. El estrés ejerció un efecto positivo indirecto a través del interés en el tema y la alteración de rutinas, pero un efecto directo sobre las compras por pánico. Conclusión: La depresión, ansiedad y estrés se relacionan de manera diferencial con percepciones y comportamientos asociados al afrontamiento de la pandemia. El estrés constituye una respuesta adaptativa a la demanda de la situación mientras que las compras por pánico son una forma de paliar las emociones negativas suscitadas por la crisis. El interés en estos patrones de compra debe contemplar el contexto consumista en el que ocurren, así como las formas de afrontamiento en función del poder adquisitivo.

Abstract Objective: To examine the manifestations and links between emotional symptoms and panic buying during the implementation of domiciliary quarantine measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of 339 residents in El Salvador, over 18 years old, answered an online questionnaire. The instrument comprised sociodemographic questions, items on perceptions of the pandemic, a panic buying scale, and the short version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed, including a path analysis. Results: Almost 40 % of the sample engaged in panic buying. Panic buying was associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, with being interested in the pandemic and the perception of disrupted routines. The path analysis showed that, indirectly, depression discouraged panic buying and anxiety encouraged it. Stress exerted an indirect positive effect mediated by the interest in the pandemic and the disruption of routines, but a direct effect on panic purchases. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety, and stress are differentially related to perceptions and behaviors associated with coping with the pandemic. Stress is an adaptive response to the demands of the situation while panic buying is a way to alleviate the negative emotions caused by the crisis. The interest in these shopping patterns must contemplate the consumerist context in which they occur as well as coping strategies linked to acquisitive power.

Abstract Phenological studies are considerably complemented through field data and herbarium collection databases. We examined the seasonality and relationships between leafing and reproductive phenophases using field observations and herbarium data of Campomanesia eugenioides var. desertorum, Eugenia punicifolia, and Psidium schenckianum, all native species of Myrtaceae. Field observations were performed in a caatinga remnant in Bahia State, Brazil; HUEFS herbarium collections were examined. In general, all species showed seasonal reproductive phases and aseasonal leaf phases, and Spearman correlations were observed between those phases. Field observations and herbarium collections were similar and complementary, providing clues about seasonality and the relationship between leaf and reproductive phases of Myrtaceae species.

Abstract The present study aimed at determining the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness while controlling for social desirability, and to explore whether overall satisfaction with life can be predicted by satisfaction with life dimensions while controlling for social desirability. The study had a quantitative, non-experimental cross-sectional design, with 279 participants from different universities of the Council of Rectors of Chile recruited through a non-probabilistic sampling method for convenience. The participants completed an online questionnaire that inquired about their global and dimensional satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, social desirability, and sociodemographic variables. The data was analysed using partial correlations and multiple regression analyses. Bivariate correlation results indicate weak and direct associations between social desirability and life satisfaction and subjective happiness, and a strong and direct association between the latter. According to the results of the partial correlation analysis, the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness is maintained even when social convenience is controlled. The results of the multiple regression analyses indicate that although social desirability predicts life satisfaction by itself, when satisfaction with life dimensions is added to the model, social desirability loses its predictive power. In conclusion, although social desirability is associated with the two components, affective and cognitive, of subjective well-being, this association loses predictive power when other variables are considered in predictive models. Study limitations include a relatively low reliability score on the social desirability scale, possible bias due to the study's self-report design and sampling method used. The present study aimed at determining the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness while controlling for social desirability, and to explore whether overall satisfaction with life can be predicted by satisfaction with life dimensions while controlling for social desirability. The study had a quantitative, non-experimental cross-sectional design, with 279 participants from different universities of the Council of Rectors of Chile recruited through a non-probabilistic sampling method for convenience. The participants completed an online questionnaire that inquired about their global and dimensional satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, social desirability, and sociodemographic variables. The data was analysed using partial correlations and multiple regression analyses. Bivariate correlation results indicate weak and direct associations between social desirability and life satisfaction and subjective happiness, and a strong and direct association between the latter. According to the results of the partial correlation analysis, the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness is maintained even when social convenience is controlled. The results of the multiple regression analyses indicate that although social desirability predicts life satisfaction by itself, when satisfaction with life dimensions is added to the model, social desirability loses its predictive power. In conclusion, although social desirability is associated with the two components, affective and cognitive, of subjective well-being, this association loses predictive power when other variables are considered in predictive models. Study limitations include a relatively low reliability score on the social desirability scale, possible bias due to the study's self-report design and sampling method used.

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Abstract To explore emotional symptomatology and its predictors in a Salvadorean sample in residential lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A non-probabilistic sample of 339 participants over 18 years of age, 62% women and 38% men, mostly working people (52.8%), was collected. An online questionnaire recorded behaviors and perceptions during the pandemic, as well as emotional symptoms, using the DASS-21 scale. Around 75% of the sample reported mild emotional symptoms. Compared to men and those employed, women and those engaged in other activities reported more emotional symptoms. Fear of contagion, younger age, and disruption of daily routines were core predictors of emotional symptoms.

Resumen Explorar la manifestación de síntomas emocionales y potenciales predictores en población salvadoreña bajo condiciones de cuarentena domiciliar debido a la pandemia de COVID-19. Se contó con una muestra no probabilística de 339 participantes mayores de 18 años, 62% mujeres y 38% hombres, mayoritariamente dedicados a su trabajo (52.8%). Un cuestionario en línea registró acciones y percepciones sobre la situación de pandemia y síntomas emocionales (escala DASS-21). Alrededor del 75% de la muestra experimentó síntomas emocionales leves y comparados con los hombres y con quienes trabajan, las mujeres y quienes se dedican a otras actividades reportaron más síntomas emocionales. El temor al contagio, tener menos edad y la alteración de rutinas cotidianas constituyen predictores centrales de los síntomas emocionales.