Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da tecnologia de aplicação aérea e terrestre de fitossanitários na deposição de calda, na cultura da soja. Avaliou-se, após a aplicação de um traçador, a deposição nas partes inferior e superior do dossel da cultura, por meio de espectrofotometria. O ensaio foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e oito tratamentos (formas de aplicação): 1 - Terrestre (Ponta de jato cônico vazio-TXA 8002 e 180 L ha-1); 2 - Terrestre (Ponta de jato plano defletor duplo com indução de ar-AITTJ 11002 e 150 L ha-1); 3 - Terrestre (Ponta de jato plano defletor com indução de ar-TTI 11002 e 150 L ha-1); 4 - Terrestre (Ponta de jato plano defletor duplo-TTJ60 11002 e 150 L ha-1); 5 - Terrestre (Ponta de jato plano defletor-TT 11002 e 150 L ha-1); 6 - Aéreo (Atomizador rotativo e 40 L ha-1); 7 - Aéreo (Atomizador rotativo e 30 L ha-1); e 8 - Aéreo (Atomizador rotativo e 20 L ha¹). Também foi conduzido um estudo de espectro de gotas. As aplicações terrestres com ponta de jato cônico vazio e aérea (40 L ha-1) foram as mais eficientes em promover a penetração da calda no dossel, embora seus espectros de gotas sejam mais suscetíveis à deriva. A aplicação aérea mostrou-se viável tecnicamente, quanto à deposição de calda, em comparação aos tratamentos terrestres.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerial and ground application technology in spray deposition on soybean crop. It was evaluated the spray deposition on the bottom and the top of the plant canopy, after application of a tracer, by spectrophotometric technique. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications and eight treatments (application technologies): 1 - Ground (Hollow cone nozzle-TXA 8002 and 180 L ha-1) 2 - Ground (Air induction turbo twin flat fan nozzle-AITTJ 11002 and 150 L ha-1), 3 - Ground (Air induction turbo flat fan nozzle-TTI 11002 and 150 L ha-1), 4 - Ground (Turbo twin flat fan nozzle-TTJ60 11002 and 150 L ha-1) , 5 - Ground (Turbo flat fan nozzle-TT 11002 and 150 L ha-1) 6 - Aerial (Rotary atomizers and 40 L ha-1) 7 - Aerial (Rotary atomizers and 30 L ha-1) and 8 - Aerial (Rotary atomizers and 20 L ha-1). The droplet spectra were also evaluated. It was concluded that ground application with hollow cone nozzle and aerial with rotary atomizers (40 L ha-1) were the most effective in promoting the droplet penetration into soybean canopy, although their droplet spectra were more susceptible to drift. The aerial application was technically feasible in spray deposition, compared to ground treatments.

Objective: Disinfection of water with chlorine in water treatment plants leads to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs). These compounds are associated with adverse health effects. The aim of this study was to analyze THM concentrations in the water provided for human consumption in the two main water treatment systems of Carabobo State: the Alejo Zuloaga plant and the Pao-Cachinche reservoir, which form the Central Regional System I (CRS I), and the Lucio Baldo Soules plant and the Pao-La Balsa reservoir, which form the Central Regional System II (CRS II). Methods: We analyzed 144 water samples collected in 6 samplings carried out in 2000 and 2001. THM concentrations were determined by gas chromatography using the headspace technique. The concentrations of the following THMs were measured: chloroform (CHCl3), bromoform (CHBr3), chlorodibromomethane (CHBr2Cl) and bromodichloromethane (CHCl2Br). Results: The concentration of total THMs was between 47.84 µg/l and 94.23 µg/l. CHCl3 was the most commonly formed compound representing 83% of all THMs in the CRS I and 82% in the CRS II. The concentrations of total THMs in the CRS I, specifically in the Baja and San Diego networks, were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than permissible levels set by the American Environmental Protection Agency (80 µg/l) for the sum of all four THMs. Conclusions: The results show that in the area studied there is a risk of adverse health effects due to THMs in drinking water, especially in the Baja and San Diego networks.

Objetivo: La desinfección del agua con cloro en las plantas de potabilización da lugar a la formación de trihalometanos (THM). Estos compuestos están asociados a efectos adversos para la salud. En este estudio se determinó la concentración de THM en el agua para consumo humano suministrada por las redes de distribución de los dos principales sistemas de potabilización de agua del Estado Carabobo, la planta Alejo Zuloaga y el embalse Pao-Cachinche que forman el Sistema Regional del Centro I (SRC-I) y la planta Lucio Baldo Soules y el embalse Pao-La Balsa que forman el Sistema Regional del Centro II (SRC-II). Métodos: Se analizaron un total de 144 muestras recolectadas durante 6 muestreos que se realizaron durante los años 2000 y 2001. La concentración de THM se determinó por cromatografía de gases, mediante la técnica de headspace. Se determinaron las concentraciones para los siguientes THM: cloroformo (CHCl3), bromoformo (CHBr3), dibromoclorometano (CHBr2Cl) y diclorobromometano (CHCl2Br). Resultados: La concentración de THM totales estuvo entre 47,84 y 93,23 μg/l. El CHCl3 fue el compuesto predominante, representando el 83% de total de THM para el SRC-I y el 82% en el SRC-II. Se encontró que las concentraciones de THM totales en el SRC-I (Red Baja y Red San Diego) son significativamente superiores (p < 0,05) con respecto a la concentración máxima permisible establecida por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los EE.UU. (80 μg/l) para el total de los cuatro THM. Conclusiones: Los resultados demuestran que en la zona de estudio existe un riesgo de efectos adversos para la salud por la presencia de THM en agua de consumo humano, especialmente en la Red Baja y Red San Diego del SRC-I.

Objective: Disinfection of water with chlorine in water treatment plants leads to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs). These compounds are associated with adverse health effects. The aim of this study was to analyze THM concentrations in the water provided for human consumption in the two main water treatment systems of Carabobo State: the Alejo Zuloaga plant and the Pao-Cachinche reservoir, which form the Central Regional System I (CRS I), and the Lucio Baldo Soules plant and the Pao-La Balsa reservoir, which form the Central Regional System II (CRS II). Methods: We analyzed 144 water samples collected in 6 samplings carried out in 2000 and 2001. THM concentrations were determined by gas chromatography using the headspace technique. The concentrations of the following THMs were measured: chloroform (CHCl3), bromoform (CHBr3), chlorodibromomethane (CHBr2Cl) and bromodichloromethane (CHCl2Br). Results: The concentration of total THMs was between 47.84 µg/l and 94.23 µg/l. CHCl3 was the most commonly formed compound representing 83% of all THMs in the CRS I and 82% in the CRS II. The concentrations of total THMs in the CRS I, specifically in the Baja and San Diego networks, were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than permissible levels set by the American Environmental Protection Agency (80 µg/l) for the sum of all four THMs. Conclusions: The results show that in the area studied there is a risk of adverse health effects due to THMs in drinking water, especially in the Baja and San Diego networks.

Objetivo: La desinfección del agua con cloro en las plantas de potabilización da lugar a la formación de trihalometanos (THM). Estos compuestos están asociados a efectos adversos para la salud. En este estudio se determinó la concentración de THM en el agua para consumo humano suministrada por las redes de distribución de los dos principales sistemas de potabilización de agua del Estado Carabobo, la planta Alejo Zuloaga y el embalse Pao-Cachinche que forman el Sistema Regional del Centro I (SRC-I) y la planta Lucio Baldo Soules y el embalse Pao-La Balsa que forman el Sistema Regional del Centro II (SRC-II). Métodos: Se analizaron un total de 144 muestras recolectadas durante 6 muestreos que se realizaron durante los años 2000 y 2001. La concentración de THM se determinó por cromatografía de gases, mediante la técnica de headspace. Se determinaron las concentraciones para los siguientes THM: cloroformo (CHCl3), bromoformo (CHBr3), dibromoclorometano (CHBr2Cl) y diclorobromometano (CHCl2Br). Resultados: La concentración de THM totales estuvo entre 47,84 y 93,23 μg/l. El CHCl3 fue el compuesto predominante, representando el 83% de total de THM para el SRC-I y el 82% en el SRC-II. Se encontró que las concentraciones de THM totales en el SRC-I (Red Baja y Red San Diego) son significativamente superiores (p < 0,05) con respecto a la concentración máxima permisible establecida por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los EE.UU. (80 μg/l) para el total de los cuatro THM. Conclusiones: Los resultados demuestran que en la zona de estudio existe un riesgo de efectos adversos para la salud por la presencia de THM en agua de consumo humano, especialmente en la Red Baja y Red San Diego del SRC-I.