RESUMO A preocupação com a resistência antimicrobiana nos sistemas de produção animal aumenta o interesse pelas terapias integrativas. Objetiva-se relatar a abordagem integrativa ao paciente caprino submetido à ruminotomia. Uma cabra com acidose ruminal foi submetida à ruminotomia, ruminorrafia, moxabustão, acupuntura e tratamento da ferida operatória (TFO) com açúcar. Nos primeiros vinte dias realizou-se acupuntura em ST36, moxa indireta em Sp6 e CV8, TFO com pomada antibiótica e açúcar. A ferida contraiu 2cm, houve retorno gradual da dinâmica ruminal e dor moderada. A acupuntura continuou de D21 a D50 em Yin tang, BL13, BL20, BL23 e BL22. Apesar da ferida drenar fluido ruminal teve contração de 4cm nesse período, ausência de dor e retorno fisiológico da dinâmica ruminal. Nos últimos trinta dias foi realizada a técnica de acupuntura cercar o dragão e punturou-se o ponto BL13, com fechamento completo da ferida. O TFO a partir do D21 foi realizado somente com açúcar. Durante tratamento houve modulação da resposta inflamatória com formação de tecido de granulação e neoangiogênesse, o D84 revelou fibrinogênio 100mg/dL. Conclui-se que a utilização do açúcar, acupuntura e moxabustão contribuíram para o retorno fisiológico da motilidade ruminal, contração da ferida e completa reepitelização tecidual.

ABSTRACT Concern with antimicrobial resistance in animal production systems increases the interest toward integrative therapies. The objective of the present report was to report an integrative approach to a goat undergoing rumenotomy. A goat with ruminal acidosis underwent rumenotomy, corrective rumen suture, moxibustion, and treatment of the surgical wound (TFO) with sugar. In the first twenty days, acupuncture was performed on ST36, indirect moxibustion on Sp6 and CV8, and TFO with antibiotic ointment and sugar. The wound contracted 2cm, there was gradual return of ruminal dynamics, and moderate pain. Acupuncture continued from D21 to D50 on Yin tang, BL13, BL20, BL23, and BL22. Although there was drainage of ruminal fluid, the wound contracted 4cm during this period, pain was absent, and ruminal dynamics normal. During the last thirty days, the acupuncture technique surround the dragon was used and BL13 point needled, with complete closure of the wound. The TFO from D21 was performed solely with sugar. During treatment, there was modulation of the inflammatory response, with formation of granulation tissue and neovascularization. On D84, fibrinogen was 100mg/dL. The authors conclude that the use of sugar, acupuncture, and moxibustion contributed to return of normal ruminal motility, wound contraction, and complete tissue reepithelization.

ABSTRACT Neoleucinodes elegantalis is an important tomato pest in Brazil, occurring throughout the country and resulting in economic losses in agriculture. In several species, biogeographic studies in Brazil indicate the structuring of populations, following the refuge model, with a split between the populations of the northeast and the southeast regions of Brazil. The objective of this work was to analyze the phylogeography of N. elegantalis in Brazil, understanding its population structure and the demographic patterns. Larvae were collected from eight locations throughout Brazil, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene was analyzed. A total of 628 bp in 51 individuals were obtained, showing 12 haplotypes with a haplotype diversity of 0.836. Spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) and cluster analysis showed two populations, indicating population structuring between individuals from the northeast (population 1) and southeast (population 2) regions of Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the clades corresponding to the groups defined by SAMOVA have a divergence time of 0.2–0.5 million years, suggesting isolation during climatic events and a separation of the two populations coinciding with the predicted refuges to the Atlantic forest.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de diferentes extratos do cogumelo Agaricus blazeii Murril (ABM) sobre o perfil hematológico de camundongos Swiss portadores de tumor de Ehrlich sólido. Três frações (extrato total, polissacarídeos e sobrenadante) dos extratos de ABM foram obtidas por quatro métodos (sonificador, banho-maria, em pH 4 ou pH 7) e administradas para camundongos durante 21 dias. Soluções de polissacarídeos foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa e líquida, que mostraram concentrações de glucose e manose. O método de extração influenciou o grau de polimerização da glicose e a relação manose/glucose. O tratamento com o sobrenadante de ABM (em pH 7 e banho-maria) estava associado com reduzidas concentrações de leucócitos e linfócitos, além de alterar a porcentagem de linfócitos CD4+ e CD8+ em camundongos portadores de tumor sólido de Ehrlich. O tratamento com extratos de ABM, obtidos tanto em banho-maria como no sonificador em pH 4, resultou nas mais baixas contagens de linfócitos, independentemente da presença do tumor, e nos maiores valores de granulócitos em camundongos com tumor de Ehrlich. Conclui-se que os diferentes métodos de extração com as respectivas frações de A. blazei são capazes de intereferir no perfil hematológico de camundongos com tumor sólido de Ehrlich.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the mushroom Agaricus blazeii Murril (ABM) extracts on the hematological profile of Swiss mice bearing an Ehrlich solid tumor. Three fractions (total extract, polysaccharides, and supernatant) of ABM extracts obtained by four methods (ultrasonic or water bath, at pH 4 or pH 7) were administered to mice over 21 days. Polysaccharide solutions were analyzed by gas and liquid chromatography that showed both mannose and glucose concentrations. The method of extraction influenced the degree of glucose polymerization and the mannose/glucose relationship. The treatment with ABM supernatant at pH 7 and water bath was associated with reduced concentrations of leukocytes and lymphocytes and altered the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice. The treatment with the ABM extract in water bath and ultrasound at pH 4 resulted in lower lymphocyte counts, regardless of tumor presence, and greater granulocyte values in mice with Ehrlich tumor than in controls. We concluded that different fractions and methods of extraction of A. blazei produced differing blood profiles in mice inoculated with the Ehrlich tumor.

Erythropoietin (EPO) has been well characterized as a renal glycoprotein hormone regulating red blood cell production by inhibiting apoptosis of erythrocyte progenitors in hematopoietic tissues. EPO exerts regulatory effects in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal degenerative disorder of skeletal and cardiac muscle. In this study, we tested the possible therapeutic beneficial effect of recombinant EPO (rhEPO) in dystrophic muscles in mdx mice. Total strength was measured using a force transducer coupled to a computer. Gene expression for myostatin, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Myostatin expression was significantly decreased in quadriceps from mdx mice treated with rhEPO (rhEPO=0.60±0.11, control=1.07±0.11). On the other hand, rhEPO had no significant effect on the expression of TGF-β1 (rhEPO=0.95±0.14, control=1.05±0.16) and TNF-α (rhEPO=0.73±0.20, control=1.01±0.09). These results may help to clarify some of the direct actions of EPO on skeletal muscle.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of trunk muscles during stability exercises from Pilates method. Method: Participants were 10 healthy undergraduate students (20.9 ± 2.4 years,162.7 ± 6.7 cm in height; 61.7 ± 6.4 kg body weight and 13.2 ± 5.2 % body fat) with previous Pilates experience. The Pilates exercises: superman (SU), swimming (SW), breaststroke (BS), hip extension (HE) and quadruped arm and lower extremity lift (QA) were performed using maximum isometric effort. The EMG signal of multifidus (MD), dorsal longissimus (DL) and iliocostalis (IC) were recorded. The normalization of the EMG signal was performed using maximum voluntary contraction (% MVC). In statistics treatment, were applied the Shapiro-Wilk test followed by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc (p < 0.05). Results: The exercises SU, SW, BS, and HE showed higher levels of muscle activation (> 40 % MVC) for DL and IC, however, during the QA was observed a significant reduction on muscle activation for all monitored muscles compared to other exercises. Conclusion: Therefore, the above exercises can be performed looking for improve the trunk muscle activation and spine stability, as well as the results found in the current study can be a reference to select exercises during training programs for low back muscles.

Objetivo: Objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a atividade eletromiográficia (EMG) dos músculos extensores do tronco durante exercícios de estabilização do método Pilates. Método. Dez alunos de graduação saudáveis participaram deste estudo (20,9 ± 2,4 anos; 162,7 ± 6,7 cm de altura; 61,7 ± 6,4 kg de peso corporal e 13,2 ± 5,2% de gordura corporal) com experiência prévia em Pilates. Os seguinstes exercícios de Pilates foram realizados com o esforço isométrico : Superman (SU), natação (SW), peito (BS), extensão do quadril (HE) e apoio contralateral (QA). O sinal EMG de multífido (MD), longuíssimo dorsal (LD) e iliocostal (IC) foram registrados. A normalização do sinal EMG foi realizada por meio de contração voluntária máxima (% CVM). No tratamento estatístico foram aplicados o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, seguido pela análise de variância oneway para medidas repetidas e post hoc de Bonferroni (p < 0,05). Resultados: Os exercícios SU, SW, BS, e HE mostraram níveis mais elevados de ativação muscular (> 40% da CVM ) para LD e IC, no entanto, durante o QA foi observada uma redução significativa na ativação muscular para todos os músculos monitorados em comparação com os demais exercícios. Conclusão: Portanto, os exercícios supracitados podem ser realizados visando aperfeiçoar a ativação dos músculos extensores do tronco e estabilidade da coluna, bem como, os resultados encontrados no presente estudo pode ser uma referência para seleção de exercícios durante os programas de treinamento para esse grupo muscular.

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue valorar la electromiografía (EMG) de los músculos del tronco durante ejercicios de estabilidad del método Pilates. Método: Los participantes fueron 15 estudiantes universitarios (20,9 ± 2,4 años, 162,7 ± 6,7 cm de altura; 61,7 ± 6,4 kg de peso y 13,2 ± 5,2 % de grasa corporal) con experiencia previa en Pilates. Los ejercicios de Pilates: superman (SU), swimming (SW), breaststrok e (BS), hip exension (HE) y el quadruped arm and lower extremity lift (QA) se realizaron con esfuerzo isométrico máximo. Se registró la señal de EMG de multifidus (MD), dorsal longissimus (DL) e iliocostalis (IC). La normalización de la señal EMG se realizó mediante la contracción voluntaria máxima (% CVM). En el análisis estadístico se aplicó el test de Shapiro-Wilk seguido por ANOVA de una vía y de Bonferroni post hoc (p < 0,05). Resultados. Los ejercicios del SU, SW, BS y HE mostraron mayores niveles de activación muscular (> 40 % CVM) para DL y IC, sin embargo, durante el control de calidad se observó una reducción significativa en la activación muscular para todos los músculos controlados en comparación con otros ejercicios. Conclusión: Por lo tanto, los ejercicios anteriores se pueden realizar buscando mejorar la activación de los músculos del tronco y la estabilidad de la columna vertebral. Asimismo, los resultados encontrados en el estudio actual pueden ser una referencia para seleccionar los ejercicios durante los programas de entrenamiento para los músculos de la espalda lumbar.

Objetivou-se estudar a viabilização dos indicadores internos, celulose (CELi) e lignina (LIGi) indigestíveis, obtidos pelas técnicas in situ e in vivo,para predizer a digestibilidade de nutrientes em equinos. Foram utilizados quatro cavalos castrados, por meio de delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos consistiram de metodologias de avaliação de digestibilidade, como a coleta total de fezes (CT) e o uso de indicadores internos, CELi e LIGi, obtidos pelas técnicas in situ (IS) na cavidade ruminal de bovinos e in vivo (IV) nos equinos, por meio da técnica do saco de náilon móvel (TSNM), totalizando cinco tratamentos. A ingestão diária de MS foi de 2,0% do peso vivo de feno de coast-cross. A CELi-IV promoveu a melhor taxa de recuperação do indicador, igualando-se à CT, em 100,31%, enquanto a LIGi resultou nas piores taxas, na média 76,45%, para ambas as técnicas (P<0,05). As estimativas dos coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes foram adequadamente preditas pela CELi, obtidos IS e IV em que os valores observados foram de 46,41, 48,16, 46,90, 47,92 e 45,51% para MS, MO, PB, FDN e EB, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a CELi pode ser obtida in vivo por meio da TSNM em equinos, para predizer a digestibilidade de nutrientes.

The objective of this paper was to study the use of the internal indigestible cellulose (CELi) and lignin (LIGi) markers, obtained in situ or in vivo, to predict the apparent digestibility of nutrients in horses. Four castrated horses were utilized in a randomized blocks experimental design. Treatments consisted of different digestibility determination methodologies: total feces collection (TC) and use of CELi and LIGi internal markers obtained by the in situ (IS) incubation in bovine rumen and in vivo (IV) by the mobile nylon bag technique (MNBT) with horses, resulting in five treatments. The diet consisted exclusively of coast-cross hay and the average daily dry matter intake corresponded to 2.0% of the BW of the horses. The CELi-IV resulted in the best marker recuperation rate (100.31%), being similar to the control method; while the LIGi resulted in low recuperation rates (76.45%) for both techniques (P<0.05). The nutrients' digestibility coefficients were effectively predicted by CELi, obtained in situ or in vivo, with average values of 46.41, 48.16, 46.90, 47.92 and 45.51% for DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and crude energy, respectively. It can be concluded that CELi may be obtained in vivo by MNBT in horses to predict the nutrients' digestibility coefficients.

Objetivou-se estimar as exigências de metionina + cistina digestível para frangos de corte machos de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Foram realizados quatro experimentos para cada uma das fases: pré-inicial, inicial, crescimento e final. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal para cada fase, deficiente em metionina + cistina e suplementada com DL-metionina para fornecer seis níveis de metionina + cistina digestível, resultando em diferentes relações metionina + cistina digestível:lisina digestível. Na fase pré-inicial, os níveis de metionina + cistina digestível não influenciaram o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar. No entanto, o ganho de peso respondeu de forma quadrática. Na fase inicial, os níveis de metionina + cistina digestível tiveram efeito linear decrescente sobre o consumo de ração, enquanto o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar foram influenciados de forma quadrática. Nas fases de crescimento e final, o consumo de ração não foi influenciado pelos níveis de metionina + cistina digestível, porém o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar apresentaram resposta quadrática. Recomendam-se os níveis de 0,873; 0,755; 0,748 e 0.661% de metionina + cistina na dieta ou o consumo diário de 183, 575, 1.104 e 1.212 mg de metionina + cistina digestível nas fases pré-inicial, inicial, crescimento e final, respectivamente, que correspondem às relações de 71, 70, 76 e 72% de metionina + cistina digestível:lisina digestível.

The objective of this work was to estimate requirements of digestible methionine + cystine for broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age. It was carried out four experiments for each one of the following phases: pre-initial, initial, growing and final. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with six treatments and six replicates. Treatments consisted of a basal feed for each phase, deficient in digestible methionine + cystine and supplemented with DL-methionine to supply six levels of digestible methionine + cystine, resulting in different digestible methionine + cystine:digestible lysine ratios. In the pre-initial phase, levels of digestible methionine + cystine did not influence feed intake and feed conversion. However, weight gain responded in a quadratic way. In the initial phase, levels of digestible methionine + cystine had decreasing linear effect on feed intake whereas weight gain and feed conversion were influenced in a quadratic manner. In the growth and final phases, feed intake was not influenced by levels of digestible methionine + cystine, but weight gain and feed conversion presented quadratic response. The levels of 0.873; 0.755; 0.748 and 0.661% of digestible methionine + cystine in the diet or the daily intake of 183; 575; 1,104 and 1,212 mg of digestible methionine + cystine are recommended for the pre-initial, initial, growth and final phases, respectively, which corresponds to the ratios of 71; 70; 76 and 72% of digestible methionine + cystine to digestible lysine.

RESUMO Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) é um patógeno de importância destacada como causa de toxinfecções alimentares em humanos, prejuízos ao setor produtivo e ampla disseminação no ambiente. Este trabalho objetivou identificar fagotipos e padronizar a RAPD/PCR (DNA polimórfico amplificado ao acaso) para a avaliação de isolados de SE. Foram selecionadas 238 amostras, sendo 104 oriundas de carcaças de frango, 106 de alimentos e material biológico de humanos isolados em episódios de toxinfecções alimentares e 28 de materiais de origem avícola. Foram fagotipadas 111 amostras sendo 57,7% (64/111) do fagotipo 4, 32,4% (36/111) fagotipo 4a, 3,6% (4/111) fagotipo 6a e 0,9% (1/111) fagotipo 7, enquanto 5,4% (6/111) não foram fagotipáveis (RDNC, reagent do not conform). Para a RAPD/PCR foram utilizados 238 isolados de SE. Destes, 91,8% (217/238) foram enquadrados no padrão A e 21 isolados (8,8%) foram diferenciados em quatro padrões e sete subtipos com o primer 1254 e em quatro padrões e dez subtipos com o primer OPB 17. A facilidade de execução da RAPD/PCR, após padronizada, habilita a sua implantação em uma rotina laboratorial, auxiliando na monitoria dos isolados de SE e, conseqüentemente, contribuindo para a elaboração de programas efetivos de controle e prevenção de S. Enteritidis.

ABSTRACT Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is an important pathogen, causing both food poisoning outbreaks in humans and economic losses to the poultry industry, being also widely spread in the environment. This work aimed to identify SE phage types and to standardize the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for evaluating SE isolates obtained from different origins. To do so, 238 SE strains were selected, of which 104 were isolated from broiler carcasses, 106 from food samples and human biological materials involved in food poisoning outbreaks and 28 from different poultry materials. Among these 238 SE isolates, 111 were phage typed, and 57.7% (64/ 111) corresponded to phage type (PT) 4, 32.4% (36/111) to PT 4a, 3.6% (4/111) to PT 6a and 0.9% (1/111) to PT 7, whereas 5.4% .6/111) of the strains were not typeable (RDNC, reacts but does not conform). After the standardization of amplification conditions, all 238 SE isolates were submitted to RAPD/PCR. Among these, 91.8% (217/238) were classified as pattern A. Twenty-one isolates were differentiated into four patterns and into seven subtypes with the use of primer 1254, and into four patterns and ten subtypes using primer OPB 17. The combination of phage typing and RAPD/PCR proved to be a useful tool in epidemiological investigations. RAPD/PCR can be easily used as a routine laboratory method, thus helping with the monitoring of SE isolates and contributing to the establishment of effective Salmonella Enteritidis control and preventive programs.

The objective of the present study was to assess the role of the 5-HT2A/2C receptor at two specific brain sites, i.e., the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (DPAG) and the medial septal (MS) area, in maternal aggressive behavior after the microinjection of either a 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist or antagonist. Female Wistar rats were microinjected on the 7th postpartum day with the selective agonist alpha-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine maleate (5-HT2A/2C) or the antagonist 5-HT2A/2C, ketanserin. The agonist was injected into the DPAG at 0.2 (N = 9), 0.5 (N = 10), and 1.0 µg/0.2 µl (N = 9), and the antagonist was injected at 1.0 µg/0.2 µl (N = 9). The agonist was injected into the medial septal area (MS) at 0.2 (N = 9), 0.5 (N = 7), and 1.0 µg/0.2 µl (N = 6) and the antagonist was injected at 1.0 µg/0.2 µl (N = 5). For the control, saline was injected into the DPAG (N = 7) and the MS (N = 12). Both areas are related to aggressive behavior and contain a high density of 5-HT receptors. Non-aggressive behaviors such as horizontal locomotion (walking) and social investigation and aggressive behaviors such as lateral threat (aggressive posture), attacks (frontal and lateral), and biting the intruder were analyzed when a male intruder was placed into the female resident's cage. For each brain area studied, the frequency of the behaviors was compared among the various treatments by analysis of variance. The results showed a decrease in maternal aggressive behavior (number of bites directed at the intruder) after microinjection of the agonist at 0.2 and 1.0 µg/0.2 µl (1.6 ± 0.7 and 0.9 ± 0.3) into the DPAG compared to the saline group (5.5 ± 1.1). There was no dose-response relationship with the agonist. The present findings suggest that the 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist has an inhibitory effect on maternal aggressive behavior when microinjected into the DPAG and no effect when microinjected into the MS. Ketanserin (1.0 µg/0.2 µl) decreased locomotion when microinjected into the DPAG and MS, but did not affect aggressive behavior. We interpret these findings as evidence for a specific role of 5-HT2A/2C receptors in the DPAG in the inhibition of female aggressive behavior, dissociated from those on motor activity.

The present study examined the in vitro and in vivo development of bovine nuclear-transferred embryos. A bovine fetal fibroblast culture was established and used as nucleus donor. Slaughterhouse oocytes were matured in vitro for 18 h before enucleation. Enucleated oocytes were fused with fetal fibroblasts with an electric stimulus and treated with cytochalasin D and cycloheximide for 1 h followed by cycloheximide alone for 4 h. Reconstructed embryos were cultured for 7-9 days and those which developed to blastocysts were transferred to recipient cows. Of 191 enucleated oocytes, 83 (43.5%) were successfully fused and 24 (28.9%) developed to blastocysts. Eighteen freshly cloned blastocysts were transferred to 14 recipients, 5 (27.8%) of which were pregnant on day 35 and 3 (16.7%) on day 90. Of the three cows that reached the third trimester, one recipient died of hydrallantois 2 months before term, one aborted fetus was recovered at 8 months of gestation, and one delivered by cesarian section a healthy cloned calf. Today, the cloned calf is 15 months old and presents normal body development (378 kg) and sexual behavior (libido and semen characteristics).

The objectives of the present study were to assess the in vitro-induced anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody production (IVIAP) in relation to the clinical, biochemical, virologic and histologic variables of patients with HCV infection. The study included 57 patients (60% males) with HCV infection (anti-HCV and HCV-RNA positive). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was elevated in 89% of the patients. Mean viral load was 542,241 copies/ml and histology of the liver showed chronic hepatitis in 27/52 (52%) and cirrhosis in 11/52 (21%) patients. IVIAP levels were determined by immunoenzymatic assay at median absorbance of 0.781 at 450 nm. IVIAP was negative in 14% of the patients. When groups with IVIAP levels above and below the median were compared, high IVIAP levels were associated with the male sex, elevated ALT levels and more advanced disease stage. After logistic regression analysis, advanced histologic damage to the liver remained as the only independent variable associated with elevated IVIAP levels. Using a receiver operator characteristic curve, the best cut-off level for IVIAP was established (= 1.540), with 71% sensitivity and 94% specificity for the detection of more advanced disease stages (grades 3 and 4). These findings are consistent with the participation of immunological mechanisms in the genesis of the hepatic lesions induced by HCV and indicate that the IVIAP test may be useful as a noninvasive marker of liver damage either alone or in combination with other markers.