Resumo Objetivos: compilar estudos na literatura que tratem de oportunidades perdidas relacionadas ao tratamento dos parceiros de gestantes com sífilis. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados SciELO, PUBMED, Lilacs e BVS, utilizando artigos publicados entre 2008 a 2018. A pesquisa foi realizada entre os meses de abril a agosto 2019 e a busca aos artigos seguiu a recomendação da diretriz PRISMA. Resultados: foram identificados 56.686 títulos e extraídos 53 que abordavam aspectos relacionados ao tratamento dos parceiros de gestantes com sífilis. A maioria dos estudos foi nacional representando 60,7% dos artigos pesquisados. 51% utilizaram como base de dados os Sistemas de Informação de Agravos Notificados (SINAN), seguido da utilização de Questionários/Entrevista (33,9%) e consulta aos prontuários de pacientes (15,1%). Os fatores mais associados ao não tratamento dos parceiros de gestantes com sífilis foram: estruturação/qualidade dos serviços sob o aspecto relacionado a falhas na assistência prénatal, características das gestantes que interferem no tratamento dos mesmos e aos aspectos ligados as particularidades culturais que envolvem a assistência à saúde do homem. Conclusão: em todos os continentes o principal aspecto relacionado às falhas no tratamento dos parceiros/ gestantes com sífilis esteve associado a baixa qualidade da assistência pré-natal

Abstract Objectives: to compile studies in the literature that deal with missed opportunities related in treating pregnant women’s partners with syphilis Methods: this is a systematic review from SciELO, PUBMED, Lilacs and BVS databases, using articles published between 2008 and 2018. The research was carried out between April and August 2019 and followed PRISMA guideline recommendation Results: 56,686 titles were identified and 53 were extracted in which addressed aspects related intreating pregnant women’s partners with syphilis. Most studies were National, representing 60.7% of the researched articles. 51% of them used the Sistemas de Informação de Agravos Notificados (SINAN) (Notified Diseases Information System) as a database, followed by the use of Questionnaires / Interviews (33.9%) and consulted patients’ files (15.1%). The factors most associated with the non-treatment of the pregnant women’s partners with syphilis were: structuring /quality in the services from the aspect related to failures in prenatal care, characteristics of pregnant women that interfere in their treatment and aspects related to the cultural particularities that involvemen's healthcare. Conclusion: in all continents, the main aspect related to failures in the treatment of the partners/pregnant women with syphilis is associated with low quality in prenatal care.

RESUMEN Suponiendo que existe un alto acuerdo entre los pedólogos y una aplicación de smartphone en la descripción del color del suelo, el objetivo fue comparar las percepciones de los pedólogos y una aplicación en la obtención del color de un Argissolo [Lixisol] (horizontes A, E y B). Fueron recolectados diez agregados de cada horizonte. En un solo día, en las mismas condiciones de iluminación, tres podólogos describieron los componentes del color (matiz, valor y croma) de cada agregado (suelo seco y húmedo) utilizando la tabla de color Munsell. Cada uno de los diez agregados, de cada horizonte, fue fotografiado (secuencia de suelo seco y húmedo) con la cámara de un smartphone Motorola Moto G4 Plus. La distancia de la cámara a los agregados fue de 25 ± 5 cm. Además, cada agregado se colocó en una hoja blanca de papel A4 (fondo). La aplicación utilizada fue Soil Analysis Pro. El porcentaje de concordancia entre los pedólogos y la aplicación se obtuvo en relación con el matiz, valor y croma. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de varianza en un diseño completamente al azar, con diez repeticiones, utilizando el software Action Stat®. Se llegó a la conclusión de que el acuerdo entre los pedólogos y la aplicación del smartphone era medio en valor y croma y bajo en valor. En suelo seco, existe un alto nivel de acuerdo entre los pedólogos y la aplicación, principalmente en la percepción de matiz y croma. Por lo tanto, la aplicación para smartphone tiene el potencial de usarse en descripciones rutinarias del color del suelo.

ABSTRACT Based on the hypothesis that there is a high agreement between pedologists and a smartphone application in the assessment of soil color, this study aimed to compare the perceptions of pedologists and an application in obtaining the color of an Argissolo [Lixisol] (A, E, and B horizons). Ten aggregates of each horizon were collected. In a single day, under the same lighting conditions, three pedologists described the color components (hue, value, and chroma) of each aggregate (dry and moist soil) using the Munsell soil color chart. Each one of the ten aggregates, from each horizon, was photographed (dry and moist soil sequence) using the camera of a Motorola Moto G4 Plus smartphone. The distance of the camera to the aggregates was 25 ± 5 cm. Also, each aggregate was placed on a white sheet of A4 size paper (background). The application used was Soil Analysis Pro. The percentage of agreement between pedologists and application was obtained concerning hue, value, and chroma. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, in a completely randomized design, with ten replicates. Action Stat® software was used for statistical analysis. It was concluded that the agreement between pedologists and the smartphone application was medium for hue and chroma and low for value. For the dry soil condition, there is a high agreement between pedologists and the smartphone application, especially in the perception of hue and chroma. Thus, the smartphone application has the potential to be used in routine descriptions of soil color.

RESUMO Os remotely piloted aircrafts - RPAs, estão firmados no mercado como poderosa ferramenta de aquisição de imagens aéreas, facilitando os mapeamentos para diversos fins. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade dos processos a partir da geração de produtos digitais georreferenciados com diferentes quantidades de pontos de controle (GCPs), utilizando Controle Estatístico de Processos (CEP) e Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfico (MAS) em ortomosaico produzido com imagens de RPA. Foi utilizado um RPA multirrotor para aquisição de imagens aéreas em área de 2 hectares. Posteriormente foi gerado ortomosaico por meio do software PhotoScan, georreferenciado com oito, cinco e três GCPs (Pontos de controles). Os erros de posicionamento foram submetidos ao CEP para avaliar a qualidade dos processos e os ortomosaicos foram qualificados pelo MAS. Os resultados são promissores, tendo em vista os erros de posicionamento menores que 0,1 m nos ortomosaicos gerados, classificados como padrão “A” de Exatidão Cartográfica. Os Controles Estatísticos de Processos demonstraram níveis aceitáveis de erros, indicando grande acurácia para levantamentos desta natureza. As elevadas precisões obtidas nos mapeamentos indicam que imagens aéreas obtidas por meio de RPAs podem ser utilizadas em levantamentos topográficos, contanto que se respeitem os padrões de erros e controle de processos, atestando a qualidade dos resultados.

ABSTRACT Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) are established in the market as a powerful tool for acquiring aerial images and facilitating mapping for various purposes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of processes originating from the generation of georeferenced digital products employing a differing number of ground control points (GCP), using Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Mapping Accuracy Standards (MAS) in an orthomosaic produced with images from an RPA. A multirotor RPA was used to acquire aerial images over an area of 2 hectares. An orthomosaic was later generated using the PhotoScan software, and georeferenced with eight, five and three GCP (ground control points). Positioning errors were submitted to SPC to evaluate the quality of each process, and the orthomosaics were qualified by MAS. The results are promising, in view of the positioning errors of less than 0.1 m in the generated orthomosaics, which are classified as Mapping Accuracy Standards class ‘A’. Statistical Process Control showed acceptable levels of error, indicating the high accuracy of surveys of this nature. The precision obtained when mapping shows that aerial images obtained by means of RPA can be used in topographic surveys as long as error standards and process control are observed, attesting to the quality of the results.

ABSTRACT Objective: Staphylococcus aureus infections remain associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in both hospitals and the community. There is little information regarding the role of ovarian hormones in infections caused by S. aureus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ovariectomy in the immune response induced by S. aureus. Methods: Female mice BALB/c were ovariectomized (OVX) to significantly reduce the level of ovarian hormones. We also used sham-operated animals. The mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with S. aureus. Blood samples were collected for leukocyte count and bacterial quantification. The uterus and spleen were removed and weighed to calculate the uterine and splenic indexes. Lungs were removed and fractionated for immunohistochemical analysis for macrophage detection (anti-CD68) and relative gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α by RT-PCR. Results: Ovariectomy enlarged spleen size and generally increased circulating lymphocytes. OVX females experienced a continuation of the initial reduction of lymphocytes and a monocyte and neutrophil late response compared to shams (p ≥ 0.05). Moreover, OVX females showed neutropenia after 168 h of infection (p ≥ 0.05). Macrophage response in the lungs were less pronounced in OVX females in the initial hours of infection (p ≥ 0.01). OVX females showed a higher relative gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the lung at the beginning of the infection compared to sham females (p ≥ 0.01). Among the uninfected females, the OVX control females showed a higher expression of IL-6 in the lung compared to the sham control females (p ≥ 0.05). In this model, the lack of ovarian hormones caused a minor increase in circulating leukocytes during the initial stage of infection by S. aureus and increased pulmonary gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Ovariectomy alone enlarged the spleen and increased circulating lymphocytes. Ovarian hormones acted as immunoprotectors against S. aureus infection.

Resumo Objetivos: estimar a prevalência e apontar fatores associados à colonização por estreptococos do grupo B (EGB) em gestantes da zona urbana atendidas em unidades de saúde de um município do nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado entre janeiro de 2017 a março de 2018. Foram coletados swabs vaginorretais de 210 gestantes entre a 32 e 40 semanas de gestação. As amostras foram semeadas em ágar sangue de carneiro 5% e ágar cromogênico. Para identificação confirmatoria de EGB foram utilizados o teste de CAMP e aglutinação em látex. Foram realizadas análise descritiva, de associação univariada e multivariada utilizando modelo logístico multinomial. Resultados: a prevalência de colonização por EGB entre as gestantes foi de 18,1% (n=38), e as variáveis renda e paridade no grupo de mulheres mais velhas na análise univariada além de cor da pele, idade e paridade na análise multivariada final estiveram estatisticamente associadas ao desfecho (p<0,05). Conclusões: a prevalência da colonização materna pelo EGB mostrou-se semelhante às descritas em outros estudos. Apesar de alguns fatores de risco como cor da pele, idade e paridade estarem associados à colonização, outros estudos são fundamentais para se estabelecer maiores informações sobre as gestantes mais passíveis de colonização pelo EGB.

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the prevalence and the factors associated with the colonization by group B streptococcus (GBS) in pregnant women from the urban area attended at health units in a municipality in northeastern Brazil. Methods: it is a cross-sectional study conducted from January 2017 to March 2018. Vagino-rectal swabs were collected from 210 pregnant women between 32 and 40 weeks of gestation. The swabs were seeded on 5% sheep blood agar and on chromogenic agar. For confirmatory identification of GBS, the CAMP test and latex agglutination were used. Descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate association analysis were performed using a multinomial logistic model. Results: the prevalence of GBS colonization among pregnant women was 18.1% (n = 38), and a statistically significant association (p<0.05) was found for income and parity variables in the group of older women in the univariate analysis, and for skin color, age and parity in the final multivariate analysis. Conclusions: the prevalence of maternal colonization by GBS was similar to that described in other studies. Although some risk factors, such as skin color, age and parity, were associated with colonization, other studies are essential to establish more information on pregnant women more likely to be colonized by GBS.

SUMMARY: The method, which uses the arithmetic mean and standard deviation (M1) of total heights (Ht), is often used in the stratification of uneven-aged forests and assumes that the Ht must follow a normal standard curve considering a standard deviation of the mean. In cases where this assumption is rejected, alternative methods are used, such as the fundamentals in multivariate analysis (M2) and Lorey’s mean height (M3). The objective was to evaluate the method M1 considering its assumption and comparing it with methods M2 and M3. The data were collected in 308 contiguous plots of 100 m², installed in an Alluvial Ombrophylous Forest. The assumption of the method M1 was analyzed adjusting a Normal Probabilistic Density Function, evaluated by the K-S test. The methods were evaluated using discriminant analyses, structural analyses and three-dimensional vertical profiles. It was verified that the assumption was not met. The discriminant analyses showed that the classification was 100 % correct in methods M1 and M3. The 13 most important species, in descending order, were the same in all three methods. However, from the 13th, the differences were more remarkable in the method M1. Firstly, it is recommended to use the method M3, as it is more practical and provides results that are equal to those obtained using the method M2. However, if the objective is to obtain a higher level of detail, the option is the method M2 since it allows obtaining up to five strata with 100 % correct classification.

RESUMEN: El método que usa la media aritmética y la desviación estándar de las alturas totales - Hts (M1) se usa a menudo en la estratificación de bosques con edades desiguales y supone que Hts debe seguir una curva estándar normal, considerando una desviación estándar de la media. En los casos en que se rechaza este supuesto, se utilizan métodos alternativos, como los fundamentos del análisis multivariado (M2) y la altura promedio de Lorey (M3). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el método M1 considerando su suposición y comparándolo con los métodos M2 y M3. Los datos fueron recolectados en 308 parcelas contiguas de 100 m². Hts se obtuvieron en base a una varilla medida. La suposición del método M1 se analizó ajustando una función de densidad probabilística normal, evaluada mediante la prueba K-S. Los métodos se evaluaron mediante análisis discriminante, análisis estructural y perfiles verticales tridimensionales. Se encontró que la suposición no se cumplió. Los análisis discriminantes mostraron que la clasificación era 100 % correcta en los métodos M1 y M3. Las 13 especies más importantes, en orden decreciente, fueron las mismas en los tres métodos. Sin embargo, a partir del día 13, las diferencias fueron más notables en el método M1. Primero, se recomienda el uso del método M3, ya que es más práctico y proporciona los mismos resultados que los obtenidos por el método M2. Sin embargo, si el objetivo es obtener un mayor nivel de detalle, la opción es el método M2, ya que permite obtener hasta cinco estratos con una clasificación 100 % correcta.

Resumo Objetivos: compilar estudos produzidos acerca dos fatores de risco genéticos e não genéticos associados a ocorrência de aborto espontâneo. Métodos: trata-se de um artigo de revisão sistemática, com estudos publicados entre janeiro de 2008 a novembro de 2018 nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed, Lilacs e BVS. Resultados: um total de 567 artigos foram encontrados. Após aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade definidos, 44 artigos compuseram a presente revisão com a maioria publicada na Ásia, entre os anos de 2008 a 2011, e 10 artigos publicados no Brasil. Causas não genéticas, como fatores sociodemográficos e estado de saúde, estiveram entre as condições mais associadas ao abortamento espontâneo. No continente asiático houve predominância na correlação do aborto espontâneo com fatores relacionados ao estilo de vida como obesidade, tabagismo e atividades laborais; já nas Américas destacam-se causas relacionadas aos fatores sociodemográficos, como baixa renda e baixa escolaridade. Conclusões: os fatores de risco diferem em relação a região de ocorrência, sendo importante a realização de estudos detalhados para que sejam capazes de subsidiar a implantação de políticas públicas e, assim, minorar a ocorrência de abortos.

Abstract Objectives: to compile studies produced regardinggenetic and non-genetic risks factors associated with occurrence of spontaneous abortion. Methods: it talks about a systematic review article, with studies between January of 2008 to November of 2018 according to SciELO, PubMed, Lilacs and BVS. Results: in total, 567 articles were found. After applying the definedeligibility criteria, 44 articles made part of the review, being the majority published on Asia between 2008 and 2011, and 10 articles published on Brazil. Not genetic causes like sociodemographic factors and healthy state were among the most associated conditions of spontaneous abortion. Asiatic continent had predominance about the correlation of spontaneous abortion with factors related to life style like obesity, smoking and labor activities, on the other hand, in the Americas, causes related to sociodemographics factors like low pay and low studies are high-lighted. Conclusions: the risk factors change about the occurrence region, being important to make local studies capable of subsidize the implantation of public politics and to reduce abortions.

Resumo Introdução O diabetes mellitus constitui importante problema de saúde pública, responsável por grande morbidade e ônus significativo à saúde pública. A hemoglobina glicada, que avalia a glicemia média nos últimos sessenta dias, tem sido importante ferramenta na prevenção das comorbidades. Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência do descontrole glicêmico e metabólico e fatores associados em indivíduos atendidos em um laboratório central do sudoeste da Bahia Método Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com 352 pacientes diabéticos atendidos em um laboratório do Sistema Único de Saúde. Resultados O estudo demonstrou que mais de dois terços dos pacientes (70,2%) apresentaram descontrole glicêmico. Análise multivariada apontou que receber menos visitas dos agentes comunitários OR 1,96 (1,05 - 3,65) e não possuir comorbidades associadas à doença OR 1,86 (1,05 - 3,30) estiveram associados a um pior controle glicêmico. Conclusão Os resultados sugerem necessidade da melhoria na atenção dos pacientes com uma equipe de saúde sensível às práticas adequadas para melhor controle metabólico. Uma melhor ação da equipe de saúde pode contribuir para a promoção da saúde e melhor qualidade de vida destes pacientes e impactar em redução de custos com saúde por diminuição de internações e procedimentos relacionados às complicações do diabetes.

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus is an important public health issue, responsible for great morbidity and significant public health burden. A glycated hemoglobin, which assessed mean blood glucose in the past sixty days, has been an important tool in preventing comorbidities. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of glycemic and metabolic uncontrolled and associated factors used in the central laboratory of southwest Bahia Method This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 352 diabetic patients treated at the Laboratory of the Unified Health System. Results The study demonstrated more than two thirds of the patients (70.2%) described lack of glycemic control. Multivariate analysis showed that receiving fewer visits from community health workers OR 1.96 (1.05 - 3.65) and not have comorbidities associated OR 1.86 (1.05 - 3.30) were associated with poor glycemic control. Conclusion The results suggested the need to improve patient care with a health team sensitive to the practices for better metabolic control. The best action of the health team can contribute to health promotion and better quality of life for patients and impact on the reduction of health costs by reducing hospitalizations and procedures related to diabetes complications.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has greatly challenged public health worldwide. A growing number of studies have reported gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. We performed a systematic review of GI symptoms associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as of the serum levels of biomarkers related to liver function and lesion in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. METHODS: We surveyed relevant articles published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese up to July, 2020 in the PubMed, MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, and BVS databases. Moreover, we surveyed potentially important articles in journals such as the NEJM, JAMA, BMJ, Gut, and AJG. RESULTS: This systematic review included 43 studies, including 18,246 patients. Diarrhea was the most common GI symptom, affecting 11.5% of the patients, followed by nausea and vomiting (6.3%) and abdominal pain (2.3%). With regard to clinical severity, 17.5% of the patients were classified as severely ill, whereas 9.8% of them were considered to have a non-severe disease. Some studies showed increased aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels in a portion of the 209 analyzed patients and two studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that digestive symptoms are common in COVID-19 patients. In addition, alterations in cytolysis biomarkers could also be observed in a lesser proportion, calling attention to the possibility of hepatic involvement in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The serological screening of blood donors has been instituted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and is mandatory in the research on several diseases transmissible through blood transfusion. Blood banks need to establish a screening service capable of reducing associated transfusions risks. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infection markers in donors at a hemotherapy service located in southwest Bahia, Brazil. Methods: A retrospective study was performed between 2010 and 2016. Variables, such as the characterization of donors who were suitable and unsuitable for donation (in clinical screening), stratification by gender and age group and unsuitable samples for reactive test results (in serological screening) by aspecific antibodies against hepatitis B virus (anti-HBc and HBsAg), hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), human T-lymphotropic virus (anti-HTLV I/II), HIV virus (anti-HIV I/II), chagas disease, and syphilis markers, were evaluated. Results: Collected data showed that 3.13% of the donors were considered unsuitable for serological screening and that the prevalence of reactive test results was higher in donors aged between 30 and 39 years and in males. The means of the serological markers was 1.09% for syphilis reagents, 0.63% for anti-HIV I/II, 0.51% for anti-HBc and anti-HCV, 0.15% for HBsAg, 0.14% for HTLV I/II and 0.10% for Chagas disease. Conclusion: These results reflect the importance of awareness campaigns on sexually transmitted diseases and transfusion safety measures taken by hemotherapy services.

RESUMO A algaroba (Prosopis juliflora (Sw) D.C.) é uma espécie exótica cujas folhas têm grande potencial para utilização na alimentação humana e animal, sendo altamente nutritivas, além de ser considerada eficiente na recuperação de áreas degradadas e solos empobrecidos. Apesar da procura crescente por sementes e mudas desta espécie, pouco se conhece sobre a qualidade fisiológica de suas sementes. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a biometria de frutos e sementes da espécie, além de determinar as temperaturas e substratos para a germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas. Foi determinada a quantidade de sementes por quilograma e o teor de água das sementes. Analisou-se o comprimento, o diâmetro, o peso, e o número de sementes em cada fruto e a espessura, a largura, o comprimento e o peso das sementes. No teste de germinação foram utilizadas três temperaturas (20, 30 e 20-30°C) sob o regime de 14 horas de luz branca e dois substratos (sobre papel e rolo de papel). Determinaram-se as curvas de embebição das sementes, a germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação, o comprimento da parte aérea, o comprimento da raiz e a massa seca das plântulas. Os dados biométricos indicam ampla variabilidade para as características avaliadas para frutos, entretanto, as sementes apresentam menor variabilidade. As temperaturas de 30 e 20-30°C e ambos os substratos testados são eficientes para a condução do teste de germinação de sementes de algaroba em laboratório.

ABSTRACT The algaroba (Prosopis juliflora (Sw) D.C.) is an exotic species whose leaves have great potential for use in human and animal feeding, being highly nutritious, besides being considered efficient in the recovery of degraded areas and impoverished soils. Despite the growing demand for seeds and seedlings of this species, little is known about the physiological quality of their seeds. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the fruit and seed biometry of the species, as well as to determine the temperatures and substrates for the germination and early development of seedlings. The number of seeds per kilogram and the water content of the seeds were determined. The length, diameter, weight, and number of seeds in each fruit and the thickness, width, length and weight of the seeds were analyzed. In the germination test, three temperatures (20, 30 and 20-30°C) were used under the regime of 14 hours of white light and two substrates (on paper and paper roll). Seed embedding curves, germination, germination speed index, shoot length, root length and seedling dry mass were determined. The biometric data indicate wide variability for the characteristics evaluated for fruits, however, the seeds present less variability. Temperatures of 30 and 20-30 °C and both substrates tested are efficient for conducting the germination test of algaroba seeds in the laboratory.

The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial pattern and sampling methods for Bertholletia excelsa. The inventory of exploration, by mapping Cartesian coordinates of all trees with dbh ≥ 20 cm, was carried out in an area of 1,000.31 ha. For the definition of the diametric structure, multivariate techniques were used: cluster and discriminant analysis. To analyze the spatial patterns, individuals were grouped into three levels: population, young individuals and adults; being the random deviation defined by the Ripley's K function. The forest inventories were simulated with a simple random sampling, systematic and adaptive, taking into account plots of 2,500 m², with a sampling intensity of 15 % and an error range of 10 %. Comparisons between sampling methods were performed for the accuracy and precision. Four hundred and forty six trees were registered, of which 59 were young individuals and 387 were adults. A low number of trees in the early stages and a high number of individuals in the intermediate classes characterize the diametric structure. The spatial pattern of the adult population was aggregated, while the young individuals were randomly distributed. Systematic sampling is the best procedure to estimate the total number of individuals of B. excelsa; however, there is a need to investigate the effect of aggregation and size of the largest plots of 0.25 hectares on the estimates of adaptive cluster sampling.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el patrón espacial y los métodos de muestreo para Bertholletia excelsa. El inventario de exploración, con mapeo de coordenadas cartesianas de los árboles con dap ≥ 20 cm, se llevó a cabo en un área de 1.000,31 ha. Para la definición de la estructura diamétrica se utilizaron técnicas multivariadas: análisis de conglomerado y discriminante. Para analizar los patrones espaciales, los individuos fueron agrupados en tres niveles: población, jóvenes y adultos, siendo la desviación de aleatoriedad definida por la función K de Ripley. Fueron simulados los inventarios forestales con el muestreo aleatorio simple, sistemático y adaptativo, teniendo en cuenta las parcelas de 2.500 nf, con una intensidad de muestreo del 15 % y un margen de error de 10 %. Las comparaciones entre los métodos de muestreo se realizaron por exactitud y precisión. Se registraron 446 árboles, de los cuales 59 individuos eran jóvenes y 387 eran adultos. La estructura diamétrica se caracterizó por un bajo número de árboles en los primeros grados y un alto número de individuos en las clases intermedias. El patrón espacial de la población y de los adultos fue agregado, mientras que los menores fueron distribuidos al azar. El muestreo sistemático fue el mejor procedimiento para estimar el número total de individuos de B. excelsa, sin embargo, hay necesidad de investigar el efecto de agregación y el tamaño de las parcelas mayores de 2.500 m2 sobre los estimadores de muestreo adaptativo por conglomerados.

The aim of this study was to describe the floristic, structure and spatial pattern of species occurring in a natural fragment of the floodplain forest in the lower Tapajos River, Para. Three hundred and eight contiguous sampling unities of 100 m² were installed, comprising a sampling area of 3.08 ha. In each plot, all individuals with DBH (diameter at breast height of 1.30 cm) equal to or higher than 10 cm were measured, identified, and referenced in Cartesian coordinates (X, Y). The analyses of the diversity and spatial pattern were performed using the Shannon-Weaver index and the Ripley's K function, respectively. There were 1,022 individuals surveyed, including 64 tree species and 33 families. The diversity recorded was 3.03; the total density was determined to be 331.8 individuals ha-1 and basal area of 16.10 m² ha-1. The species of high ecological value were Campsiandra laurifolia, Hevea brasiliensis, Glicoxylon pedicellatum, Tetragastris altissima, Vantanea parviflora and Mabea caudata. The diametric distribution of the community and species, except for Hevea brasiliensis, behaved as expected for uneven-aged forests, and presented an exponential distribution with an inverted J form. The community spatial pattern showed variations depending on the considered distance, however there was a predominance of aggregated distribution. The spatial patterns detected on the species were: I - partially aggregated and random for Vantanea parviflora species, II - completely aggregated to the Hevea brasiliensis and Glicoxylon pedicellatum species, and III -predominantly aggregated to Campsiandra laurifolia, Tetragastris altissima and Mabea caudata.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la flora, estructura y distribución espacial de las especies que se producen en un fragmento natural de bosque inundable en el Bajo Río Tapajós, Pará. Se instalaron 308 unidades de muestreo contiguos de 100 m², que comprende un área de muestreo de 3,08 ha. En cada parcela, todos los individuos con diámetro a 1,30 cm del suelo superior o igual a 10 cm fueron medidos, identificados y referenciados en coordenadas cartesianas (X,Y). El análisis de la diversidad y el patrón espacial se realizó mediante el índice de Shannon-Weaver y la función K de Ripley, respectivamente. Se inventariaron 1.022 individuos, distribuidas en 64 especies y 33 familias. La diversidad registrada fue de 3,03, la densidad total de 331,8 individuos ha-1 y el área basal de 16,10 m² ha-1. Las especies de mayor importancia ecológica fueron Campsiandra laurifolia, Hevea brasiliensis, Glicoxylon pedicellatum, Tetragastris altissima, Vantanea parviflora y Mabea caudata. La distribución del diámetro para la comunidad y las especies, excepto la Hevea brasiliensis, se comportó como se espera para bosques multietáneos, es decir, distribución exponencial en forma de J-invertida. El patrón espacial de la comunidad mostró variaciones en función de la distancia, sin embargo, hubo predominio de la distribución agregada. Los patrones espaciales de las especies encontradas fueron: I) agregado parcialmente y aleatorio de la especie Vantanea parviflora; II) agregado por completo de las especies Hevea brasiliensis y Glicoxylon pedicellatum; y III) predominantemente agregado para Campsiandra laurifolia, Tetragastris altissima y Mabea caudata.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: O questionário Hip Function Recovery Score consiste em um instrumento desenvolvido para avaliação da recuperação funcional de pacientes acima de 60 anos submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico devido a fraturas do quadril. O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer a tradução transcultural de forma criteriosa do questionário e adaptá-lo às características individuais e culturais da população brasileira. MÉTODO: Este método consiste em tradução inicial, retrotradução, elaboração de uma versão de consenso e pré-teste comentado com posterior elaboração de uma versão final após as alterações necessárias sem modificar a semântica das perguntas do texto original. RESULTADOS: A versão de consenso foi aplicada em 30 pacientes, acima de 60 anos, que foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico devido a fraturas do quadril. Foram observadas, entretanto, algumas dificuldades no entendimento de algumas palavras e expressões, as quais foram substituídas por termos de mais fácil entendimento. Após a elaboração da versão final, reaplicou-se essa versão aos mesmos pacientes e obteve-se um entendimento total. CONCLUSÃO: A tradução transcultural do questionário terá impacto imediato na avaliação funcional dos pacientes com mais de 60 anos operados devido a fraturas do quadril e, posteriormente, outros trabalhos nacionais podem usar esse questionário padronizado e adaptado à nossa cultura para comparação de resultados e enriquecer a produção científica do Brasil.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The Hip Function Recovery Score questionnaire is an instrument that was developed for evaluating the functional recovery of patients over 60 years of age who undergo surgical treatment due to hip fractures. The objective of this study was to make a thorough transcultural translation of this questionnaire, with adaptation to the individual and cultural traits of the Brazilian population. METHOD: This translation method consisted of initial translation, back translation, drafting of a consensual version and pretesting with comments invited. Subsequently, a final version was drawn up after making the necessary adjustments, without altering the semantics of the questions in the original text. RESULTS: The consensual version was applied to thirty patients over the age of 60 years who had undergone surgical treatment due to hip fractures. However, some difficulties in understanding some words and expressions were observed, and these were then replaced with terms that were more easily understood. After the final version had been drawn up, this was applied to the same patients and full understanding was achieved among some of them, without altering the semantics of the questions of the original text. CONCLUSION: The transcultural translation of the Hip Function Recovery Score will have an immediate impact on functional evaluations on patients over 60 years of age who underwent surgery due to hip fracture. It will subsequently be possible for other Brazilian scientific studies to use this questionnaire, which has been standardized and adapted to Brazilian culture, in order to make comparisons between results, thereby enriching Brazilian scientific production.

Introdução:Com o aumento dos recursos diagnósticos, os exames laboratoriais têm se tornado ferramenta indispensável nas elucidações diagnósticas. Observa-se, portanto, um crescimento nas solicitações desses exames.Objetivos:Determinar a prevalência das solicitações de exames laboratoriais da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) de um hospital geral e estimar os valores gastos com exames desnecessários, apontando custos evitáveis e visando à racionalização do uso deles.Métodos:Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, no qual foi realizado levantamento de dados de prontuário e resultados de exames laboratoriais de internados em UTI, no período de agosto a setembro de 2013.Resultados:A amostra foi composta por 105 pacientes, sendo 58,1% do sexo masculino e 47,6% com faixa etária entre 18-59 anos. Durante o período, foram solicitados 12.217 exames laboratoriais, sendo 49,4% dentro da faixa de normalidade. Os exames mais solicitados foram hemograma, sódio e potássio. Puderam ser avaliados 1.750 exames laboratoriais, segundo critérios já estabelecidos na literatura, sendo 719 (41%) considerados desnecessários. Foi observado um maior número de solicitação (29%) nas segundas-feiras, em relação à média dos demais dias da semana.Conclusão:Constatou-se importante montante de exames desnecessários, com padrão de ocorrência na segunda-feira e não dependente de faixa etária ou tempo de internação. Os dados sinalizam para a necessidade de implementação de diretrizes ou protocolos para solicitação de exames laboratoriais em UTI, que têm se mostrado eficientes em auxiliar o profissional prescritor em sua prática clínica, além de contribuir para otimização de gastos com a saúde.

Introduction:Because of the increase in diagnostic resources, laboratory tests have become an essential tool in diagnostic elucidation. Therefore, we observe an increase in the number of tests request.Objectives:To determine the prevalence of laboratory tests requests by the intensive care unit (ICU) of the General Hospital at southwest Bahia, and to anticipate the expenses with unnecessary laboratory tests, indicating avoidable costs, and aiming at rationalization of laboratory tests use.Methods:This is a cross-sectional retrospective study, in which a survey on medical records and laboratory tests results of patients admitted to the ICU was conducted, in the period from August to September 2013.Results:The sample consisted of 105 patients, 58.1% males, 47.6% aged between 18-59 years. During the period, 12.217 laboratory tests were ordered, of which 49.4% was within the normal limits. The more requested exams were: complete blood count, sodium, and potassium. A number of 1.750 laboratory tests could be evaluated according to criteria established in the literature, among them, 719 (41%) were considered unnecessary. A greater number of requests (29%) were observed on Mondays, compared with the average of the rest of the week.Conclusion:Significant number of unnecessary testing was found, with occurrence pattern on Monday and not dependent on age or length of stay. The data indicate the need to implement guidelines or protocols for ordering laboratory tests in the ICU, which have proven effective in helping the prescribing professional in their clinical practice, and contribute to optimize for health care spending.