This study seeks to synthesize, by the sol-gel method, an organic-inorganic hybrid coating of polyurethane, siloxane and silver nanoparticles to cover titanium prostheses, aiming to act as an anticorrosive protection barrier, inhibiting the release of metallic ions in the human body. In this context, a hybrid based on the TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) alkoxide precursor was used to carry out the acid hydrolysis/condensation process. Then, silver nanoparticles were added, and the mixture was done with the incorporation of polycaprolactone diol, followed by the addition of hexamethylene diisocyanate, to form polyurethane. The hybrid coatings were applied on titanium plates, and morphological, physical-chemical and electrochemical characterizations were carried out, as well as the evaluation of bactericidal and antifungal activity, in order to evaluate the performance of the coatings and the influence of diferente concentrations of silver nanoparticles (10 mL, 20 mL and 40 mL). The results showed that although Híbrido 10 (lowest concentration of silver nanoparticles, 10 mL) presented the best morphological characteristic without cracks and with satisfactory roughness to obtain the best bacterial behavior, the Híbrido 20 sample presented the best electrochemical performance.

Abstract The suckling behavior of piglets was evaluated in summer and winter, using 21 sows of the same genetic line. Data were collected in July (winter) and in January (summer). The experimental design was a randomized complete block (age of piglets) in a 2x2 factorial scheme, with season of the year (winter and summer) and shift (day, from 06 h to 1h:59min and night from 18h to 05h:59min) as factors. The behavioral variables analyzed were number, interval, and frequency of suckling. The behaviors were monitored on day 7 and 15 of lactation, for 24 hours. In winter, the farrowing room had a mean temperature of 20.32 ±2.17°C and a relative humidity (RH) of 58.63 ±2.99%. In the summer, the mean temperature was 26.65 ±4.02°C, with an RH of 62.22 ±12.06%. During winter, the piglets presented longer sucklings during the night, dedicating 1.84 minutes more to suckling compared to the daytime. Nighttime sucklings were 3.13 minutes longer in winter than in summer. However, in summer, piglets suckled more often during the night, with greater interval between feeds during the day. Based on our results, the season influences the suckling behavior of piglets, with shorter feedings and greater frequencies in summer.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of citric acid supplementation on the performance and the gene expression in the duodenum of Japanese quail. Genes related to antioxidant activity: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPX7); and genes related to nutrient uptake in the enterocytes' apical membrane: sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1, responsible for the glucose absorption), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and B0AT1 (responsible for the absorption of neutral amino acids in brush board membrane) were evaluated. For this, 270 laying quails (Coturnix japonica) were fed a diet supplemented with 0%, 0.6% or 1.2% of citric acid. Gene expression was evaluated by the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at 35 days old (n = 5). The highest expression of the SGLT1 gene was observed in quails fed the 1.2% citric acid supplemented diet (0.120 AU). Birds fed diets with both levels of citric acid supplementation showed a higher B0AT1 gene expression than quails fed no citric acid. Quails fed the 1.2% of citric acid supplemented diet had the lowest SOD gene expression (0.3455 AU). The birds receiving the diets supplemented with citric acid showed a lower GPX7 gene expression than the quails fed the 0% citric acid diet. These results suggests that the effect of citric acid on gene expression in the digestive tract may have contributed to the greater weight gain and lower feed intake observed in birds fed diets supplemented with citric acid.

Abstract The objective of this trial was to evaluate the behavioral patterns and performance of lactating sows and their litters under the effect of artificial vocalization. Twenty-eight sows and their litters were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2x2 factorial scheme (artificial vocalization x lactation week). The behavior of the animals was monitored during 24 hours on the 7th and 15th days of lactation, analyzing the number, interval, and frequency of nursings. The body condition and performance of the sows were also evaluated. Artificial vocalization promoted higher frequencies of eating for sow and nursing for piglets (P <0.05), increased inactive sow behavior (P <0.05), and reduced sow alert in activity (P <0.05). The number and duration of suckling sessions at the 15thday of lactation were reduced (P <0.05). The use of artificial vocalization did not affect the body condition or milk production of the lactating sows, or the performance of the litter during lactation (P> 0.05). The use of maternal artificial vocalization during lactation of sows promoted greater lactation efficiency and longer rest time, favoring the sows’ welfare.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho bioeconômico de bezerros, nos primeiros 60 dias de vida, submetidos a três sistemas de aleitamento. Foram utilizados 24 bezerros (Holandês x Guzerá), sendo 12 machos e 12 fêmeas, com peso inicial de 32,25±4,8kg para as fêmeas e 36,92±6,8kg para os machos. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (3 x 2). Os bezerros receberam água à vontade e seis litros de sucedâneo lácteo por dia, durante 60 dias, em três estratégias diferentes, denominadas sistema de aleitamento (SA30: 3 litros de sucedâneo lácteo, duas vezes ao dia, até 30 dias de idade; SA45: 3 litros de sucedâneo lácteo, duas vezes ao dia, até 45 dias de idade; SA49: 3 litros de sucedâneo lácteo, duas vezes ao dia, até 49 dias de idade). Os sistemas de aleitamento estudados não apresentaram diferença estatística (P>0,05) para o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes, com exceção para o consumo de matéria orgânica (MO) e extrato etéreo (EE). Verificou-se interação (P<0,05) entre o sistema de aleitamento e a classe sexual para os consumos de MO e EE, bem como para o ganho médio diário, em que os machos do SA 49 apresentaram maiores médias em relação ao SA 30. O desempenho bioeconômico de bezerros machos do sistema de aleitamento 49 foi superior e apresentou a melhor relação custo-benefício entre os sistemas estudados.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioeconomic performance of calves in the first 60 days of life submitted to three feeding systems. Twenty-four calves (Dutch x Guzerá) were used, 12 males and 12 females, with initial weight of 32.25±4.8kg for females and 36.92±6.8kg for males. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme (3 x 2). The calves received water at will and six liters of milk replacer a day for 60 days in three different strategies, called the suckling system (SA-30: 3 liters of milk replacer, twice a day until 30 days of age; SA-45: 3 liters of milk replacer, twice a day until 45 days of age; SA-49: 3 liters of milk replacer, twice daily up to 49 days old). The lactation systems studied did not present statistical difference (P>0.05) for the consumption and digestibility of nutrients, except for organic matter (OM) and ethereal extract (EE). There was an interaction (P<0.05) between the suckling system and sexual class for the OM and EE intakes, as well as for the average daily gain, in which HS 49 males presented higher averages in relation to SA 30. The bioeconomic performance of male calves from the lactation system 49 was superior and presented the best cost-benefit ratio among the systems studied.

RESUMO: A manutenção das atividades metabólicas durante o cultivo in vitro de células somáticas de animais silvestres, especialmente cateto (Pecari tajacu), é uma etapa interessante na conservação dessas células para o uso na transferência nuclear. Nesse contexto, é necessário aperfeiçoar as condições de cultivo de células somáticas pelo estabelecimento de suplementações apropriadas aos meios. Portanto, este estudo objetivou analisar a composição dos meios de cultivo de células somáticas derivadas de tecido auricular de catetos, avaliando concentrações de soro fetal bovino (SFB; 10% vs. 20%) e fator de crescimento epidermal (EGF; 5 ng/mL vs. 10 ng/mL). Para tanto, tecidos foram submetidos ao cultivo primário e subcultivos por 40 dias e células foram analisadas por morfologia, adesão, subconfluência, e atividade proliferativa pelo desenvolvimento da curva de crescimento e determinação do time de duplicação da população (PDT), viabilidade, e atividade funcional/metabólica. Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre as concentrações de SFB para os vários parâmetros, exceto para viabilidade [SFB10: 85,6% vs. SFB20: 98,2%], PDT [SFB10: 155,4 h vs. 77,2 h], e atividade funcional/metabólica [SFB10: 0,57-0,55 vs. SFB20: 0,82-0,99 (D5-D7)]. Para o EGF em cultivo, nenhuma diferença foi observada nos parâmetros avaliados. Em todos os experimentos, as curvas de crescimento foram típicas de forma S e as células passaram por uma fase lag, logarítmica e platô. Em conclusão, 20% de SFB é adequado para a recuperação de células somáticas; contudo, EGF não melhora a qualidade de crescimento dessas células. Ao nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo cultivando células somáticas de catetos.

ABSTRACT: The maintenance of metabolic activities during the in vitro culture of somatic cells of wild animals, especially collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), is an interesting step in conservation of these cells for the use in nuclear transfer. In this context, it is necessary to optimize the culture conditions of somatic cells by the establishment of appropriate supplementation to the media. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the composition of the culture means of somatic cell derived from ear tissue of collared peccaries, evaluating concentrations of fetal bovine serum (FBS; 10% vs. 20%) and epidermal growth factor (EGF; 5ng/mL vs. 10ng/mL). Tissues were submitted to primary culture and subcultures for 40 days and cells were analyzed for morphology, adhesion, subconfluence, and proliferative activity to develop the growth curve and to determine the population doubling time (PDT), viability, and functional/metabolic activity. No difference was observed between the concentrations of FBS for several parameters, except for viability [FBS10: 85.6% vs. FBS20: 98.2%], PDT [FBS10: 155.4h vs. 77.2h], and functional/metabolic assay [FBS10: 0.57-0.55 vs. FBS20: 0.82-0.99 (D5-D7)]. For the EGF in culture, no difference was observed in the evaluated parameters. In all experiments, the growth curves were typical S-shape and the cells passed through a lag, logarithmic, and plateau phase. In conclusion, 20% FBS is suitable for the recovery of somatic cells; nevertheless, EGF does not improve the quality of growing these cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study culturing somatic cells of collared peccaries.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da administração do Zolazepam/Tiletamina nas funções cardiorrespiratórias e eletrocardiográficas em lobos-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) mantidos em cativeiro. Foram utilizados dez lobos-guará clinicamente saudáveis (seis machos e quatro fêmeas), com média de peso 23,5±3,5kg, e idade de 6,5±2,8 anos. Os lobos eram mantidos em cativeiro e foram capturados pelos tratadores, proporcionando o mínimo de estresse possível para avaliação dos parâmetros pré-anestésicos. Foram avaliadas frequência cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, pressão arterial média e eletrocardiografia. Após coleta dos parâmetros fisiológicos e eletrocardiográficos pré-anestesia, foi administrada a dose de 5,1±0,7mg/kg de Zolazepam/Tiletamina intramuscular. Depois da anestesia, colocaram-se os eletrodos do eletrocardiograma nos membros torácicos e pélvicos. Os animais eram monitorados durante uma hora, sendo que, a cada 10 minutos, era realizado o registro dos valores eletrocardiográficos, assim como os valores dos parâmetros fisiológicos e cardiorrespiratórios. Os resultados mostraram alteração significativa na amplitude da onda P entre 10 a 50 minutos pós-anestesia. Frequência cardíaca (153±20bmp), frequência respiratória (29±6mpm), temperatura corporal (38,4±1oC), pressão arterial média (114±20mmHg) e as outras variáveis eletrocardiográficas não apresentaram alterações. O aumento da amplitude da onda P nos animais deste trabalho sugeriu um aumento atrial, oriundo de doenças cardíacas ou simplesmente pelo aumento da frequência cardíaca durante a contenção.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the anesthetic combination of Tiletamine/Zolazepam on the cardiorespiratory function and electrocardiographic profile in captive maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Ten maned wolves were used in this study (6 males and 4 females). All animals were healthy, with an average body weight of 23.5±3.5kg, and age of 6.5±2.8years. The wolves were conditioned to be physically restrained by their keepers in order to minimize stress during assessment of pre-anesthetic parameters. Data on heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, mean arterial blood pressure and electrocardiography were collected. Pre-anesthetic physiological an eletrocardiographic parameters were collected before the administration of 5.1±0.73mg/kg Tiletamine/Zolazepam intramuscularly. Under anesthesia, electrocardiogram electrodes were placed on thoracic and pelvic limbs and eletrocardiographic data was recorded every 10 minutes for approximately one hour, totaling 6 electrocardiograms. Heart rate 153±20bmp, respiratory rate 29±6mpm, rectal temperature 38,4±1oC, mean arterial blood pressure 114±20mmHg, and the other electrocardiographic parameters did not change; however, the P wave amplitude changed from 10 to 50 minutes after anesthesia. The increase in the P wave on the animals in this study suggested an atrial increase, probably due to cardiac disease or just by increasing the heart rate during the capture.

This work evaluated the effects of increasing levels of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum meal (BSM) in the feed given to Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. The completely randomized design experiment lasted 42 days. Nile tilapia fingerlings (n=75) with an average age of 30 days and average weight of 0.43 ± 0.02 g were assigned to 25 plastic tanks and submitted to five treatments in five repetitions. The treatments were increasing levels of BSM (5, 10, 15, and 20 g kg-1 of feed) and a control feed (no BSM). Each experimental unit was made up of a 36 L plastic tank with three fingerlings. The parameters studied were final average weight, percentage of weight gain, apparent feed conversion ratio, total length and carcass yield with and without head. The final average weight, percentage of weight gain, and total length were not affected by the treatments (p>0,05). The apparent feed conversion ratio improved linearly (p<0.01) and carcass yield increased linearly (p<0.01) as the BSM in feeds increased. BSM is an additive with potential use in Nile tilapia feed at the level of 20 g kg-1 because it does not result in growth loss and improves the feed conversion ratio and carcass yield in Nile tilapia during the fingerling period.

Este trabalho avaliou os efeitos de níveis crescentes da farinha de alga marromAscophyllum nodosum (FAM) nas rações para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus. O experimento, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, durou 42 dias. Foram utilizados alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (n= 75) com idade média de 30 dias e peso médio de 0,43 ± 0,02 g, distribuídos em 25 tanques plásticos submetidos à cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram níveis crescentes de farinha de alga marrom (5, 10, 15 e 20 g kg-1 de ração) e uma ração controle (sem FAM). Cada unidade experimental foi composta por um tanque plástico de 36 L com três alevinos. Foram estudados os parâmetros médios de peso final, percentagem de ganho de peso, taxa de conversão alimentar aparente, comprimento total e rendimento de carcaça, com e sem cabeça. As médias de peso final, percentagem de ganho de peso e comprimento total não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos (p>0,05). Os valores da taxa de conversão alimentar aparente melhoraram linearmente (p<0,01) e os valores de rendimento de carcaça aumentaram linearmente (p<0,01) à medida que se aumentaram os níveis de FAM nas rações. A farinha de alga marrom é um aditivo com potencial utilização em rações de tilápia do Nilo no nível de 20 g kg-1, pois não diminui o crescimento e promove melhora da taxa de conversão alimentar e do rendimento de carcaça de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo.

The effects of different levels of supplementation of dairy cows fed to the sugar-cane base on the intake behavior of these encourage were studied. The levels of concentrate supplementation were defined by the balance of the diets to contain sufficient nutrients for maintenance and production of 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg.day-1 of milk. The experiment was driven in the Paulistinha farm, in Macarani - BA city, in the period of July to september of 2006. 16 cows crossbred Holstein x zebu used distributed in a design entirely at random, where these animals were observed by two consecutive days and made an average of the results obtained for each animal, arriving to 32 observations and eight repetitions for treatment. The times spent with feeding, rumination and leisure, the time of total mastication, the number of cakes ruminates, the number of mastications merícicas a day and the time of rumination for cake didn't differ among the treatments (p>0.05), while for the number of mastications merícicas for cake presented a quadratic behavior and for the feeding efficiencies and rumination had a lineal increment with the increase of the concentrate level.

Foram estudados os efeitos de diferentes níveis de suplementação de vacas leiteiras alimentadas à base de cana-de-açúcar sobre o comportamento ingestivo destes animais. Os níveis de suplementação concentrada foram definidos pelo balanceamento das dietas para conter nutrientes suficientes para mantença e produção de 6, 9, 12 e 15 kg.dia-1 de leite. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Paulistinha, na cidade de Macarani-BA, no período de julho a setembro de 2006. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, onde estes animais foram observados por dois dias consecutivos e feito uma média dos resultados obtidos para cada animal, chegando a 32 observações e oito repetições por tratamento. Os tempos despendidos com alimentação, ruminação e ócio, o tempo de mastigação total, o número de bolos ruminais, o número de mastigações merícicas por dia e o tempo de ruminação por bolo não diferiram entre os tratamentos (p>0,05), enquanto que para o número de mastigações merícicas por bolo apresentou um comportamento quadrático e para as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação houve um acréscimo linear com o aumento do nível de concentrado.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o momento ideal da aplicação dos fungicidas de ação preventiva, (Opera + Assist)* e (PrioriXtra + Nimbus)*, baseado na detecção inicial de primeiros esporos associado às condições ambientais, monitoramento climático e monitoramento convencional (após a detecção dos primeiros sintomas), verificando sua eficiência no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, onde foram instalados coletores de esporos na área para detecção dos primeiros esporos e também se fez anotação das condições climáticas obtidas em estação metereológica. As aplicações foram feitas a 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias após detecção dos primeiros esporos, seguindo o monitoramento climático e monitoramento convencional. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem da área foliar infectada, desfolha e produtividade de grãos. Observou-se uma menor porcentagem de infecção foliar, quando os produtos foram aplicados logo no início da detecção dos primeiros esporos (1, 7 e 14 dias após detecção) e seguindo o monitoramento climático e, apesar do produto (PrioriXtra +Nimbus)* ter apresentado menores porcentagens de infecção foliar e desfolha quando aplicado nos diferentes momentos, observou-se que na produtividade de grãos não houve diferença entre os produtos testados.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the ideal time for the application of the fungicides of preventive action (Opera + Assist)* and (PrioriXtra + Nimbus)*, based on the initial detection of early spores associated with environmental conditions, climate monitoring and conventional monitoring (after the detection of the first symptoms), verifying their effectiveness in the control of Asian soybean rust. The study was conducted at the Londrina State University Experimental Station, where spore collectors were installed in the area for early detection of spores and the climate conditions were monitored in a climate station. The applications were made at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after first detection of spores, according to the climate monitoring and conventional monitoring. Evaluations were made of the infected leaf area, defoliation and soybean yield. There was a lower percentage of leaf infection when the products were applied early in the detection of spores (1, 7 and 14 days after detection), and according to the climate monitoring. Moreover, despite that the product (Nimbus + PrioriXtra)* presented lower percentages of infected leaf and defoliation when applied at the different times, it was observed that in the final yield of the crop there was no difference between the products tested.

A variação em ampla escala espacial para parâmetros estruturais e composição florística foi examinada para uma formação aberta de Clusia, um tipo vegetacional das restingas brasileiras. Esta vegetação é organizada em moitas separadas por areia com esparsa vegetação herbácea. Foram levantadas 12 áreas amostrais em três cordões arenosos paralelos, às margens de duas lagoas costeiras (Cabiúnas e Comprida). Estes cordões estavam dispostos a diferentes distâncias do mar. Cada área amostral foi dividida em três faixas. Usamos o método de intercepto de linha para amostrar todas as plantas lenhosas ³ 50 cm de altura. Foi empregada ANOVA hierárquica para verificar a variação estrutural em diferentes escalas amostrais, e análise de TWINSPAN para examinar a variação na composição florística entre áreas. A diversidade total da área (H') foi de 3,07. Apenas poucas espécies foram repetidamente dominantes ao longo de toda a área amostral. Houve homogeneidade em relação à diversidade e riqueza de espécies entre cordões arenosos, mas não dentro destes cordões. Composição florística e parâmetros estruturais não variaram em relação à distância do mar, mas a composição florística variou em função da lagoa que margeava. As diferenças observadas na cobertura vegetal podem estar relacionadas com a história geológica desta área de restinga.

We examined large-scale spatial variation of structural parameters and floristic composition in open Clusia scrub, a vegetation type of the Brazilian "restingas" (sandy coastal plain vegetation). This vegetation is organized in islands separated by sandy stretches with sparse herbaceous vegetation. We located 12 sample areas on three consecutive beach ridges, lying parallel to the coastline and at different distances from the ocean, in close proximity to two lagoons (Cabiúnas and Comprida). Each sample area was divided into three strips. We used the line intercept method to sample all woody plants ³ 50 cm tall. We used nested ANOVA to verify structural variation between different sampling scales. TWINSPAN analysis was performed to examine the variation in floristic composition between areas. The overall diversity index was 3.07. Six species are repeatedly dominant throughout the entire sampling area. There was homogeneity in relation to diversity and species richness between beach ridges but not within beach ridges. Floristic composition and structural parameters did not vary in relation to distance from the sea but floristic composition did vary as a function of proximity to Cabiúnas or Comprida lagoon. Differences in plant cover between sample areas may be related to the paleoformation of this sandy coastal plain.

RESUMO Os autores registram a ocorrência de Struthiolipeurus rheae parasitando Rhea americana de criatórios comerciais, em Pelotas e Passo Fundo, RS, de ave ornamental de Porto Alegre, RS, e de criatório conservacionista de Araxá, MG, Brasil.

ABSTRACT The authors report the occurrence of Struthiolipeurus rheae parasitizing rheas from comercial breeding centers in Pelotas and Passo Fundo, RS, from an ornamental bird in Porto Alegre, RS, and from a conservationist breeding center in Araxá, MG, Brazil.