O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar processos de espalhamento e secagem de filme de amido-glicerol-fibras de celulose, preparado por "tape-casting". O espalhamento da suspensão foi avaliado a 50, 150 e 250 cm min-1, seguido de secagem em estufa com circulação forçada de ar, a 40 ou 70ºC; avaliou-se também o espalhamento da suspensão a 150 cm min-1, seguido da secagem do filme sobre suporte de "tape-casting" a 22ºC e 60% de umidade relativa, com velocidades do ar de 4, 6 e 8 m s-1 no túnel de secagem. Ensaios reológicos mostraram que o espalhamento das suspensões a temperaturas inferiores a 50ºC apresentou módulo de elasticidade superior ao módulo viscoso, em todo o espectro de frequências de oscilação. As microscopias mostraram filmes secos a 40 e 70ºC sem defeitos de formação, e cujas propriedades mecânicas não diferiam. A velocidade de espalhamento e a do ar não modificam o tempo de secagem nem as propriedades dos filmes. O tempo de secagem pode ser reduzido para aproximadamente duas horas, o que é importante para a produção dos filmes em larga escala.

The objective of this work was to evaluate spreading and drying processes of starch-glycerol-cellulose fiber film prepared by tape-casting. Suspension spreading was evaluated at 50, 150 and 250 cm min-1, followed by drying in a forced-air oven at 40 or at 70ºC; suspension spreading was also evaluated at 150 cm min-1, followed by film drying on the tape-casting support at 22ºC and 60% relative humidity, at air-drying velocity of 4, 6, and 8 m s-1 in the drying tunnel. Rheological tests showed that suspension spreading at temperatures below 50ºC had the modulus of elasticity superior to the modulus of viscosity, in all oscillation frequency spectrum. Micrographs showed films dried at 40 and 70ºC without defects and whose mechanical properties showed no differences. Spreading speed and air-drying velocities did not change the drying time and film properties. The drying time can be reduced to approximately two hours, which is important to the scale-up of film production.

A utilização de cobertura do solo nos parreirais é uma prática conservacionista utilizada para diminuir a erosão e melhorar a qualidade física do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar espécies de plantas de cobertura e sistemas de manejo da cobertura sobre as propriedades físicas do solo e sobre o rendimento de uva. O experimento foi conduzido em Bento Gonçalves, RS, sobre um Cambissolo Háplico, num parreiral implantado em 1989, com os cultivares Niágara Branca e Niágara Rosada no sistema de latada. Os tratamentos, estabelecidos em 2002, foram três coberturas vegetais: vegetação espontânea (SS), aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) (BO) e consórcio de trevo branco (Trifolium repens L.) + trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense L.) + azevém (Lolium multiflorum L.) (MC). Dois sistemas de manejo foram utilizados: dessecado com herbicida (D) e roçada mecânica (M). O solo em uma área de floresta nativa foi coletado como condição de referência. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. As propriedades físicas nas linhas do parreiral não diferiram estatisticamente entre as coberturas avaliadas e foram similares à floresta nativa, demonstrando boa qualidade estrutural. Entretanto, nas entrelinhas, ocorreram redução de bioporos, macroporosidade, porosidade total e aumento na densidade do solo, em razão da compactação da camada superficial do solo. O sistema de manejo da cobertura pela roçada teve maior estabilidade dos agregados do que o manejo dessecado. Os tratamentos influenciaram o rendimento da videira em anos, com excesso ou distribuição irregular de chuvas.

The use of cover crops in vineyards is a conservation practice with the purpose of reducing soil erosion and improving the soil physical quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate cover crop species and management systems on soil physical properties and grape yield. The experiment was carried out in Bento Gonçalves, RS, Southern Brazil, on a Haplic Cambisol, in a vineyard established in 1989, using White and Rose Niagara grape (Vitis labrusca L.) in a horizontal, overhead trellis system. The treatments were established in 2002, consisting of three cover crops: spontaneous species (SS), black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) (BO), and a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and annual rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) (MC). Two management systems were applied: desiccation with herbicide (D) and mechanical mowing (M). Soil under a native forest (NF) area was collected as a reference. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, with three replications. The soil physical properties in the vine rows were not influenced by cover crops and were similar to the native forest, with good quality of the soil structure. In the inter-rows, however, there was a reduction in biopores, macroporosity, total porosity and an increase in soil density, related to the compaction of the surface soil layer. The M system increased soil aggregate stability compared to the D system. The treatments affected grapevine yield only in years with excess or irregular rainfall.

Furnas dos Dionísios is an Afro-Brazilian black community whose descendants were mainly fugitive slaves that established themselves in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. The population is comprised mainly of low socioeconomic individuals who are engaged in agricultural activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B (HB) and its correlation with epidemiological data obtained from the community. The studied population totaled 260 individuals with ages varying from 1 to 79 years (median 20). One hundred thirty-three (51.2%) were females and 127 (48.8%) were males. A high prevalence for anti-HBc was observed (42.7%), with present infection detected in 9.2% of the subjects who were also HB surface antigens (HBs Ag) positive; 27.3% were anti-HBc and anti-HBs reactive, and 6.2% had anti-HBc as only marker. The prevalence for anti-HBc was proportional to age, reaching its highest peak in age categories greater than 50. No serological marker was detected in children under the age of 2 years, however anti-HBc was present in 12 subjects with ages between 2 and 14 years, of these 8 (7.4%) were HBsAg positive. Among individuals over the age of 15 years, 99 were anti-HBc reactive, of these 16 (10.5%) were also HBsAg positive, thus suggesting an increased prevalence of HBV carriers among children and adolescents. The risk factors observed in this community that were significantly associated with anti-HBc positivity were age (over 20 years) and having an anti-HBc positive mother. Both HBeAg and anti-HBe were detected in 44.4% of the samples tested. HBsAg subtypes found in the studied population were adw2 (77.7%) and ayw2 (23.3%). While intrafamilial transmission was most likely responsible for HBV infection among children, other routes such as sexual contact might be considered for individuals with ages over 15 years.

In order to investigate the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection prevalence and risk factors in hemophiliacs in Central Brazil, 90 patients were interviewed and serum samples tested for HCV RNA and anti-HCV antibodies. An overall prevalence of 63.3% (CI 95%: 53.0-72.7) was found. Multivariate analysis of risk factors showed that number of blood transfusions was significantly associated with this infection. Most hemophiliacs received locally produced cryoprecipitate. All infected patients were transfused before the screening of blood units for anti-HCV. However, hemophiliacs who received exclusively screened cryoprecipitate were HCV negative. It confirms the expected decline in transfusion-acquired hepatitis C.