Abstract Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli can cause gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacteremia, and other severe infections. Some isolates of this species are capable of producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes, which mediate resistance against penicillin derivates and cephalosporins. Fungi of the Ascomycota phylum are known to produce antibiotics from different classes with activity against various bacterial agents. Among them, the genera Penicillium, Cephalosporium, Acremonium and Fusidium are known for the production of antimicrobial substances such as penicillin derivates, cephalosporins and fusidic acid. Currently, the search for new antimicrobials produced by species of the Ascomycota phylum includes the assessment of less explored habitats including aquatic environments, extreme environments, and the interior of plants/animals. The genus Penicillium remains promising for the discovery of new antimicrobial substances against resistant bacteria. In addition, those fungi have also been investigated regarding their usefulness for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity. This narrative review introduces clinically relevant Escherichia coli pathovars, the historical contributions of the phylum Ascomycota to the production of antimicrobials, aspects of bioprocesses in the production of antimicrobial metabolites and different approaches of research targeting new antimicrobials such as screenings for fungi in environments not yet studied and the green synthesis mediated by fungi with antimicrobial activity.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to assess the relationships among shrunk body weight (SBW) and empty body weight (EBW) to develop equations to estimate EBW in 121 pre-weaned hair sheep lambs from different genotypes (Pelibuey, n=39; Katahdin, n=27 and crossbred Pelibuey × Black Belly, n=55), sex (non-castrated male, n=65 and female, n=56) and litter size (single, n=42 and double, n=79). Linear model with intercept, Linear model without intercept and exponential regression models were used for data analysis. The correlation coefficients among SBW and EBW was high (r = 0.89). The regression equations had high determination coefficients (r2) of 0.97. The final model fitted to estimate the EBW as a function of SBW was: EBW (kg) = 0.0065 (±0.14*) + 0.88 (±0.0124***) ×SBW, since it presented better fit values and was statistically significant (P<0.001). The equation developed and evaluated in the present study revealed that the linear relationship between SBW and EBW can be used to predict EBW in pre-weaned hair sheep lambs.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as relações entre o peso corporal (PC) e o peso do corpo vazio (PCVZ) para desenvolver equações de estimativa do PCVZ em 121 cordeiros deslanados na fase de cria de diferentes genótipos (Pelibuey, n=39; Katahdin, n=27 e cruzados Pelibuey × Black Belly, n=55), sexo (macho não castrado, n=65 e fêmea, n=56) e tipo de parto (simples, n=42 ou duplo, n=79). Modelos de regressão linear com intercepto, regressão linear sem intercepto e exponencial foram usados para a análise dos dados. Os coeficientes de correlação entre PC e PCVZ foram elevados (r = 0,89). As equações de regressão apresentaram elevados coeficientes de determinação (r2) de 0,97. O modelo final desenvolvido para estimar o PCVZ como função do PC foi o seguinte: PCV (kg) = 0,0065 (±0,14*) + 0,88 (±0,0124***) × PCVZ, pois apresentou melhores valores de ajuste e foi estatisticamente significativo (P<0,001). A equação desenvolvida e avaliada no presente estudo revelou que a relação linear entre PC e PCVZ pode ser usada para predizer o PCVZ em cordeiros deslanados na fase de cria.

SUMMARY: The mental foramen, an opening at the bottom of the jaw, is the exit of the inferior alveolar nerve branch, providing sensation to the jawbone and skin of the chin. Its anatomical variability is important in dental and surgical procedures. Our study was carried out in San Luis Potosí, Mexico and examined the position and morphological characteristics of the mental foramen in a sample of lower jaw CT scans. In women, the area between the first and second premolar was the most common, while in men, it was the same area but with a greater prevalence on the left side. Differences in the direction of the mental foramen were observed between sexes and sides of the mandible, with the posterior direction predominating in both sexes. These findings are consistent with previous studies in different populations, although significant variations in the prevalence and specific location of the foramen are identified. The comparison with other studies highlights the importance of considering ethnic and geographic factors in the interpretation of results. The anatomical differences observed have important clinical implications for dental and surgical procedures, underscoring the need for approaches tailored to the specific population to improve precision and safety of interventions in the mental foramen area.

RESUMEN: El foramen mental, una abertura en la parte inferior de la mandíbula, es la salida de un ramo del nervio alveolar inferior, proporcionando sensibilidad a la mandíbula y la piel del mentón. Su variabilidad anatómica es importante en procedimientos dentales y quirúrgicos. Nuestro estudio en San Luis Potosí, México, examinó la posición y características morfológicas del foramen mental en una muestra de tomografías computarizadas de la mandíbula. En mujeres, la zona entre el primer y segundo premolar fue la más común, mientras que en hombres, fue la misma zona pero con mayor prevalencia en el lado izquierdo. Se observaron diferencias en la dirección del foramen mental entre sexos y lados de la mandíbula, con la dirección posterior predominante en ambos sexos. Estos hallazgos concuerdan con estudios previos en diferentes poblaciones, aunque se identifican variaciones significativas en la prevalencia y ubicación específica del foramen. La comparación con otros estudios resalta la importancia de considerar factores étnicos y geográficos en la interpretación de los resultados. Las diferencias anatómicas observadas tienen implicaciones clínicas importantes para procedimientos dentales y quirúrgicos, subrayando la necesidad de enfoques adaptados a la población específica para mejorar la precisión y seguridad de las intervenciones en el área del mentón.

Abstract The study examined the efficacy of freeze-dried papain enzyme obtained from three Vasconcellea species (V. pubescens, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii) as a natural coagulant in cheese making. Notably, the enzyme V. pubescens demonstrated the most promising results when concentrations of 2 g/L, 4 g/L, and 6 g/L were used to produce fresh cheese, while other enzyme species exhibited lower efficacy. The optimal yield of fresh cheese with minimal residual enzyme was achieved when a 2 g/L dose of papain enzyme was employed at a coagulation temperature of 30 °C, resulting in physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics comparable to those produced with commercial Hansen’s rennet. Nevertheless, an increase in the coagulation temperature (42 °C) and a higher dose of papain enzyme (4 g/L) resulted in a reduction in the yield of fresh cheese and; consequently, the residual enzyme increased. Further studies are required to determine the purity of freeze-dried papain and the most effective dosage to increase profitability for producers and consumers. Such findings could facilitate the ecological application of this alternative in producing of fresh cheese.

Resumo O estudo examinou a eficácia da enzima papaína liofilizada obtida de três espécies de Vasconcellea (V. pubescens, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii) como coagulante natural na fabricação de queijo. Em particular, a enzima V. pubescens demonstrou os resultados mais promissores quando concentrações de 2 g/L, 4 g/L e 6 g/L foram usadas na produção de queijo fresco, enquanto outras espécies de enzimas apresentaram menor eficácia. O rendimento ideal do queijo fresco com o mínimo de enzima residual foi alcançado quando uma dose de 2 g/L da enzima papaína foi empregada a uma temperatura de coagulação de 30 °C, resultando em características físico-químicas e organolépticas comparáveis às produzidas com o coalho Hansen comercial. No entanto, um aumento na temperatura de coagulação (42 °C) e uma dose maior de enzima papaína (4 g/L) resultaram em uma redução no rendimento do queijo fresco e, consequentemente, a enzima residual aumentou. São necessários mais estudos para determinar a pureza da papaína liofilizada e a dosagem mais eficaz para aumentar a lucratividade para produtores e consumidores. Essas descobertas poderiam facilitar a aplicação ecológica dessa alternativa na produção de queijo fresco.

ABSTRACT In bodybuilding competitions, proportion, definition, symmetry and muscle volume are analyzed, which makes the tireless search for the perfect body by athletes, a dissatisfaction with body image. Therefore, this work aimed to develop and validate a specific silhouette scale for female and male bodybuilding athletes (Shape Scale), which took place in three phases. 1) Elaboration of eleven body image drawings that represented the competition categories; 2) Agreement (Kappa test) between national and international bodybuilding specialists/professionals in ordering the drawings in ascending and progressive order of muscularity; 3) Application and validation of the Shape Scale in active amateur and professional athletes affiliated to National and International Bodybuilding Federations in both sexes. 180 athletes (50 women and 130 men) participated in the research. The scale showed adequate temporal stability reliability (Kappa test-retest≥0.95). The instrument showed criterion validity by showing that athletes from different competition categories chose silhouettes compatible with their categories (p<0.001). Conclusion: the female and male Shape Scale showed evidence of reliability and validity for the sample, and can be used to assess satisfaction with the body image of bodybuilders from different categories.

RESUMO Nas competições de fisiculturismo são analisados a proporção, a definição, a simetria e o volume muscular, o que faz da incansável busca pelo corpo perfeito pelos atletas, uma insatisfação com a imagem corporal. Por isso, este trabalho objetivou-se em elaborar e validar uma escala de silhuetas específica para atletas de fisiculturismo feminino e masculino (Escala Shape), que aconteceu em três fases. 1) Elaboração de onze desenhos de imagem corporal que representassem as categorias de competição; 2) Concordância (teste de Kappa) entre especialistas/profissionais de fisiculturismo nacionais e internacionais na ordenação dos desenhos em ordem crescente e progressiva de muscularidade; 3) Aplicação e validação da Escala Shape em atletas amadores e profissionais ativos e filiados à Federações Nacionais e Internacionais de Fisiculturismo em ambos os sexos. Participaram da pesquisa 180 atletas (50 mulheres e130 homens). A escala apresentou adequada confiabilidade de estabilidade temporal (Kappa teste-reteste≥0,95). O instrumento apresentou validade de critério ao mostrar que atletas de categorias de competição distintas escolheram silhuetas compatíveis com suas categorias (p<0,001). Conclusão: a Escala Shape feminina e masculina apresentou evidências de confiabilidade e validade para a amostra, podendo ser utilizada para avaliar a satisfação com a imagem corporal de fisiculturistas de diferentes categorias.

ABSTRACT For a population of locate, Thaisella chocolata, in La Rinconada, Chile, on a grid of 39 stations distributed along three 910 m-long transects at depths of 5 to 18.5 m, Moran and Morisita indices were used to evaluate whether density variations along the depth distribution are related to the stratification of larger sizes at the beginning of their reproductive process. Results indicate that before, during, and after forming reproductive aggregations, there is a T. chocolata increase in density in the shallow stratum (5 to 13 m). This finding is corroborated by the Moran index, which showed a greater autocorrelation in January-May, September-October, and January 2010, and by the Morisita index; thus, it is validated as a potentially easy-to-use indicator for assessing the reproductive process of this species. This index could also alert fishermen to the prevalence of reproductive aggregations in an area and that these aggregations should not be exploited as is currently the case to ensure the reproductive success of this species.

SUMMARY: To compare the airway permeability and the size of the maxillary sinuses in relation to the skeletal class. 90 lateral skull radiographs were divided into 3 groups, comparing the 3 skeletal classes, which were determined with Steiner's ANB measurement, and these were once in two subgroups that were men and women, in any McNamara analysis was used for the analysis of airways and for the maxillary sinus area measurements were made an antero-posterior and cephalic-caudal. When comparing males with females, statistical significance was identified in the upper class II route (p=≤0,017), lower class III airway (p=≤0.006). At least skeletal classes in men, differences were identified in the upper airway in classes I vs III (p=≤0.05), lower in class I vs III (p=≤0.001) and II vs III (p=≤0.044). With respect to women, significance was identified in the upper airway when comparing class I vs II (p=≤0.043), lower airway in class II vs. III (p=≤0.05), maxillary sinus length to class I vs II (p=≤0.017). Between skeletal class I and class II, maxillary sinus size was shorter in length in skeletal class II women. Between class I and skeletal class III in men, a lower length was found in the upper and lower airways in class I. The airways were found to be smaller in class II subjects.

RESUMEN: Comparar la permeabilidad de las vías aéreas y el tamaño de los senos maxilares en relación con la clase esqueletal. se midieron 90 radiografías lateral de cráneo, divididas en 3 grupos, comparando las 3 clases esqueletales, las cuales se determinaron con la medida ANB de Steiner, y estas a su vez en dos subgrupos que fueron hombres y mujeres, en las cuales se utilizó el análisis de McNamara para el análisis de vías aéreas y para el área del seno maxilar se tomaron dos medidas una antero-posterior y cefálica-caudal. Al comparar los hombres con las mujeres se identificó significancia estadística en vía área superior de clase II (p=≤0.017), vía aérea inferior de clase III (p=≤0.006). Al comparar las clases esqueletales en hombres se identificó diferencias en la vía aérea superior en las clases I vs III (p=≤0.05), inferior en la clase I vs III (p=≤0,001) y II vs III (p=≤0.044). Con respecto a mujeres se identificó significancia en la vía aérea superior al comparar la clase I vs II (p=≤0,043), vía aérea inferior en la clase II vs III (p=≤0.05), longitud del seno maxilar al comparar clase I vs II (p=≤0.017). Entre la clase I esqueletal y la clase II, el tamaño de los senos maxilares resulto menor en longitud en las mujeres de clase II esqueletal. Entre la clase I y clase III esqueletal en hombres, se encontró una longitud menor en la vía aérea superior e inferior en la clase I. Las vías aéreas resultaron en menor tamaño en sujetos de clase II.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to evaluate ex vivo irrigating solutions effect under calcium and phosphates dentin ions, using them alone and combined. In this study 56 dentin discs where used. They were obtained from middle third of mandibular single-root premolars extracted for orthodontics reasons. Discs were randomly divided into 8 groups (n:7). Group I: Distilled water (DW), Group II: 1 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Group III: 17 % EDTA, Group IV: 5 % maleic acid (MA), Group V: 5 % acetic acid (AA), Group VI: 17 % EDTA + 1 % NaOCl, Group VII: 5 % MA + 1 % NaOCl, Group VIII: 5 % AA + 1 % NaOCl. Dentin segments were kept in contact with irrigating solutions at 37°C for 5 minutes, when used alone, or for 2.5 minutes when used combined. After that, calcium ions (using absorption atomic spectrometry) and phosphorus ions (by colorimetry Wienner Lab.) were determined. Results were expressed in mg/ml/g tissue. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey test. 5 % AA and 17 % EDTA eliminated similar concentrations of calcium and phosphates ions from dentin at 5 minutes exposure time, while 1 % NaOCl did not present statistical differences with control. 5 % MA eliminated significantly more calcium and phosphates ions than the rest of analyzed groups. Every tested solutions demineralized human dentin, but 5 % MA used for 5 minutes did it the most.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de soluciones de irrigación endodónticas solas y combinadas sobre iones calcio y fosfato de la dentina radicular ex vivo. Se emplearon 56 discos de dentina obtenidos del tercio medio radicular de premolares inferiores unirradiculares extraídos por razones ortodóncicas. Los discos se dividieron al azar en 8 grupos (n=7). Grupo I: agua destilada (AD), Grupo II: hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) 1 %, Grupo III: EDTA 17 %, Grupo IV: ácido maleico (AM) 5 %, Grupo V: ácido acético (AA) 5 %, Grupo VI: EDTA 17 % + NaClO 1 %, Grupo VII: AM 5 % + NaClO 1 %, Grupo VIII: AA 5 % + NaClO 1 %. Los segmentos de dentina permanecieron en contacto a 37° C durante 5 min y 2,5 minutos en cada solución cuando se usaron en forma sucesiva. Se determinó la concentración de iones calcio de las soluciones mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica y la concentración de iones fosfatos mediante colorimetría (Wienner Lab.). Los resultados se expresaron en mg/ml/gr de tejido. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó ANOVA y Test de Tukey. AA 5 % y EDTA 17 % se comportaron de manera similar utilizados solos durante 5 minutos, NaClO 1 % no mostró diferencias con el AD. AM 5 % eliminó significativamente más calcio y fosfato que todos los grupos. Todas las soluciones desmineralizaron la dentina, pero AM 5 % durante 5 min fue la solución que más afectó el componente inorgánico de la dentina.

Se presenta una recopilación de la historia de la apicultura, las principales enfermedades de las abejas, las vías para su control y el uso de los probióticos en el cuidado de estos insectos. Los probióticos son microorganismos vivos que cuando se consumen en cantidades adecuadas le confieren beneficios a la salud del huésped. Entre las bacterias más utilizadas con este fin, se encuentran las del género Bacillus y sus especies subtilis, que se destacan por su capacidad de fomentar el balance microbiano en el tracto gastrointestinal y modular el sistema inmune. Este desempeño resulta favorable para los procesos de digestión y absorción de nutrientes, además de que disminuye la incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas. Si bien existen evidencias del efecto probiótico, in vitro e in vivo, de esta especie en un grupo de animales de interés zootécnico, poco se conoce de su utilización en la apicultura.

A compilation of the apiculture history, main diseases of bees, ways for their control and the use of probiotics in the care of these insects is show. Probiotics are live microorganisms that when they are intake in adequate amounts they confer benefits to the host health. Among the most bacteria used with this purpose, are those from Bacillus genus and their species subtilis, which are highlighted due to their capacity of founded the microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract and modulate the immune system. This performance is favorable for the processes of digestion and nutrients absorption, in addition decrease the incidence of infectious diseases. If there is evidence of the probiotic effect, in vitro and in vivo, of this species in a group of animals of zoothecnical interest, few of their use in apiculture is know.

Resumen Introducción: El vitiligo es incurable, lentamente progresivo, su prevalencia varía de 0.4 a 2.0 %. La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) se refiere al bienestar autopercibido asociado a la presencia de una enfermedad y su tratamiento. Métodos: Estudio transversal en un centro dermatológico. Se incluyeron adultos con vitiligo no segmentario (VNS), en tanto que se excluyeron pacientes con otros trastornos pigmentarios y otros tipos de vitiligo. Se aplicó el cuestionario VitiQoL (0 = sin afectación, 90 = máxima afectación), el Vitiligo Extent Score (VES) y el Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI). Resultados: Participaron 492 pacientes, 63 % mujeres. Se obtuvieron 32.6 puntos de promedio en el VitiQoL (IC 95 % = 30.6-34.5). La autopercepción de gravedad y la CVRS se correlacionaron (r = 0.568, p < 0.001). La edad, el sexo femenino, la menor educación y la mayor gravedad autopercibida se asociaron a peor CVRS. La proporción de personas que reportaron una adicción fue similar en los grupos con peor y mejor CVRS (28 % versus 32 %, p = 0.23). Conclusión: La peor CVRS se explica por la autopercepción de gravedad, preocupación por la progresión de la enfermedad, aspecto de la piel y acciones necesarias para evitar la exposición al sol durante la recreación.

Abstract Introduction: Vitiligo is an incurable, slowly progressive skin condition, the prevalence of which ranges from 0.4 to 2.0%. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) refers to self-perceived well-being associated with the presence of a disease and its treatment. Methods: Cross-sectional study at a dermatological center. Adults with non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) were included, while patients with other pigmentary disorders and other types of vitiligo were excluded. The VitiQoL questionnaire (0 = no skin involvement, 90 = maximum skin involvement), the Vitiligo Extent Score (VES) and the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) were applied. Results: 492 patients did participate; 63% were women. An average score of 32.6 was obtained on VitiQoL (95% CI = 30.6-34.5). Self-perception of severity and HRQoL were correlated (r = 0.568, p < 0.001). Age, the female gender, lower education and higher self-perceived severity were associated with poorer HRQoL. The proportion of subjects who reported an addiction was similar in the worst and best HRQoL groups (28% vs. 32%, p = 0.23). Conclusion: Poorer HRQoL is explained by severity self-perception, concern about disease progression, appearance of the skin and necessary actions to avoid sun exposure during recreation.

ABSTRACT Artificial cultivation increases clams' availability and is an alternative to the extraction from natural banks. The culture of clams requires species-specific research in the different growth stages, and studies on the effects and interactions of culture parameters are essential to obtain and control the proper development of larvae. This paper aims to compare methods to induce spawning, describe the embryonic development, and compare the effect of different culture densities on the yield of "D" larvae of the "taca" clam Ameghinomya antiqua. Breeders were collected on the southwest coast of Quinchao Island, Chiloé, Chile. Spawning induction assays were performed comparing different combinations of biological and physical factors. Experiments on the effect of embryonic density in the obtention of "D" larvae were performed, and the embryonic development was described at 11 ± 1°C. The spawning inductions were successfully achieved with the addition of food combined with temperature changes, resulting in the liberation of oocytes with a jelly coat with a diameter of 140 μm. Trochophore larvae were observed at 40 h post-fertilization. The percentage of embryos developed showed significant differences when testing cultures with densities of 20, 40, and 60 embryos mL-1. Experiments with 20 embryos mL-1 density were the ones that obtained a greater number of developed embryos (50%). These results suggest spawning induction with the addition of food and temperature changes with a density of 20 embryos mL-1. This paper describes the embryonic development and technology development for spawning induction for the first time.

Resumen Objetivos: Determinar si los pacientes con cardiopatía chagásica (CCh) presentaron choques apropiados del desfibrilador automático implantable (DAI) de manera más precoz que los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica (CI). Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó los pacientes con CCh y CI en quienes se implantó un DAI entre los años 2009 y 2018 en un hospital de alta complejidad. El seguimiento se realizó hasta los 36 meses, evaluándose el momento del primer choque apropiado del dispositivo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 64 pacientes, 20 con CCh y 44 con CI. Se observó que una mayor proporción de pacientes con CCh presentaron choques apropiados durante el primer año (hazard ratio [HR]: 8.4; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2.09-34.02; p = 0.0027) y a 3 años (HR: 4.61; IC95%: 1.51-14.07; p = 0.0072). El 100% de la población con CCh e implante del DAI como prevención secundaria de muerte súbita presentaron choques apropiados durante los primeros 26 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con CCh presentaron choques apropiados del DAI de manera más precoz que los pacientes con CI. Todos los pacientes con CCh y DAI como prevención secundaria presentaron choques apropiados, representando una población de mayor riesgo. Esta información apoya la indicación del DAI en estos pacientes a pesar de la escasa evidencia en ensayos aleatorizados.

Abstract Objetives: To assess if patients with Chagasic heart disease (CHD) received effective automatic implantable defibrillator (AID) shocks earlier than patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: Retrospective cohort of patients with CHD and IHD who received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) between 2009 and 2018, in a tertiary hospital. We evaluated the time between the implant of ICD and the first effective shock in patients with CHD and compared it with the IHD control population. Results: We included a total of 64 patients, 20 with CHD and 44 with IHD. CHD patients presented earlier an effective shock than patients with IHD during the first year (hazard ratio [HR]: 8.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.09-34.02; p = 0.0027), and at three years (HR: 4.61; 95% CI: 1.51-14.07; p = 0.0072). 100% of CHD patients who received the ICD as secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death presented an effective shock during the first 26 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Patients with CHD received effective ICD shocks earlier than the IHD patients. All patients with CHD and ICD as secondary prevention had an appropriate ICD shock at short term, representing the highest risk population, and supporting the indication of the device in a setting where randomized clinical trials are lacking.

Objectives: Prior research has indicated that no increase in suicides occurred immediately following the declaration of the COVID-19 emergency in Mexico City. Here we examine longer-term overall suicide trends and trends according to basic demographic groups. Methods: We used interrupted time-series analysis to model trends in monthly suicides before COVID-19 (January 1, 2010 to March 31, 2020), comparing the expected number of suicides both overall and according to age and sex with the observed number of suicides for the remainder of 2020 (April 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020). Results: There was an overall increase in suicides during the first 9 months of the pandemic, with a rate ratio of 2.07 (1.86-2.31). The increase began in the early months of the pandemic and remained stable and high after June 2020. Men and women, younger people (< 45) and older people (≥ 45) were affected. The increase was especially high among older women (RR = 3.33; 2.04-5.15). Conclusions: The increase in suicides in Mexico City is worrying and highlights the need to strengthen economic development, mental health, and well-being programs. Suicides among older women should be closely monitored. There is an urgent need to expand primary health care services to include robust suicide prevention and treatment options.