ABSTRACT In bodybuilding competitions, proportion, definition, symmetry and muscle volume are analyzed, which makes the tireless search for the perfect body by athletes, a dissatisfaction with body image. Therefore, this work aimed to develop and validate a specific silhouette scale for female and male bodybuilding athletes (Shape Scale), which took place in three phases. 1) Elaboration of eleven body image drawings that represented the competition categories; 2) Agreement (Kappa test) between national and international bodybuilding specialists/professionals in ordering the drawings in ascending and progressive order of muscularity; 3) Application and validation of the Shape Scale in active amateur and professional athletes affiliated to National and International Bodybuilding Federations in both sexes. 180 athletes (50 women and 130 men) participated in the research. The scale showed adequate temporal stability reliability (Kappa test-retest≥0.95). The instrument showed criterion validity by showing that athletes from different competition categories chose silhouettes compatible with their categories (p<0.001). Conclusion: the female and male Shape Scale showed evidence of reliability and validity for the sample, and can be used to assess satisfaction with the body image of bodybuilders from different categories. competitions proportion definition analyzed Therefore Scale, , Scale) phases 1 2 Kappa test specialistsprofessionals specialists professionals muscularity 3 sexes 18 50 (5 13 men research testretest≥0.95. testretest095 testretest retest≥0.95 . retest 0 95 test-retest≥0.95) p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 001 (p<0.001) Conclusion sample 5 ( testretest≥0.95 testretest09 retest095 retest≥0.9 9 test-retest≥0.95 p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 testretest≥0.9 testretest0 retest09 retest≥0. test-retest≥0.9 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 testretest≥0. retest0 retest≥0 test-retest≥0. p0 p<0. (p<0.0 testretest≥0 retest≥ test-retest≥0 p<0 (p<0. testretest≥ test-retest≥ p< (p<0 test-retest (p< (p

RESUMO Nas competições de fisiculturismo são analisados a proporção, a definição, a simetria e o volume muscular, o que faz da incansável busca pelo corpo perfeito pelos atletas, uma insatisfação com a imagem corporal. Por isso, este trabalho objetivou-se em elaborar e validar uma escala de silhuetas específica para atletas de fisiculturismo feminino e masculino (Escala Shape), que aconteceu em três fases. 1) Elaboração de onze desenhos de imagem corporal que representassem as categorias de competição; 2) Concordância (teste de Kappa) entre especialistas/profissionais de fisiculturismo nacionais e internacionais na ordenação dos desenhos em ordem crescente e progressiva de muscularidade; 3) Aplicação e validação da Escala Shape em atletas amadores e profissionais ativos e filiados à Federações Nacionais e Internacionais de Fisiculturismo em ambos os sexos. Participaram da pesquisa 180 atletas (50 mulheres e130 homens). A escala apresentou adequada confiabilidade de estabilidade temporal (Kappa teste-reteste≥0,95). O instrumento apresentou validade de critério ao mostrar que atletas de categorias de competição distintas escolheram silhuetas compatíveis com suas categorias (p<0,001). Conclusão: a Escala Shape feminina e masculina apresentou evidências de confiabilidade e validade para a amostra, podendo ser utilizada para avaliar a satisfação com a imagem corporal de fisiculturistas de diferentes categorias. proporção definição muscular isso objetivouse objetivou se Shape, , Shape) fases 1 2 teste Kappa especialistasprofissionais especialistas muscularidade 3 sexos 18 50 (5 e13 homens. homens . homens) testereteste≥0,95. testereteste095 testereteste reteste≥0,95 reteste 0 95 teste-reteste≥0,95) p<0,001. p0001 p p<0,001 001 (p<0,001) Conclusão amostra 5 ( e1 testereteste≥0,95 testereteste09 reteste095 reteste≥0,9 9 teste-reteste≥0,95 p000 p<0,00 00 (p<0,001 testereteste≥0,9 testereteste0 reteste09 reteste≥0, teste-reteste≥0,9 p00 p<0,0 (p<0,00 testereteste≥0, reteste0 reteste≥0 teste-reteste≥0, p0 p<0, (p<0,0 testereteste≥0 reteste≥ teste-reteste≥0 p<0 (p<0, testereteste≥ teste-reteste≥ p< (p<0 teste-reteste (p< (p

Resumen Introducción: El vitiligo es incurable, lentamente progresivo, su prevalencia varía de 0.4 a 2.0 %. La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) se refiere al bienestar autopercibido asociado a la presencia de una enfermedad y su tratamiento. Métodos: Estudio transversal en un centro dermatológico. Se incluyeron adultos con vitiligo no segmentario (VNS), en tanto que se excluyeron pacientes con otros trastornos pigmentarios y otros tipos de vitiligo. Se aplicó el cuestionario VitiQoL (0 = sin afectación, 90 = máxima afectación), el Vitiligo Extent Score (VES) y el Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI). Resultados: Participaron 492 pacientes, 63 % mujeres. Se obtuvieron 32.6 puntos de promedio en el VitiQoL (IC 95 % = 30.6-34.5). La autopercepción de gravedad y la CVRS se correlacionaron (r = 0.568, p < 0.001). La edad, el sexo femenino, la menor educación y la mayor gravedad autopercibida se asociaron a peor CVRS. La proporción de personas que reportaron una adicción fue similar en los grupos con peor y mejor CVRS (28 % versus 32 %, p = 0.23). Conclusión: La peor CVRS se explica por la autopercepción de gravedad, preocupación por la progresión de la enfermedad, aspecto de la piel y acciones necesarias para evitar la exposición al sol durante la recreación.

Abstract Introduction: Vitiligo is an incurable, slowly progressive skin condition, the prevalence of which ranges from 0.4 to 2.0%. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) refers to self-perceived well-being associated with the presence of a disease and its treatment. Methods: Cross-sectional study at a dermatological center. Adults with non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) were included, while patients with other pigmentary disorders and other types of vitiligo were excluded. The VitiQoL questionnaire (0 = no skin involvement, 90 = maximum skin involvement), the Vitiligo Extent Score (VES) and the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) were applied. Results: 492 patients did participate; 63% were women. An average score of 32.6 was obtained on VitiQoL (95% CI = 30.6-34.5). Self-perception of severity and HRQoL were correlated (r = 0.568, p < 0.001). Age, the female gender, lower education and higher self-perceived severity were associated with poorer HRQoL. The proportion of subjects who reported an addiction was similar in the worst and best HRQoL groups (28% vs. 32%, p = 0.23). Conclusion: Poorer HRQoL is explained by severity self-perception, concern about disease progression, appearance of the skin and necessary actions to avoid sun exposure during recreation.

Abstract Objetives: To assess if patients with Chagasic heart disease (CHD) received effective automatic implantable defibrillator (AID) shocks earlier than patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: Retrospective cohort of patients with CHD and IHD who received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) between 2009 and 2018, in a tertiary hospital. We evaluated the time between the implant of ICD and the first effective shock in patients with CHD and compared it with the IHD control population. Results: We included a total of 64 patients, 20 with CHD and 44 with IHD. CHD patients presented earlier an effective shock than patients with IHD during the first year (hazard ratio [HR]: 8.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.09-34.02; p = 0.0027), and at three years (HR: 4.61; 95% CI: 1.51-14.07; p = 0.0072). 100% of CHD patients who received the ICD as secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death presented an effective shock during the first 26 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Patients with CHD received effective ICD shocks earlier than the IHD patients. All patients with CHD and ICD as secondary prevention had an appropriate ICD shock at short term, representing the highest risk population, and supporting the indication of the device in a setting where randomized clinical trials are lacking.

Resumen Objetivos: Determinar si los pacientes con cardiopatía chagásica (CCh) presentaron choques apropiados del desfibrilador automático implantable (DAI) de manera más precoz que los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica (CI). Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó los pacientes con CCh y CI en quienes se implantó un DAI entre los años 2009 y 2018 en un hospital de alta complejidad. El seguimiento se realizó hasta los 36 meses, evaluándose el momento del primer choque apropiado del dispositivo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 64 pacientes, 20 con CCh y 44 con CI. Se observó que una mayor proporción de pacientes con CCh presentaron choques apropiados durante el primer año (hazard ratio [HR]: 8.4; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2.09-34.02; p = 0.0027) y a 3 años (HR: 4.61; IC95%: 1.51-14.07; p = 0.0072). El 100% de la población con CCh e implante del DAI como prevención secundaria de muerte súbita presentaron choques apropiados durante los primeros 26 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con CCh presentaron choques apropiados del DAI de manera más precoz que los pacientes con CI. Todos los pacientes con CCh y DAI como prevención secundaria presentaron choques apropiados, representando una población de mayor riesgo. Esta información apoya la indicación del DAI en estos pacientes a pesar de la escasa evidencia en ensayos aleatorizados.

Objectives: Prior research has indicated that no increase in suicides occurred immediately following the declaration of the COVID-19 emergency in Mexico City. Here we examine longer-term overall suicide trends and trends according to basic demographic groups. Methods: We used interrupted time-series analysis to model trends in monthly suicides before COVID-19 (January 1, 2010 to March 31, 2020), comparing the expected number of suicides both overall and according to age and sex with the observed number of suicides for the remainder of 2020 (April 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020). Results: There was an overall increase in suicides during the first 9 months of the pandemic, with a rate ratio of 2.07 (1.86-2.31). The increase began in the early months of the pandemic and remained stable and high after June 2020. Men and women, younger people (< 45) and older people (≥ 45) were affected. The increase was especially high among older women (RR = 3.33; 2.04-5.15). Conclusions: The increase in suicides in Mexico City is worrying and highlights the need to strengthen economic development, mental health, and well-being programs. Suicides among older women should be closely monitored. There is an urgent need to expand primary health care services to include robust suicide prevention and treatment options.

SUMMARY: The efficient establishment of nodal segments during the micropropagation of Guadua angustifolia is limited by factors such as the high percentage of microbial contamination and necrosis due to the exudation of phenols. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of different concentrations of two broad-spectrum biocides (Germon and PPMTM) and the consistency of the culture medium (liquid and semi-solid) on the response to the in vitro establishment of G. angustifolia The experiment was established under a completely randomized design (DCA) with factorial arrangement. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance and Duncan's test (P ≤ 0.05). Results indicate that the explants treated with 1 mL L-1 of Germon 80 for 10 min had a lower percentage of oxidation, although to reduce microbial contamination it is necessary to increase the disinfection time and the concentration of the disinfectant agent. On the other hand, the addition of 2 mL L-1 of Plant Preservative Mixture (PPMTM) to the culture medium allowed improving the control of endophytic contaminants, favoring the efficient development and elongation of axillary shoots. Regarding the culture media, it can be mentioned that the use of liquid medium generally led to better responses in the in vitro establishment of the explants.

RESUMEN: El establecimiento eficiente de segmentos nodales durante la micropropagación de Guadua angustifolia, está limitado por factores como el elevado porcentaje de contaminación microbiana y la necrosis, producto de la exudación de fenoles. Por ello, el estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar el efecto conjunto de dos biocidas - los explantes fueron pretratados con diferentes concentraciones Germon 80 (amonio cuaternario) durante dos tiempos de inmersión, y luego se cultivaron en medio de cultivo (líquido y semisólido) con diferentes dosis de mezcla conservante de plantas (PPMTM) - sobre la respuesta al establecimiento in vitro de G. angustifolia. El experimento se estableció bajo un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con arreglo factorial y los datos se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y la prueba de Duncan (P ≤ 0,05). Los resultados indican que los explantes tratados con 1 mL L-1 de Germon 80 durante 10 min presentaron menor porcentaje de oxidación, pero para reducir la contaminación microbiana es necesario incrementar el tiempo de desinfección y la concentración del agente desinfectante. La adición de 2 mL L-1 de PPMTM al medio de cultivo permitió reducirlos contaminantes endófitos, favoreciendo el eficiente desarrollo y elongación de brotes axilares. El uso de medio líquido condujo a mejores respuestas en el establecimiento in vitro de los explantes.

Abstract Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) represents a major health issue and ~20% of the patients require in-hospital attention. The main objective of the study was to determine clinical-imaging features of CAP episodes requiring hospitalization. The secondary objectives were to determine the diagnostic yield of microbiological analyses and the medical complications. A retrospective analytical study was conducted on adults admitted due to CAP in a third-level hospital in the period 2017-2019. Pregnant women were excluded. A total of 340 CAP episodes were identified in 321 patients; the median age was 75 years old (interquartile range 57-85). The most frequent risk factors were immunocompromise 102 (30%), neurological disease 75 (22%), and chronic kidney disease 58 (17%). According to three prognostic scores, CURB65, qSOFA and PSI/PORT, 216 (63.5%), 290 (83.5%) and 130 (38%) patients were identified as low risk, respectively. A total of 49 (14.4%) episodes required admission at the critical care unit and 39 (11.5%) required mechanical ventilation; 30 patients (8.8%) died during hospitalization. The radiologic patterns most frequently found were consolidation in 134 (39.4%), interstitial-alveolar pattern in 98 (28.8%), and the combination of both patterns in 67 (19.7%) episodes. Identification of the causal agent was achieved in 79 (23.2%) episodes. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were influenza virus in 37 (10.9%) episodes and Streptococcus pneumoniae in 11 (3.2%). Most of the hospitalized CAP patients were elderly with consolidative radiological patterns. The causal agent could be identified in less than a quarter of the patients, with the influenza test being the method with the highest diagnostic yield.

Resumen La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) representa un importante problema sanitario y ~20% de los pacientes requiere hospitalización. El objetivo principal del trabajo fue determinar las características clínico-imagenológicas de los episodios de NAC que requirieron internación. Los objetivos secundarios fueron determinar el rédito diagnóstico de los estudios microbiológicos e identificar las complicaciones. Realizamos un estudio analítico retrospectivo en un hospital de tercer nivel durante el período 2017-2019, en adultos admitidos por NAC, excluyendo embarazadas. Identificamos 340 episodios en 321 pacientes, la mediana de edad fue 75 años (rango intercuartil 57-85). Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron inmunocompromiso (30%), enfermedad neurológica (22%) y enfermedad renal crónica (17%). Según tres scores pronósticos de gravedad, CURB65, qSOFA y PSI/PORT, 216 (63.5%), 290 (85.3%) y 130 (38%) episodios fueron identificados como de bajo riesgo, respectivamente. Del total de los episodios, 49 (14.4%) requirieron internación en unidad de cuidados intensivos, 39 (11.5%) ventilación mecánica y se registraron 30 (8.8%) muertes durante la hospitalización. Los patrones de imagen más frecuentes fueron consolidativo en 134 (39.4%), intersticio-alveolar en 98 (28.8%) y mixto entre ambos patrones en 67 (19.7%) episodios. Identificamos el agente causal en 79 (23.2%) episodios. Los microorganismos aislados más frecuentemente fueron influenza en 37 (10.9%) y Streptococcus pneumoniae en 11 (3.2%). La mayoría de los episodios afectaron pacientes ancianos y el principal patrón radiológico fue el consolidativo. El agente causal se pudo identificar en uno de cada cuatro episodios y el método con mayor rédito diagnóstico fue el test para influenza.

Abstract Retroperitoneal extragonadal teratomas are rare entities that affect both sexes. They represent less than 5% of germline tumors. There are no exact incidence data in Mexico. Extragonadal germ tumors are malignant tumors that arise from embryonic precursors known as primordial germ cells, because they arise from stem cells they can exhibit a wide range of histologies. Treatment is based on surgery with complete resection and chemotherapy. In our case, we present a 30-year-old female patient who presented a mixed retroperitoneal extragonadal teratoma that required surgery followed by chemotherapy.

Resumen Los teratomas extragonadales (TEG) de localización retroperitoneal son entidades raras que afectan a ambos sexos. Representan menos del 5% de los tumores germinales. No existe datos exactos de incidencia en México. Los tumores germinales extragonadales son tumores malignos que surgen de precursores embrionarios conocidos como células germinales primordiales, debido a que surgen de células pluripotenciales pueden exhibir una amplia gama de histologías. El tratamiento se basa en la cirugía con resección completa y quimioterapia. En nuestro caso presentamos una paciente de sexo femenino de 30 años que presentó un TEG mixto en retroperitoneo que ameritó cirugía inicial seguida de quimioterapia.

Abstract Silvopastoral systems constitute sustainable production systems and also an alternative that not only serves to mitigate the effect of climate change, but also to adapt to it. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of silvopastoral arrangements with Alnus acuminata (trees in alleys, scattered trees in paddocks, living fences) on environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity. The evaluations were carried out in four locations in the district of Molinopampa (Molinopampa, Santa Cruz del Tingo, Pumahermana and Ocol), Amazonas region (Peru); during the period from November 2016 to October 2017. Sixteen paddocks with homogeneity in age and density of trees, and fodder component, established under a randomized complete blocks design, were considered. The data were recorded with a frequency of four hours and processed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests in pairs (p <0.05). The results show the existence of statistical differences for temperature and relative humidity of the silvopastoral and open field systems. Arrangements with trees in alleys registered less variation of temperature and relative humidity of the air, allowing to generate a favorable microclimate for the development of the forage component and the comfort of the livestock; they also minimize the effect of climate change.

Resumen Los sistemas silvopastoriles constituyen sistemas de producción sostenible y también una alternativa que no solo sirve para mitigar el efecto del cambio climático, sino tambien para adaptarse a este. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de arreglos silvopastoriles con Alnus acuminata (árboles en callejones, árboles dispersos en potreros, cercas vivas) sobre los factores ambientales como la temperatura y humedad relativa. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en cuatro localidades del distrito de Molinopampa (Molinopampa, Santa Cruz del Tingo, Pumahermana y Ocol), región Amazonas (Perú), durante el periodo de noviembre del 2016 a octubre del 2017. Se consideraron 16 potreros con homogeniedad en edad y densidad de árboles, y componente forrajero, establecidos bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Los datos se registraron con una frecuencia de cuatro horas y se procesaron mediante las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y U de Mann-Whitney por pares (p<0,05). Los resultados muestran la existencia de diferencias estadísticas para la temperatura y la humedad de los arreglos silvopastoriles y sistema a campo abierto. Los arreglos con árboles en callejones registraron menor variación de temperatura y humedad relativa del aire permitiendo generar un microclima favorable para el desarrollo del componente forrajero y el confort del ganado; asimismo, minimizan el efecto del cambio climático.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to identify the different interspecific relationships that universities face with their stakeholders through the use of the methodology of development of biological metaphors. Universities recognize the importance of their relationships with their interest groups because their prestige and recognition depend largely on these groups. The results show that these relationships can be associated with the interspecific relationships that occur at the biological level. Mutualism, which can be called “win-win,” is observed in the relationships between the university and its students, professors, administrative officials, and the private and public sector. Parasitism can be generated from within by various groups with individual interest. In conclusion, biological metaphoric models can be applied to the management of interspecific relationships by universities and their interest groups.

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo identificar las diferentes relaciones interespecíficas a las que se enfrentan las universidades con sus grupos de interés, a través del uso de la metodología del desarrollo de metáforas biológicas. Las universidades conscientes de su misión reconocen la importancia de las relaciones con sus grupos de interés porque de ellas depende en gran medida su prestigio y reconocimiento. Se encontró que estas relaciones pueden asociarse con las interespecíficas que se dan a nivel biológico. El mutualismo, que puede llamarse “gana-gana”, se observa en las relaciones entre la universidad y los estudiantes, los profesores, los funcionarios administrativos, y el sector privado y público; y el parasitismo, que puede ser generado desde adentro por varios grupos con interés individual. Se concluye que los modelos metafóricos biológicos son aplicables en la gestión de las relaciones interespecíficas de las universidades con sus grupos de interés.

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of introducing Xpert as a follow-on test after smear microscopy on the total number pulmonary TB notifications. Method Genexpert systems were installed in six departments across Guatemala, and Xpert was indicated as a follow-on test for people with smear-negative results. We analyzed notifications to national tuberculosis (TB) programmes (NTP) and the project's laboratory data to assess coverage of the intervention and case detection yield. Changes in quarterly TB notifications were analyzed using a simple pre/post comparison and a regression model controlling for secular notification trends. Using a mix of project and NTP data we estimated the theoretical yield of the intervention if testing coverage achieved 100%. Results Over 18,000 smear-negative individuals were eligible for Xpert testing during the intervention period. Seven thousand, one hundred and ninety-three people (39.6% of those eligible) were tested on Xpert resulting in the detection of 199 people with smear-negative, Xpert positive results (2.8% positivity rate). In the year before testing began 1098 people with smear positive and 195 people with smear negative results were notified in the six intervention departments. During the intervention, smear-positive notification remained roughly stable (1090 individuals, 0.7%), but smear-negative notifications increased by 167 individuals (85.6%) to an all-time high of 362. After controlling for secular notifications trends over an eight-quarter pre-intervention period, combined pulmonary TB notifications (both smear positive and negative) were 19% higher than trend predictions. If Xpert testing coverage approached 100% of those eligible, we estimate there would have been a + 41% increase in TB notifications. Conclusions We measured a large gain in pulmonary notifications through the introduction of Xpert testing alone. This indicates a large number of people with TB in Guatemala are seeking health care and being tested, yet are not diagnosed or treated because they lack bacteriological confirmation. Wider use of more sensitive TB diagnostics and/or improvements in the number of people clinically diagnosed with TB have the potential to significantly increase TB notifications in this setting, and potentially in other settings where a low proportion of pulmonary notifications are clinically diagnosed.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el impacto en la notificación de casos de tuberculosis pulmonar de la introducción de Xpert como prueba de continuación después del análisis microscópico. Método Se instalaron sistemas Genexpert es seis departamentos de Guatemala y se indicó como prueba consecutiva en todos los resultados negativos en la baciloscopia microscópica. Se analizaron los datos del Programa Nacional y los del laboratorio del proyecto para medir la cobertura y la productividad en detección de casos. Las notificaciones trimestrales se compararon con los valores anteriores a la intervención y se adoptó un modelo de regresión para controlar por las tendencias temporales. Se estimó la contribución teórica de la intervención en términos de notificación si se obtuviera una cobertura del 100%. Resultados Durante el período de intervención, más de 18.000 personas con baciloscopia negativa fueron elegibles en los seis departamentos. El esputo de 7193 (36,9%) de ellos fue analizado también por Xpert y se detectaron 199 personas con baciloscopia negativa y Xpert positivo (positividad: 2,8%). En el año anterior a la intervención se notificaron 1098 casos de tuberculosis pulmonar y baciloscopia positiva, y 195 con baciloscopia negativa. Durante la intervención, la notificación de casos con baciloscopia positiva se mantuvo estable (1090 personas, 0,7%), pero las notificaciones con baciloscopia negativa, que incluía los casos con baciloscopia negativa y Xpert positivo, aumentó en 167 casos (85,6%), llegando a los 362 casos. Después de controlar por la tendencia temporal de notificación en los ocho trimestres anteriores, la notificación de tuberculosis pulmonar (con baciloscopia positiva o no) fue un 19% mayor que las predicciones de la tendencia. Si la cobertura de Xpert se acercase al 100%, se estima que se habría producido un incremento del 41% en las notificaciones. Conclusiones Se identifica un importante aumento de las notificaciones de tuberculosis pulmonar solo con la introducción de Xpert. Ello indica que un número importante de personas con tuberculosis en Guatemala son atendidos por los servicios de salud y son sometidos a bacteriología microscópica, pero no son diagnosticados ni tratados porque no disponen de confirmación bacteriológica. La utilización de técnicas diagnósticas más sensibles o la mejora en el diagnóstico clínico tienen potencial para aumentar significativamente las notificaciones de tuberculosis pulmonar en esta zona y en cualquier otro lugar donde exista una proporción baja de diagnósticos clínicos no confirmados por microscopía.

Friction factor is a crucial parameter in assessing and modelling ventilation systems in underground mining. However, the development of a mine along its life-cycle can complicate the airflow supply required at the working faces, creating setbacks in terms of productivity and production. Hence, it is very important to determine all the ventilation parameters, including roughness and the friction factor. In this paper we examine the data from several surveys that were carried out in two potash mines (both using the room-and-pillar method) with the aim of determining the friction factors through the Von Kármán equation, which connects the Atkinson friction factor with airway roughness. Comparison of the two mines provided consistent results, despite some differences in the mining methods, and we were able to establish standard values for this type of mining. Furthermore, a roughness variation over a year in this type of evaporitic mining has been determined, indicating that the specific climate characteristics of the zone affect the walls and roofs of the tunnels and therefore their roughness. Friction factor values have also been validated by means of several ventilation simulations and contrasted with values in the literature.

ABSTRACT Astaxanthin is an essential micronutrient that regulates shrimp physiology, acting as a free radical scavenger, increasing stress resistance, and enhancing the immune response, improving growth and survival in farm-raised organisms. Despite this, accumulation of astaxanthin has not been evaluated regarding rearing conditions of shrimp. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of rearing conditions (extensive vs. hyperintensive) in the accumulation of astaxanthin in tissues of shrimp Penaeus vannamei, using wild juveniles as a reference of the levels of astaxanthin present in the natural environment. The main oxycarotenoid found was astaxanthin, which was mostly accumulated in hepatopancreas (>90%) in esterified form, while mostly free astaxanthin was found in exoskeleton and muscle (<60%). Comparing wild and reared shrimp, the content of esterified astaxanthin was significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp reared under extensive conditions (191.45 ± 23.08 μg g−1) followed by wild shrimp (144.08 ± 13.92 μg g−1), while low values (3 ± 1 μg g−1) were found in shrimp reared under hyper-intensive conditions. Astaxanthin levels found in farm-raised shrimp were not explained by commercial feeds, since no astaxanthin (only traces of its chemical precursor p-carotene), was found in the six different commercial feeds analyzed for rearing shrimp. Thus, the results may be explained by primary productivity (i.e., phytoplankton) that is consumed as natural food by shrimp in the ponds of farming systems, or by the effect of specific rearing conditions on the microbiota associated with carotenogenesis in the gut of shrimp. In any case, commercial feeds should fulfill all nutritional requirements for shrimp, particularly under stressful conditions as it occurs in hyper-intensive farming.