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au:Noldin, Jose Alberto

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Environmental conditions affect herbicide selectivity on paddy rice in Southern Brazil
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Martini, Luiz Fernando Dias

; Fipke, Marcus Vinícius

; Noldin, José Alberto

; Roma-Burgos, Nilda

; Piveta, Leonard Bonilha

; Moura, Diogo Silva

; Benedetti, Lariza

; Schreiber, Fabio

; Scherner, Ananda

; Avila, Luis Antonio de

Ciência Rural

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2023, Volume 53 N. 4 elocation e20210671

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO: A produtividade do arroz no Sul do Brasil aumentou linearmente ao longo dos anos. A semeadura no início da janela é o principal contribuinte para o aumento da produtividade do arroz no sul do Brasil. No entanto, essa prática pode expor as plântulas de arroz ao estresse por baixa temperatura, aumentando os danos do herbicida e reduzindo a produtividade do arroz. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de épocas de semeadura na seletividade de herbicidas em caracteres agronômicos do arroz. Conduzimos experimentos de campo durante as safras 2010/11 e 2011/12 em Capão do Leão, RS, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados completos com arranjo fatorial. O fator A foram a semeadura-precoce (em setembro) e a semeadura-tardia (em novembro); o fator B foram os tratamentos com herbicidas (bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl, penoxsulam, metsulfuron-methyl e controle - sem herbicida). A resposta do arroz aos tratamentos com herbicidas diferiu entre os anos. Em 2010/11, o bispyribac-sodium, o penoxsulam e o metsulfuron-methyl prejudicaram o arroz apenas na semeadura-precoce. Em ambos os anos, a semeadura precoce do arroz promoveu maior potencial de rendimento, apesar dos danos dos herbicidas. As injúrias causadas pelos herbicidas bispyribac-sodium, penoxsulam e metsulfuron-methyl foram transitórias, não acarretando em perdas de produtividade. A temperatura fria próxima a aplicação aumenta a injúria dos herbicidas ALS.

ABSTRACT: Rice yield in Southern Brazil has increased linearly over the years. Early season sowing is the primary contributor to rice yield increase in Southern Brazil. However, that practice might expose rice seedlings to the risk of low-temperature stress, which can enhance herbicide injury and reduce rice yield. This research evaluated the effect of sowing dates on herbicide selectivity and agronomical rice traits. We conducted field experiments during the 2010/11 and 2011/12 growing seasons in Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with a factorial arrangement. Factor A was early-sowed (in September) and late-sowed (in November); factor B was herbicide treatment (bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl penoxsulam, metsulfuron-methyl, and nontreated check). Rice response to herbicide treatments differed between years. In 2010/11, bispyribac-sodium, penoxsulam, and metsulfuron-methyl injured rice only on early-sowed. In both years, early sowing rice promoted higher yield potential despite herbicide injury. The injury caused by the herbicides bispyribac-sodium, penoxsulam and metsulfurom-methyl was transient did not lead to yield losses. Cold temperature close the application increases the injury of ALS herbicides.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210671

SCSBRS126 Dueto: irrigated rice variety resilient to cold and heat at reproductive stage SCSBRS SCSBRS12 Dueto SCSBRS1
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Marschalek, Rubens

; Souza, Natalia Maria de

; Terres, Laerte Reis

; Sangoi, Luis

; Oliveira, Douglas George de

; Stürmer, Francieli Weber

; Colombari-Filho, José Manoel

; Scheuermann, Klaus Konrad

; Vale, Marcos Lima Campos do

; Andrade, Alexander de

; Pereira, Adriana

; Wickert, Ester

; Silva, Debora Lainy

; Rebelo, Andrey Martinez

; Facchinello, Paulo Henrique Karling

; Magalhães Junior, Ariano Martins de

; Verdi, Ricieri

; Hickel, Eduardo Rodrigues

; Noldin, José Alberto

; Trabaquini, Kleber

; Rozzetto, Diane Simon

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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2023, Volume 23 N. 3 elocation e45492335

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract SCSBRS126 Dueto is a late-maturing high yield performing cultivar released by Epagri/Embrapa/Udesc. It has high tillering capacity, but poor resistance to lodging, medium resistance to blast, with long, slender grains and good sensory/cooking traits, and it has lower sterility under cold stress at microsporogenesis/anthesis and under heat at anthesis. SCSBRS SCSBRS12 latematuring late maturing EpagriEmbrapaUdesc Epagri Embrapa Udesc Epagri/Embrapa/Udesc capacity lodging blast long sensorycooking sensory cooking traits microsporogenesisanthesis microsporogenesis anthesis SCSBRS1

https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332023v23n3c28

SCS125: new paddy rice cultivar
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Marschalek, Rubens

; Wickert, Ester

; Andrade, Alexander de

; Terres, Laerte Reis

; Scheuermann, Klaus Konrad

; Oliveira, Douglas George de

; Noldin, José Alberto

; Vale, Marcos Lima Campos do

; Lucietti, Donato

; Hickel, Eduardo Rodrigues

; Pereira, Adriana

; Massignam, Angelo Mendes

; Ricce, Willian da Silva

; Silva, Debora Lainy

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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2021, Volume 21 N. 3 elocation e36912134

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract: SCS125 is a late-maturing cultivar with a normal plant type, good resistance to lodging, resistance to blast, high yield, grains with long-thin shape, and good sensory and cooking properties either for parboiling or white rice. SCS125 has better yield and milling quality than SCS116 Satoru and SCS122 Miura.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332021v21n3c43 13 downloads

SCS124 Sardo: Brazilian rice cultivar with excellent milling quality
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Marschalek, Rubens

; Wickert, Ester

; Scheuermann, Klaus Konrad

; Terres, Laerte Reis

; Noldin, José Alberto

; Hickel, Eduardo Rodrigues

; Vale, Marcos Lima Campos do

; Andrade, Alexander de

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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2020, Volume 20 N. 1 elocation e28212017

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract SCS124 Sardo is a medium-maturing cultivar with an upright growth habit; intermediate lodging tolerance; moderate blast resistance; high grain yield potential; and long, thin grains with excellent cooking and sensory quality, especially for white milled rice. It is suitable for parboiling and recommended for all regions of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332020v20n1c7 738 downloads

SCS122 Miura - New Rice Cultivar
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Marschalek, Rubens

; Noldin, Jose Alberto

; Wickert, Ester

; Scheuermann, Klaus Konrad

; Schiocchet, Moacir Antonio

; Eberhardt, Domingos Savio

; Knoblauch, Ronaldir

; Hickel, Eduardo

; Martins, Gabriela Neves

; Raimondi, Juliana Vieira

; Andrade, Alexander de

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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sep 2017, Volume 17 N. 3 Pages 292 - 294

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract The rice cultivar SCS122 Miura has modern architecture, lodging resistance, late maturity cycle, moderate resistance to blast, high yield potential, long grains and adequate cooking quality. Industrial tests have demonstrated that the grains are suitable for parboiled rice. SCS122 Miura is recommended for all rice-producer regions of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332017v17n3c44 566 downloads

Leaching and residual activity of imidazolinone herbicides in lowland soils
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Refatti, João Paulo

; Avila, Luis Antonio de

; Noldin, José Alberto

; Pacheco, Igor

; Pestana, Rodrigo Ribeiro

Ciência Rural

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2017, Volume 47 N. 5 elocation e20160705

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO: Os herbicidas utilizados no sistema Clearfield® de produção de arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.) apresentam potencial de lixiviação. Isso pode causar contaminação de mananciais hídricos subterrâneos e fitotoxicidade as culturas não tolerantes semeadas em sucessão e/ou rotação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o potencial de lixiviação e o efeito residual dos herbicidas utilizados no sistema Clearfield® de arroz irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido durante dois anos e consistiu da realização de dois bioensaio com diferença de um ano entre a implantação dos mesmos. Inicialmente foi instalado o experimento em área de várzea onde foi semeada a cultivar de arroz ‘Puitá INTA CL’ em área de várzea. Aproximadamente um e dois anos após, foram coletadas amostras de solo de cada parcela, em intervalos de 5cm até a profundidade de 30cm (fator B) para a realização do bioensaio a fim de avaliar persistência dos herbicidas. O fator A foi constituído pelas misturas formuladas imazethapyr + imazapic (75 + 25g i.a. L-1), imazapyr + imazapic (525 + 175g i.a. kg-1) em duas doses, imazethapyr (100g i.a. L-1) e um tratamento testemunha sem aplicação. Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que as misturas imazethapyr + imazapic, imazapyr + imazapic e imazethapyr lixiviam no solo, atingindo profundidades de até 25cm em solo de várzea. Os herbicidas imidazolinonas, hoje utilizados no sistema Clearfiel® de arroz irrigado, são persistentes no solo podendo seus efeitos fitotóxicos serem observados até dois anos após sua aplicação.

ABSTRACT: Herbicides used in the Clearfield® rice (Oryza sativa L.) production system have a potential for leaching. This can result in contamination of underground water resources and cause injury to not tolerant crops that are sown in a succession and/or crop rotation. The objective of this study was to determine the leaching potential and the residual activity of the herbicides used in the Clearfield® rice system. The experiment was conducted over a period of two years and consisted of conducting a field test to be followed by two bioassays with a year of difference between their implementation. Initially an experiment was conducted in lowland area where it was planted the cultivar of rice ‘PUITA INTA CL’. Approximately one and two years thereafter, soil samples from each plot were collected at intervals of 5cm to a depth of 30cm (B factor) for the bioassay to evaluate persistence of herbicides. Factor A was composed of mixtures formulated of imazethapyr + imazapic (75 + 25g a.i. L-1), imazapyr + imazapic (525 + 175g a.i. kg-1) in two doses, imazethapyr (100g a.i. L-1) and treatment control without application. Basing on results, it was concluded that the mixtures imazethapyr + imazapic, imazapyr + imazapic and imazethapyr leached into the soil, reaching depths of up to 25cm in lowland soil. Imidazolinone herbicides used today in the irrigated rice Clearfield® system are persistent in soil, and their phytotoxic activity can be observed up to two years after application.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20160705 1387 downloads

Chemical control of California arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis) resistant to acetolactate synthase and photosystem II inhibiting herbicides in irrigated rice
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Moura, Diogo da Silva

; Noldin, José Alberto

; Galon, Leandro

; Helgueira, Diogo Balbé

; Martins, Karen Piraine

; Cassol, Luciano Luis

Ciência Rural

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dec 2016, Volume 46 N. 12 Pages 2084 - 2089

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO: A sagitária tem sido considerada uma das principais plantas daninhas infestante das áreas orizícolas de Santa Catarina e do Rio Grande do Sul que utilizam o sistema de semeadura pré-germinado. Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a seletividade e a eficácia da aplicação de saflufenacil em isolado, em mistura e/ou de forma sequencial com outros herbicidas em arroz irrigado, para o manejo de biótipos de Sagittaria montevidensis resistente aos herbicidas inibidores de ALS e FSII. O primeiro experimento, realizado em casa de vegetação, foi composto de aplicações de saflufenacil, de modo isolado ou combinado com penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, bentazon ou propanil sobre o biótipo de S. montevidensis (SAGMO 32) e da cultivar de arroz irrigado Epagri 108. No segundo experimento, avaliaram-se, em condições de campo, aplicações isoladas, combinadas e sequencial de saflufenacil, bentazon e cyhalofop-butyl sobre a cultivar Epagri 108. O saflufenacil combinado com propanil apresenta elevada fitotoxicidade e redução do acúmulo de massa seca da cultivar Epagri 108. A aplicação de forma combinada ou sequencial de saflufenacil, bentazon e cyhalofop-butyl ocasiona aumento da fitotoxicidade à cultivar Epagri 108 em comparação àaplicação isolada. A aplicação isolada de saflufenacil ou combinada com penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, bentazon ou pyrazosulfuron-ethyl não proporcionou controle adequado do SAGMO 32.

ABSTRACT: California arrowhead is one of the primary weeds infesting paddy rice fields in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, where the system of pre-germinated seeding is used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity and effectiveness of saflufenacil application in irrigated rice, either singly or in combination with other herbicides in the same application or sequentially, for the control of Sagittaria montevidensis biotype that is resistant to ALSand PSII-inhibiting herbicides. In the first experiment carried out in a greenhouse, saflufenacil was applied, either singly or in combination with penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, bentazon, or propanil to the S. montevidensis (SAGMO 32) biotype and the irrigated rice variety Epagri 108. In the second experiment, single or combined (including sequential) applications of saflufenacil, bentazon, and cyhalofop-butyl were applied to Epagri 108 in open field conditions. Saflufenacil combined with propanil showed a high degree of phytotoxicity and a reduction in the accumulation of dry mass in Epagri 108. Application of saflufenacil, bentazon, and cyhalofop-butyl in combination or sequentially resulted in an increase in phytotoxicity in Epagri 108 compared to when applied singly. A pplication of saflufenacil singly or in combination with penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, bentazon, or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl did not adequately control SAGMO 32.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20160117 1127 downloads

SCS121 CL: Rice cultivar resistant to herbicides of imidazolinone chemical group
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Schiocchet, Moacir Antonio

; Noldin, Jose Alberto

; Marschalek, Rubens

; Wickert, Ester

; Martins, Gabriela Neves

; Eberhardt, Domingos Savio

; Hickel, Eduardo

; Knoblauch, Ronaldir

; Scheuermann, Klaus Konrad

; Raimondi, Juliana Vieira

; Andrade, Alexander de

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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dec 2015, Volume 15 N. 4 Pages 282 - 284

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract SCS121 CL is a second-generation Clearfield(r) rice cultivar with resistance to herbicides of the imidazolinone group. The cultivar has modern plant type, lodging resistance, late maturity cycle, high yield potential, long grains and good cooking quality. The cultivar is recommended to all rice-producer regions of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332015v15n4c47 921 downloads

SCS118 Marques - New rice cultivar obtained through induced mutation
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Schiocchet, Moacir Antonio

; Noldin, Jose Alberto

; Raimondi, Juliana Vieira

; Tulmann Neto, Augusto

; Marschalek, Rubens

; Wickert, Ester

; Martins, Gabriela Neves

; Hickel, Eduardo

; Knoblauch, Ronaldir

; Scheuermann, Klaus Konrad

; Eberhardt, Domingos Savio

; Andrade, Alexander De

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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mar 2014, Volume 14 N. 1 Pages 68 - 70

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The new rice cultivar, SCS118 Marques, was obtained through gamma irradiation of SCSBRS Tio Taka cultivar. SCS118 Marques presents modern architecture, lodging resistance, late maturity cycle, moderate resistance to blast, high yield potential, long grains and very high cooking quality. Industrial tests performed with SCS118 Marques showed that grains are suitable for parboiling and white rice, and it is recommended to all rice-producing regions of Santa Catarina.

1359 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

10.

Monitoramento de agrotóxicos em águas superficiais de regiões orizícolas no sul do Brasil
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Silva, Diecson Ruy Orsolin da

; Avila, Luis Antonio de

; Agostinetto, Dirceu

; Dal Magro, Taisa

; Oliveira, Ezequiel de

; Zanella, Renato

; Noldin, José Alberto

Ciência Rural

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dec 2009, Volume 39 N. 9 Pages 2383 - 2389

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Os agrotóxicos aplicados em lavouras de arroz irrigado podem ser transportados aos mananciais hídricos. A determinação da extensão dessa contaminação é importante para alertar a sociedade e seus governantes para esse problema. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar a ocorrência de agrotóxicos em águas superficiais de sete regiões do sul do Brasil associadas ao cultivo de arroz irrigado em três épocas, na safra 2007/2008. As amostras de águas superficiais foram coletadas em três locais por região, totalizando 21 locais. Os agrotóxicos avaliados foram: clomazone, quinclorac, penoxsulam, imazethapyr, imazapic, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, fipronil e tebuconazole. As amostras foram analisadas por LC-MS/MS. Imazethapyr, carbofuran e fipronil foram detectados em todas as regiões estudadas. Foi detectado maior número de agrotóxicos nas regiões da Depressão Central e Planície Costeira Externa à Lagoa dos Patos, com detecção de oito agrotóxicos, dos nove estudados. A Região Sul apresentou a menor contaminação, com a detecção de apenas quatro agrotóxicos. Todas as amostras em todas as épocas continham ao menos um agrotóxico.

Pesticides applied in paddy rice can be transported to water bodies. The determination of the contamination extent is very important to alert the society and the politicians about the contamination issue. The objective of this study was to monitor pesticides in surface water in seven regions of south Brazil associated with the rice cropping in three different moments of the 2007/2008 growing season. Surface water samples were collected at three locations per region, with a total of 21 locations. The pesticides evaluated were: clomazone, quinclorac, penoxsulam, imazethapyr, imazapic, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, fipronil and tebuconazole. The samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Imazethapyr, carbofuran and fipronil were detected in all regions studied. A higher number of pesticides were detected in the 'Depressão Central' and in the 'Planície Costeira Externa à Lagoa dos Patos' regions, with eight pesticides. The 'Região Sul' had the lowest contamination, with detection of only four pesticides in surface water. All samples in all season contained at least one pesticide.

7989 downloads Cited 5 times in SciELO

11.

Extração, análise e distribuição dos ácidos fenólicos em genótipos pigmentados e não pigmentados de arroz (Oryza sativa L.)
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Mira, Nádia Valéria Mussi de

; Barros, Rosa Maria Cerdeira

; Schiocchet, Moacir Antonio

; Noldin, José Alberto

; Lanfer-Marquez, Ursula Maria

Food Science and Technology

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dec 2008, Volume 28 N. 4 Pages 994 - 1002

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Neste estudo, avaliaram-se a distribuição dos Compostos Fenólicos Totais (CFT) e o perfil de ácidos fenólicos, presentes nas frações, solúvel e insolúvel de dez genótipos de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) de pericarpo pigmentado e não pigmentado. Devido à sua elevada capacidade antioxidante, os compostos fenólicos vem sendo apontados como possíveis promotores da saúde. Grande parte corresponde aos ácidos fenólicos presentes no grão sob a forma solúvel (livre e conjugada) e insolúvel (ligada). Na literatura há poucas informações sobre a contribuição dos compostos fenólicos ligados, cujos teores são costumeiramente subestimados. Os CFT foram quantificados pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau, enquanto os ácidos fenólicos por RP-HPLC. Na fração solúvel dos genótipos pigmentados, os teores de CFT foram variáveis, mas, em média, 5,7 vezes maiores do que nos não pigmentados (média de 3468 e 602 µg eq. Ácido Ferúlico (AF)/g arroz, respectivamente), principalmente devido à presença de antocianinas e proantocianidinas. Na fração insolúvel, os pigmentados apresentaram duas vezes mais CFT do que os não pigmentados (825 e 378 µg eq. AF/g arroz, respectivamente), provavelmente devido à retenção de antocianinas e proantocianidinas, mesmo após cinco extrações consecutivas. Dentre os ácidos fenólicos, o ácido ferúlico foi o principal componente em todos os genótipos estudados, exceto no arroz preto, no qual predominou o ácido protocatecóico.

This study was conducted to evaluate the distribution of total phenolic compounds and phenolic acids in the soluble and insoluble fractions of 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes with pigmented or non-pigmented pericarp. These compounds were reported to exert beneficial effects on human health due to their high antioxidant activities. The total phenolic compounds (CFT) in both fractions was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and phenolic acids RP-HPLC with Diode-Array Detection (DAD) in order to analyze phenolic acids. The amount of CFT in the soluble fraction was about 5.7 times higher in pigmented than in non-pigmented genotypes showing mean values of 3468 and 602 µg eq.ferulic acid/g rice, respectively. The presence of proanthocyanidins and anthocianins seems to be responsible for the higher amounts. The average amounts of CFT in the insoluble fraction was two-fold higher in the pigmented than in the non pigmented genotypes (825 e 378 µg eq. ferulic acid/g rice, respectively) probably due to the retention of antocyanidins and proanthocyanidins even after five consecutive extractions. Among the phenolic acids, the ferulic acid was the major phenolic acid found among all genotypes analyzed, except for the black pericarp in which the protocatechuic acid was predominant.

10437 downloads

12.

Bioensaio em casa-de-vegetação na detecção e quantificação de sementes de soja geneticamente modificada
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Miranda, Denise Meza de

; Tillmann, Maria Ângela André

; Noldin, José Alberto

; Balerini, Fábio

Revista Brasileira de Sementes

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apr 2006, Volume 28 N. 1 Pages 187 - 192

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Preocupações com os atributos intrínsecos e extrínsecos de qualidade nos alimentos têm crescido nas últimas décadas e a polêmica acirrou-se com a entrada no mercado dos alimentos geneticamente modificados (GM) de consumo global. Esta situação tem levado institutos de pesquisa, agências de inspeção e companhias de vários países a desenvolver estratégias e métodos para detecção de sementes de plantas GM. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência de bioensaio em casa-de-vegetação na detecção e quantificação de misturas de sementes GM em amostras convencionais. Amostras de sementes convencionais foram preparadas com 0, 1, 3 e 5% de sementes de soja GM e semeadas em bandejas plásticas contendo areia peneirada. As bandejas foram mantidas em casa-de-vegetação climatizada e, após quinze dias da instalação do experimento, aplicou-se o herbicida glifosato sobre as plântulas. Catorze dias depois da aplicação do herbicida, avaliou-se o número de plântulas sobreviventes, sem sintomas da ação do glifosato, determinando se a plântula era ou não geneticamente modificada . O bioensaio em casa-de-vegetação é eficiente para detecção e estimativa da quantidade de sementes de soja GM em amostras de soja convencional.

Concerns with the intrinsic and extrinsic quality attributes in foods have been growing in the last decades and the controversy was incited with the entrance of genetically modified foods on the global consumer market. Research institutes, inspection agencies and companies in several countries have developed strategies and methods to detect GM seeds. In this context, the objective of this experiment was to verify the efficacy of greenhouse bioassays to detect and quantify GM soybean seeds mixtures in conventional seeds samples. Conventional seeds samples were prepared with 0, 1, 3 and 5% of GM soybean seeds and sown in plastic trays containing sifted sand. The trays were maintained in an acclimatized greenhouse and, after fifteen days, the herbicide glyphosate was applied to the seedlings. Fourteen days after the herbicide application, the number of surviving seedlings was recorded. The greenhouse bioassay was efficient in detecting and estimating the quantity of GM soybean seeds in conventional soybean samples.

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