RESUMO Antecedentes: O Doppler transcraniano (DTC) é uma técnica não invasiva para a avaliação da hemodinâmica cerebral, porém existem controvérsias na literatura sobre sua aplicabilidade preditiva em situações de elevada pressão intracraniana (PIC). Objetivo: Investigar o fluxo sanguíneo cerebral pelo DTC e correlacioná-lo com as variações da PIC na fase aguda da hipertensão intracraniana em modelo animal. Métodos: Dois grupos de animais (suínos) foram submetidos a hipertensão intracraniana secundária à indução de diferentes volumes de hematoma, por meio da insuflação de balão intracraniano controlado com 4 e 7 mL de solução salina fisiológica (grupos A e B, respectivamente). Em seguida, administrou-se infusão venosa de solução salina hipertônica (SSH 3%). Foram coletados os valores dos parâmetros de PIC e DTC (velocidade sistólica [FVs], diastólica [FVd] e média [FVm] do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral), bem como o índice de pulsatilidade (IP). Comparações entre os parâmetros do DTC e o monitoramento da PIC foram realizadas. Resultados: Vinte porcos foram estudados, dez no grupo A e dez no grupo B. Correlação significativa entre IP e PIC foi obtida, principalmente logo após a elevação abrupta da PIC. Não houve correlação entre PIC e FVs, FVd ou FVm separadamente. Também não houve alteração significativa na PIC após a infusão de SSH. Conclusões: Esses resultados demonstram o potencial do IP como um bom parâmetro para a avaliação de pacientes com suspeita de elevação da PIC.

ABSTRACT Background: Transcranial Doppler has been tested in the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics as a non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure (ICP), but there is controversy in the literature about its actual benefit and usefulness in this situation. Objective: To investigate cerebral blood flow assessed by Doppler technique and correlate with the variations of the ICP in the acute phase of intracranial hypertension in an animal model. Methods: An experimental animal model of intracranial hypertension was used. The experiment consisted of two groups of animals in which intracranial balloons were implanted and inflated with 4 mL (A) and 7 mL (B) for controlled simulation of different volumes of hematoma. The values of ICP and Doppler parameters (systolic [FVs], diastolic [FVd], and mean [FVm] cerebral blood flow velocities and pulsatility index [PI]) were collected during the entire procedure (before and during hematoma simulations and venous hypertonic saline infusion intervention). Comparisons between Doppler parameters and ICP monitoring were performed. Results: Twenty pigs were studied, 10 in group A and 10 in group B. A significant correlation between PI and ICP was obtained, especially shortly after abrupt elevation of ICP. There was no correlation between ICP and FVs, FVd or FVm separately. There was also no significant change in ICP after intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential of PI as a parameter for the evaluation of patients with suspected ICP elevation.

Abstract Sweet potato (SP) starchy roots have a broad range of colors, high-quality nutritional composition including bioactive substances (anthocyanins and β-carotene), vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and starch. Several studies report the versatility of this root crop as part of the human diet and its possible health benefits. In this review the SP chemical composition, nutritional properties and its potential use in food processing for developing nutritious and healthy products are explored. Due to the adaptation of sweet potatoes to several agricultural managing conditions, accepting low technology /low cost with reasonable performance, it has called attention as a strong candidate of accessible functional food market.

Abstract Slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) associate with health benefits when present in the diet. This study aimed to evaluate ready-to-eat corn and cassava flours regarding their commercial presentation (dry or flaked), composition and in vitro digestibility of starch. Sixteen samples from Southern Brazil were procured in the market: eight dry cassava flours, six biju-type (flaked) corn flours and two biju-type cassava flours. Dry cassava flours had higher L* and lower b* values, and higher RS, relative crystallinity and viscosity peak values. Dry cassava flour partially preserves granular starch, as its processing involves lower drying temperatures and lower moisture of the pressed pulp. Dry cassava flours that had higher b* values also had higher rapidly digestible starch (RDS) levels, since higher temperatures are required in their production. Both biju-type flours showed the highest RDS values and no RS due to processing with elevated temperature and high moisture of the pressed pulp. In this study starch digestibility from the flours depended on processing, with minor influence of the raw material, fiber content and granulometry. The whiter and the smaller the granulometry of the dry cassava flours, the better they showed as potentially health benefiting.

ABSTRACT Spray nozzles can be considered the most important items of sprayers, and the ideal nozzle-pressure combination plays a major role in the effectiveness of pest control in the field. Spray nozzle manufacturers often develop, and make new alternatives available on the market; however, studies are always important to verify the behavior of tríese new technologies concerning the spectrum of the droplets produced. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the spectrum of droplets generated by four spray nozzles (FC3D 100-02; VP 110-02; TR 110-02 and TT 110-02) under different working pressures (138, 207, 276, 345, and 414 kPa). For this, a factorial scheme in a completely randomized design with four replications was used. The parameters evaluated were volumetric median diameter (VMD), relative amplitude (Span), and the percentage of droplets with a diameter smaller than 100 um (<100 um). The spray nozzles models and the working pressure had a direct effect on the droplet size. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the TR 110-02 and VP 110-02 models for the percentage of spray volume containing droplets <100 um neither for the VMD. Lastly, the increase of pressure resulted in an increasing linear effect on the Span index for the FC3D 100-02 nozzle.

RESUMEN Las boquillas de pulverización pueden considerarse los elementos más importantes de los pulverizadores y la combinación ideal de estas y su presión juega un papel esencial en la efectividad del control de plagas en el campo. Los fabricantes de boquillas de pulverización a menudo desarrollan y ofrecen nuevas alternativas en el mercado; sin embargo, los estudios siempre son fundamentales para verificar el comportamiento de estas tecnologías en relación con el espectro de las gotas producidas. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo evaluar el espectro de gotas generadas por cuatro boquillas de pulverización (FC3D 100-02; VP 110-02, TR 110-02 y TT 110-02) bajo diferentes presiones de trabajo (138, 207, 276, 345 y 414 kPa). Se utilizó un esquema factorial fue en un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Los parámetros evaluados fueron el diámetro de la mediana volumétrica (DMV), la amplitud relativa (Span) y el porcentaje de gotas con un diámetro menor a 100 [im (<100 fim). Las boquillas de pulverización y la presión de trabajo tuvieron un efecto directo sobre el tamaño de las gotas. Además, no hubo diferencias significativas entre TR 110-02 y VP 110-02 para el porcentaje de volumen de pulverización que contiene gotas <100 [im, ni para el DMV. Por último, el aumento de presión resultó en efecto linear creciente en el índice de Span para la boquilla FC3D 100-02.

Abstract The consumption of yerba mate beverages is related to several health benefits. These desirable properties are mainly due to the bioactive compounds. However, the levels of those compounds are directly affected by factors such as geographical origin. This study aimed to use chemometrics to evaluate the antioxidant compounds of yerba mate (consumed as chimarrão) marketed in southern Brazil. Neochlorogenic acid and caffeine were the main bioactive compounds found in this type of yerba mate beverage (chimarrão). The dataset was analyzed by chemometrics, and principal component analysis using the first three principal components explained 61.30% of the total variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis suggested three clusters, with cluster 1 containing the majority of the samples from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná, with higher levels of phenolics, methylxanthines, and antioxidant activity. The supervised methods, soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), had similar predictability (≥75% of accuracy) in terms of classifying yerba mate according to different Brazilian regions. Therefore, the chemometric tools used in the current study was suitable to monitor and assess a large variation of the antioxidant composition of yerba mate from different southern Brazilian states.

Abstract The exaggerated consumption of fast food and ready to eat products is a common practice which results in an unbalanced intake of saturated fats. In order to improve the fat composition of beef patties, mixture design was used to optimize the inclusion of pomace olive oil (POO) and canola oil (CO). Cooking yield, moisture retention, diameter reduction, color, texture and sensorial parameters were accessed. Models showed, with a 94.5% of variance explained, that the inclusion of POO and CO should be limited in order to maintain a low acidity index and texture parameters comparable to commercial burgers of similar composition. Preference test, consumer profile, acceptability, penalty analysis and Check-all-that-apply (CATA) results indicated that a parcial replacement of pork fat (PF) can be considered. In sum, formulations with improved fat composition (50 or 33% replaced animal fat by POO and CO) were obtained.

Resumo A singularidade das categorias de enfermagem na participação sociopolítica, especificamente sua ação coletiva, é a temática analisada. O artigo associa as condicionantes: origem social e aspectos do mercado de trabalho à ação política dos profissionais. A partir da associação analítica do estudo de caso ampliado, articulamos a interpretação da base de dados da Pesquisa Perfil da Enfermagem no Brasil, especificamente, sob os eixos: identificação socioeconômica, mercado de trabalho e condições de trabalho, com estudo etnográfico e entrevistas semiestruturadas em três unidades hospitalares. A revisão bibliográfica demonstra a inserção desses indivíduos sem secundarizar sua particularidade: o processo histórico de proletarização na formação social brasileira, a inserção feminina no mercado de trabalho e a relação com sindicatos. O histórico dos trabalhadores pautados pela inexperiência em ações de resistência ou representação sindical, associado à valorização do emprego como ascensão social resultam na configuração de regimes de trabalho assimétricos, elemento dificultador de ações organizadas, aspecto fundamental para a melhora das condições de trabalho.

Abstract The singularity of the collective action of nursing categories in sociopolitical participation is the subject of our analysis. This paper attaches the compelling factors of social origin and aspects of the labor market to the political action of professionals. Based on the analytical association of the extended case method, we articulated the interpretation of the database of the Brazilian Nursing Profile Survey, specifically, in the light of socioeconomic identification, labor market, and working conditions, with an ethnographic study and semi-structured interviews in three hospital units. The bibliographic review shows the incorporation of these individuals without underestimating their particularity: the historical process of proletarianization in the Brazilian social formation, the inclusion of women in the labor market, and the relationship with unions. The history of workers based on inexperience in actions of resistance or union representation associated with the valorization of employment as a social ascent results in asymmetrical work regimes, a hindering element to coordinated actions, a fundamental aspect for the improvement of working conditions.

Resumo A singularidade das categorias de enfermagem na participação sociopolítica, especificamente sua ação coletiva, é a temática analisada. O artigo associa as condicionantes: origem social e aspectos do mercado de trabalho à ação política dos profissionais. A partir da associação analítica do estudo de caso ampliado, articulamos a interpretação da base de dados da Pesquisa Perfil da Enfermagem no Brasil, especificamente, sob os eixos: identificação socioeconômica, mercado de trabalho e condições de trabalho, com estudo etnográfico e entrevistas semiestruturadas em três unidades hospitalares. A revisão bibliográfica demonstra a inserção desses indivíduos sem secundarizar sua particularidade: o processo histórico de proletarização na formação social brasileira, a inserção feminina no mercado de trabalho e a relação com sindicatos. O histórico dos trabalhadores pautados pela inexperiência em ações de resistência ou representação sindical, associado à valorização do emprego como ascensão social resultam na configuração de regimes de trabalho assimétricos, elemento dificultador de ações organizadas, aspecto fundamental para a melhora das condições de trabalho.

Abstract The singularity of the collective action of nursing categories in sociopolitical participation is the subject of our analysis. This paper attaches the compelling factors of social origin and aspects of the labor market to the political action of professionals. Based on the analytical association of the extended case method, we articulated the interpretation of the database of the Brazilian Nursing Profile Survey, specifically, in the light of socioeconomic identification, labor market, and working conditions, with an ethnographic study and semi-structured interviews in three hospital units. The bibliographic review shows the incorporation of these individuals without underestimating their particularity: the historical process of proletarianization in the Brazilian social formation, the inclusion of women in the labor market, and the relationship with unions. The history of workers based on inexperience in actions of resistance or union representation associated with the valorization of employment as a social ascent results in asymmetrical work regimes, a hindering element to coordinated actions, a fundamental aspect for the improvement of working conditions.

Abstract Animal products are sources of microbiological contamination when the process has hygienic-sanitary control fails. Therefore, this work aims the evaluation of the pathogenic microorganisms presented in samples from the Brazil southern region of yogurt (N = 101), stretched curd cheese (N = 31), fresh sausage (N = 22) and processing water (N = 63). Analyses of coliforms at 45 °C, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli were performed. Analysis indicated processing water is an important contamination source to be monitored, because the majority of samples presented results above the regulation limits. Thermal treatment and fermentation such as stretched curd cheese and yogurt appeared to be more stable against contamination during processing. In this study, for coliforms at 45 °C, only one cheese sample and 12% of total yogurt samples exceeded the Brazilian legislation limit. None of sausage samples presented any contamination. On the other hand, values found in both processing water and dairy products indicated failures in application and monitoring of good manufactured practices.

RESUMO: No Brasil, não há uma regulamentação técnica específica sobre a identidade e qualidade de queijos maturados com mofo branco na superfície. Estes queijos são comercializados inteiros (tipo Camembert) e em cunhas (tipo Brie). O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar as propriedades físicas e químicas; parâmetros tecnológicos e marcadores microbiológicos de 20 queijos inteiros (tipo Camembert) e 16 cunhas de queijo (tipo Brie) produzidos no Brasil. Os teores de sódio e cálcio apresentaram elevada amplitude (8,0 e 4,6 vezes o valor mínimo, respectivamente). Os valores médios destes queijos não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à maioria dos parâmetros analisados. Listeria monocytogenes foi encontrada em 5% das amostras de queijo tipo Camembert. Os demais parâmetros microbiológicos estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente, RDC no 12/2001 da Anvisa. Esta avaliação comparativa entre estes dois queijos indica que são diferentes. Além disso, os valores com elevada amplitude correspondem a falta de padronização do processamento. Os valores médios poderiam ser considerados como recomendados para estes queijos no Brasil.

ABSTRACT: There are no specific technical regulations regarding the identity and quality of white mold surface-ripened cheeses in Brazil. These cheeses are sold both whole (Camembert-type) and in wedges (Brie-type). The aim of the study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties; technological parameters and microbiological safety of 20 whole cheeses (Camembert-type) and 16 cheese wedges (Brie-type) produced in Brazil. Samples showed a wide range in sodium (91.0-731.0 mg/100 g, cheeses wedges) and calcium (238.0-1100.0 mg/100g, whole cheeses) contents. The cheese groups presented no significant differences in relation to the majority of the analyzed parameters. Listeria monocytogenes was reported in 5% of the whole cheese samples. The other microbiological parameters were in accordance with the current legislation, RDC no 12/2001 of Anvisa. The comparative assessments between these two cheeses indicated that they are different. In addition, the wide range of results indicated a lack of processing standardization. The mean values of the physicochemical and textural parameters should be considered as recommended for these cheeses in Brazil.

Abstract The effect of the variety (Gala, Lis Gala and Fuji Suprema) and the ripening stage (unripe, ripe and senescent) of apples on the phenolic compounds (HPLC) and antioxidant capacity (FRAP and DPPH) of apple juices and ciders were evaluated. The phenolic content of the Gala and Lis Gala apple juices decreased from the unripe to ripe stages and increased from the ripe to the senescent stages, while in the case of Fuji Suprema these values decreased with senescence. Fermentation caused a reduction (17 to 50%) of phenolics and the most affected were hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanols. Principal component analysis confirmed the influence of variety, and the use of multivariate regression (PLS) made it possible to create significant models (p < 0.05) to predict the antioxidant activity. The phenolic composition of the juices at different ripening stages was related to the variety of apple, which influenced the effect of fermentation on these compounds.

Abstract A new type of ripened soft cheese by Geotrichum candidum was manufactured with pasteurized milk from Jersey and Holstein cow breeds. The physico-chemical (moisture, pH, acidity, protein, lipids and ash) and technological parameters (proteolysis, texture profile and color) during 21 days of ripening cheese (surface, center and whole), were evaluated. The differences in the cheese produced with Holstein cow milk were related to increased proteolysis (tyrosine and acid-soluble nitrogen) and the influence of the a* and b* color parameters. The cheeses prepared with Jersey cow milk showed a high fat content and lower proteolysis, which had a significant effect on the instrumental texture profile. Using chemometrics and two-way ANOVA was possible to distinguish the cheeses based on the breed of cow and ripening time. After two weeks, the cheeses already presented characteristics of the ripening by G. candidum.

RESUMO A magnitude das alterações em atributos do solo pode ser utilizada para identificar efeitos de interferências naturais ou antrópicas em fragmentos florestais. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar atributos químicos do solo como indicadores de efeito de borda em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, no Sudoeste da Bahia. Foram definidas quatro faixas de amostragem no fragmento florestal (Faixa 1: 0-10m, Faixa 2: 40-50 m, Faixa 3: 80-90 m e Faixa 4: 400-410 m da borda). Uma área de pastagem nativa degradada foi utilizada como referência. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm. As amostras foram submetidas a análises para determinação do pH e dos teores de matéria orgânica, P, K, Ca, Mg e Al. A camada superficial do solo mostrou-se sensível às variações impostas pela fragmentação, refletindo modificações em alguns dos seus atributos químicos até uma distância de 90 m da borda em direção ao interior do fragmento, com efeitos mais severos nos primeiros 10 metros. Matéria orgânica do solo, acidez potencial, CTC e pH foram os atributos mais afetados, evidenciando um gradiente de variação no sentido borda-interior.

ABSTRACT The magnitude of changes in soil attributes can be used to identify the effects of natural or anthropogenic interference on forest fragments. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical attributes of the soil as indicators of the edge effect at a Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forest fragment in the Southwest of Bahia, Brazil. Four sampling ranges were defined in the forest fragment (Range 1: 0-10m; Range 2: 40-50 m; Range 3: 80-90 m; and Range 4: 400-410 m from the edge). A degraded native pasture area was used as the reference. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm. The samples were analyzed for pH and organic matter, P, K, Ca, Mg and Al. The superficial layer of the soil was sensitive to the changes imposed by the fragmentation, reflecting modifications in some of its chemical attributes up to a distance of 90 m from the edge towards the interior of the fragment, with more severe effects in the first 10 meters. Soil organic matter, potential acidity, CEC and pH were the most affected attributes, evidencing a gradient of variation in the edge-interior direction.

Abstract The effects of gamma radiation (0, 1, 2 and 3 kGy) were used to evaluate the stability and thermal degradation kinetics of anthocyanins, as well as the stability of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity at different temperatures (4, 25, 35 and 45 °C) during the storage (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days) of black rice flour. This flour can be used as ingredient for gluten-free cereal products with higher nutritional value. For this it is necessary to preserve the anthocyanin content during thermal processing and shelf-life periods. At time 0, the dose of 3 kGy provided all of the most available bioactive compounds, raising their antioxidant potential, except for TPC. During the storage at different temperatures up to 120 days, gradual losses occurred in all the analysed parameters. Regarding the total anthocyanin content and TPC, the sample irradiated with a 1 kGy dose remained most stable. The analysis of kinetic data indicated a first-order reaction for the degradation of anthocyanins. The combination of irradiation with different temperatures may improve the shelf-life of black rice flour.

RESUMO A estratificação vertical, bem como vários parâmetros ecológicos de suma importância para a estrutura fitossociológica em florestas inequiâneas, reflete a quantidade de energia existente na floresta. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho das metodologias usuais de caracterização da estratificação vertical em florestas. O levantamento de dados foi realizado em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional, no município de Vitória da Conquista, no campus da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia. A Posição Sociológica foi considerada como método padrão neste estudo. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outros seis diferentes métodos: IUFRO, Vega, Longhi, Calegário, Souza e Leite e Hasenauer. O desempenho dos métodos foi avaliado segundo o coeficiente “c”. Foram classificados pelo método padrão 954 indivíduos obtendo os seguintes resultados: 656 dominantes, 232 codominantes e 66 dominados. O coeficiente “c” mostrou-se eficiente na interpretação do desempenho dos métodos. O método da IUFRO apresentou o melhor desempenho em comparação ao Método da Posição Sociológica.

ABSTRACT Vertical stratification - as well as other environmental phytosociological parameters for uneven-aged stands in forest structures - is one of the factors that regulates the amount of energy present in a forest, although it is often disregarded. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of some commonly used methodologies to characterize the vertical stratification of a forest fragment. Researchers from UESB - State University of Southwest Bahia collected data in a Seasonal Forest fragment located in the city of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. The standard method used in the study was the Sociological Position Method. Results were compared to six other methods: IUFRO; Vega; Longhi; Calegário; Souza and Leite; and Hasenauer. The performance of each method was assessed according to the “c” coefficient. Results of the standard method showed 954 individuals (656 dominant; 232 codominant; and 66 dominated). The “c” coefficient was found to be efficient to interpret the performance of these methods. The IUFRO Method showed the best performance when compared to the Sociological Position Methods.