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Abstract The health and economic impact of allergic diseases are increasing rapidly, and changes in management strategies are required. Its influence reduces the capacity of work and school performance by at least a third. The ICPs of the airways (integrated care pathways for respiratory diseases) are structured multidisciplinary healthcare plans, promoting the recommendations of the guidelines in local protocols and their application to clinical practice. This document presents an executive summary for Argentina, Mexico, and Spain. Next-generation ARIA guidelines are being developed for the pharmacological treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR), using the GRADE-based guidelines for AR, tested with real-life evidence provided by mobile technology with visual analogue scales. It is concluded that in the AR treatment, H1-antihistamines are less effective than intranasal corticosteroids (INCS), in severe AR the INCS represent the first line of treatment, and intranasal combination INCS + anti-H1 is more effective than monotherapy. However, according to the MASK real-life observational study, patients have poor adherence to treatment and often self-medicate, according to their needs.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v66i4.643 3239 downloads

MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network), a mobile App with ARIA’s comprehensive solution in Spanish-speaking countries
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Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée

; Mullol, Joaquim

; Ivancevich, Juan Carlos

; Anto, Josep M.

; Cardona, Victoria

; Dedeu, Toni

; Rodríguez-González, Mónica

; Huerta-Villalobos, Yunuen Rocío

; Neffen, Hugo

; Fuentes-Pérez, José Miguel

; Rodríguez-Zagal, Eréndira

; Valero, Antonio

; Zernotti, Mario

; Bartra, Joan

; Alobid, Isam

; Castillo-Vizuete, José Antonio

; Dordal, Teresa

; Hijano, Rafael

; Picad, César

; Sastre, Joaquín

; Blua, Ariel Eduardo

; Jares, Edgardo

; Lavrut, Alberto Jorge

; Máspero, Jorge

; Bedolla-Barajas, Martín

; Burguete-Cabañas, María Teresa

; Costa-Domínguez, María del Carmen

; Domínguez-Silva, Margarita

; Espinoza-Contreras, Jesús Guillermo

; Gálvez-Romero, José Luis

; García-Cobas, Cecilia Yvonne

; García-Cruz, María de la Luz Hortensia

; Hernández-Velázquez, Luiana

; Luna-Pech, Jorge A.

; Matta, Juan José

; Mogica-Martínez, María Dolores

; Rivero-Yeverino, Daniela

; Ruiz, Lucy Tania

; Río-Navarro, Blanca E. Del

; Gómez-Vera, Javier

; Macías-Weinmann, Alejandra

; Murray, Ruth

; Onorato, Gabrielle

; Laune, Daniel

; Bedbrook, Anna

; Bousquet, Jean

Revista alergia México

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jun 2019, Volume 66 N. 2 Pages 263 - 268

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract Although there are high quality clinical guidelines about allergic rhinitis, many patients receive deficient treatment, partly due to the high level of self-medication. MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network) is an integral part of a project against chronic diseases which it is focused on active and healthy aging and is supported by the European Union. It forms the third phase of ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) in which, through a mobile app on a smart device, the purpose is to guide patients in the control of their multimorbidity, allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis, or asthma. The "Allergy Diary" app by MACVIA-ARIA is free and it is available for Android and iOS; on it, patients indicate how unpleasant the symptoms are on a daily basis through five screens with an analogous visual scale; two more screens were recently added (sleep affectation). With the app, it is also possible to download the information of the “Allergy Diary” on the physician’s computer through a QR code at the moment of the medical consultation. In this article, we review the first year of experience in Spain, Mexico and Argentina, where the Spanish version is used.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v66i2.628 404 downloads

Intervención ambiental en las enfermedades respiratorias
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Ardusso, Ledit R. F

; Neffen, Hugo E

; Fernández-Caldas, Enrique

; Saranz, Ricardo J

; Parisi, Claudio A. S

; Tolcachier, Alberto

; Cicerán, Alberto

; Smith, Silvina

; Máspero, Jorge Fernando

; Nardacchione, Nancy

; Marino, Damián

Medicina (Buenos Aires)

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apr 2019, Volume 79 N. 2 Pages 123 - 136

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

In recent years there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases despite advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis, the dissemination of guidelines for its management and the emergence of new drugs. The reasons for this increase are not fully established, but it is suggested that multiple environmental factors may be involved. Inhaled air contains numerous harmful agents in addition to environmental allergens. The main immediate respiratory clinical expression after inhaling this contaminated air is asthma and rhinitis. The activity of human beings has altered the outdoor environment by the emission of multiple pollutants and has produced an increasing climate change. It also has a notable impact on the development of respiratory pathology and the modification of air quality. The bibliography on the subject of environmental control is very broad and sometimes difficult to interpret. In order to be able to make precise, valid and simple indications for patients to accomplish with, four scientific societies of the Argentine Republic that deal with this type of diseases, have elaborated a document that contains information of easy access to all medical personal involved in the treatment of patients with asthma and / or rhinitis, that provides practical measures for the patients and the different public health systems about unmet needs in this complex issue.

En los últimos años hubo un aumento significativo en la prevalencia de las enfermedades alérgicas pese a los avances en la comprensión de la patogénesis, la divulgación de guías para su control y tratamiento y la aparición de nuevos fármacos. La raz ón para este aumento no está totalmente estable cida, pero se considera que múltiples factores ambientales podrían estar involucrados en ello. El aire inspirado contiene numerosos agentes nocivos además de alérgenos ambientales; el asma y la rinitis alérgica son las principales expresiones clínicas respiratorias inmediatas posteriores a su inhalación. En la antropósfera, el entorno de la superficie terrestre habitada por los humanos, se han alterado los equilibrios naturales por la emisión de múltiples sustancias y se ha producido un creciente cambio climático. Este fenómeno global influye en la calidad del aire y consecuentemente en el desarrollo de enfermedades respiratorias. Dado que la bibliografía sobre el tema del control ambiental es muy amplia, y en ocasiones difícil de interpretar para poder realizar indicaciones precisas, válidas y sencillas de cumplir por parte de los pacientes, cuatro sociedades científicas de la República Argentina, dedicadas a este tipo de enfermedades, elaboraron un documento con información de fácil acceso a todo profesional médico que trate asma y/o rinitis, que expone medidas prácticas para los enfermos y alerta a los distintos actores involucrados en la salud pública acerca de las necesidades insatisfechas en este tema tan complejo, a fin de poder elaborar una agenda para su posible resolución.

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MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network). La solución integral de ARIA por app móvil para la multimorbilidad de rinitis alérgica y asma
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Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée

; Mullol, Joaquim

; Ivancevich, Juan Carlos

; Antó, Josep M.

; Cardona, Victoria

; Dedeu, Toni

; Rodríguez-González, Mónica

; Huerta, Yunuen

; Neffen, Hugo

; Fuentes-Pérez, José Miguel

; Rodríguez-Zagal, Eréndira

; Valero, Antonio

; Zernotti, Mario

; Bartra, Joan

; Alobid, Isam

; Castillo-Vizuete, José Antonio

; Dordal, Teresa

; Hijano, Rafael

; Picado, César

; Sastre, Joaquín

; Blua, Ariel Eduardo

; Jares, Edgardo

; Lavrut, Alberto Jorge

; Máspero, Jorge

; Bedolla-Barajas, Martín

; Burguete, María

; Costa, María del Carmen

; Domínguez-Silva, Margarita

; Espinoza-Contreras, Jesús Guillermo

; Gálvez-Romero, José Luis

; García-Cobas, Cecilia Yvonne

; García-Cruz, María de la Luz Hortensia

; Hernández-Velázquez, Luiana

; Luna-Pech, Jorge

; Matta, Juan José

; Mogica-Martínez, María Dolores

; Rivero-Yeverino, Daniela

; Ruiz-Segura, Lucy Tania

; Río-Navarro, Blanca Del

; Gómez, Javier

; Macías-Weinmann, Alejandra

; Murray, Ruth

; Onorato, Gabrielle

; Laune, Daniel

; Bedbrook, Anna

; Bousquet, Jean

Revista alergia México

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mar 2019, Volume 66 N. 1 Pages 140 - 146

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract The vast majority of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) do not receive the proper management which is recommended by the guidelines, but they frequently self-medicate. MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network) is an integral part of a project that is supported by the European Union against chronic diseases and focused on active and healthy aging. MASK represents the third phase of ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma), in which, by using a mobile application in a smart device, the objective is to guide the patient in the control of his/her multi-morbidity, AR and/or allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and/or asthma. The mobile app Allergy Diary by MACVIA-ARIA is free and it is available for both Android and iOS platforms. After it is downloaded to the patient’s cell phone, it first requests some information about the patient’s profile, allergic pathologies and medication; afterwards, through a visual analog scale, the patient is invited to determine the degree of affectation in the nose, eyes, and bronchi, and its influence on their productivity at work / school. After analyzing the data generated by filling the Allergy Diary, it became clear there is a new clinical entity: allergic rhinitis+ allergic conjunctivitis +asthma, with greater effect; in addition to a high level of self-medication: in general, the patient takes medication on days when symptoms are present. The app has already been deployed in 23 countries, including several Spanish-speaking countries.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v66i1.578 1081 downloads

Resumen ejecutivo de ARIA 2016: vías integradas de atención para la medicina predictiva a lo largo del ciclo de vida en Argentina
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Ivancevich, Juan Carlos

; Neffen, Hugo

; Zernotti, Mario E.

; Asayag, Estrella

; Blua, Ariel

; Cicerán, Alberto

; Jares, Edgardo J.

; Lavrut, Alberto J.

; Máspero, Jorge F.

; Agache, Ioana

; Bachert, Claus

; Bedbrook, Anna

; Canonica, Giorgio W.

; Casale, Thomas B.

; Cruz, Álvaro A.

; Fokkens, Wytske J.

; Hellings, Peter W.

; Samolinski, Boleslaw

; Bousquet, Jean

Revista alergia México

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sep 2017, Volume 64 N. 3 Pages 298 - 308

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract The ARIA initiative was started during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999. The initial goals were to propose a new classification for allergic rhinitis, to promote the concept of multi-morbidity in asthma and rhinitis and to develop guidelines with stakeholders for world-wide use. ARIA is now focused on the implementation of emerging technologies for individualized and predictive medicine. MASK: MACVIA-Aria Sentinel Network uses mobile technology to develop care pathways that enable management by a multidisciplinary group or by patients themselves. An App for iOS and Android uses a visual analogue scale to assess symptom control and work productivity, as well as a clinical decision support system; it is associated with an interoperable tablet for health professionals. The escalation strategy uses recommendations of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing. The aim of ARIA’s new approach is to provide an active and healthy life to people affected by rhinitis, regardless of age, gender or socioeconomic status, in order to reduce social and health inequalities caused by the disease.

Resumen La iniciativa ARIA (Rinitis Alérgica y su Impacto en el Asma) se inició durante un taller de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en 1999. Los objetivos iniciales fueron proponer una nueva clasificación de rinitis alérgica, promover el concepto de multimorbilidad en asma y rinitis y desarrollar guías con todas las partes interesadas para su en todos los países y poblaciones. ARIA, difundida e implementada en más de 70 naciones, ahora se centra en la implementación de tecnologías emergentes para la medicina individualizada y predictiva. MASK (MACVIA [Contre les Maladies Chroniques pour un Vieillissement Actif] Aria Sentinel Network) utiliza la tecnología móvil para desarrollar vías de atención que permitan el manejo de la rinitis y del asma por un grupo multidisciplinario o por los propios pacientes. Una aplicación (app) para iOS y Android está disponible en 20 países y 15 idiomas; utiliza una escala analógica visual para evaluar el control de los síntomas y la productividad del trabajo, así como un sistema de apoyo para las decisiones clínicas. Se asocia con una tabla interoperable (que permite intercambiar información) para médicos y otros profesionales de la salud. La estrategia de escalamiento utiliza las recomendaciones de la Asociación Europea de Innovación para el Envejecimiento Activo y Saludable. El objetivo del nuevo enfoque ARIA es proporcionar una vida activa y saludable a las personas afectadas por la rinitis, cualquiera que sea su edad, sexo o condición socioeconómica, con el fin de reducir las desigualdades sociales y de salud causadas por la enfermedad.

https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v64i3.286 3241 downloads

Guía Argentina de urticaria y angioedema
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Máspero, Jorge

; Cabrera, Hugo

; Ardusso, Ledit

; De Gennaro, Mónica

; Fernández Bussy, Ramón

; Galimany, José

; Galimberti, Daniel

; Label, Marcelo

; La Forgia, Marta

; Medina, Iris

; Neffen, Hugo

; Troielli, Patricia

Medicina (Buenos Aires)

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aug 2014, Volume 74 Suppl. 1 Pages 1 - 53

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

This interdisciplinary paper summarizes the news in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic urticaria (CU), and provides concepts, definitions and evidence-based suggestions for its management. Urticaria occurs in at least 20% of the population at some point in their lives. Acute urticaria (less than 6 weeks' duration), differs from CU in its etiology, but the onset of this disease is always acute. CU may occur as spontaneous (SCU) or induced (ICU). The diagnosis is simple, although a careful evaluation is necessary for differential diagnosis. ICU´s diagnosis is mainly clinical, even if provocation tests can be useful. Supplementary studies should be limited and based on the clinical suspicion. Treatment may be divided into three approaches: avoidance, elimination or treatment of the cause, and pharmacological treatment. Recently treatment has been modified with the use of second-generation antihistamines as first-line and increased doses of nonsedating H1 antihistamines, up to 4 times, as second line. Antihistamines are essential to treat CU; however, 40% of patients do not achieve good control despite increased doses and require additional treatment. The most recent evidence indicates a group of drugs to be used as third line in these cases, to improve quality of life and to limit toxicity from frequent or chronic use of systemic steroids. Only 3 drugs are recommended as third line: omalizumab, cyclosporin A or anti-leukotrienes.

Se actualiza el diagnóstico de la urticaria crónica (UC) y los conceptos, definiciones y sugerencias basados en la evidencia para su tratamiento. La urticaria ocurre en al menos 20% de la población en algún momento de la vida. Su etiología difiere en la forma aguda (menos de 6 semanas), y en la crónica. No es posible pronosticar si las formas agudas evolucionarán a UC, ya que todas son agudas al comienzo. La UC ocurre como espontánea (UCE) o inducible (UCI). El diagnóstico es sencillo, pero incluye un minucioso estudio para descartar diagnósticos diferenciales; para UCI son útiles las pruebas de provocación en la caracterización y manejo. Los estudios complementarios se deben limitar y orientar según sospecha clínica. El tratamiento se divide en tres enfoques: evitación, eliminación o tratamiento del estímulo desencadenante o de la causa, y tratamiento farmacológico. Recientemente éste se modificó, con empleo de antihistamínicos de segunda generación como primera línea y aumento de dosis de antihistamínicos H1 no sedantes, hasta 4 veces, como segunda línea. Los antihistamínicos son fundamentales para tratar la UC; sin embargo, un 40% de los pacientes no logra un buen control pese al aumento de dosis y requiere otro medicamento adicional. La evidencia más reciente considera que un grupo de fármacos puede utilizarse como tercera línea en estos casos, para mejorar la calidad de vida y limitar la toxicidad por el uso frecuente o crónico de esteroides sistémicos. Se recomiendan para esta tercera línea solo 3 fármacos: omalizumab, ciclosporina A o antileucotrienos.

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Asma de difícil control en niños y adolescentes: Estrategias diagnóstico-terapéuticas
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Neffen, Hugo

; Vidaurreta, Santiago

; Balanzat, Ana

; De Gennaro, Mónica Silvia

; Giubergia, Verónica

; Maspero, Jorge F

; Saranz, Ricardo J

; Teper, Alejandro M

Medicina (Buenos Aires)

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oct 2012, Volume 72 N. 5 Pages 403 - 413

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. While most children with asthma respond to low doses of inhaled corticosteroids and /or leukotriene receptor antagonists, some of them remain symptomatic regardless of any therapeutic effort, showing a high morbidity and even mortality. While most of the patients control symptoms adequately, there is a large group with severe symptoms of the disease and difficult to control. The aim of this review is to discuss the clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of poorly controlled asthma in children and adolescents and its implications in daily clinical practice.

El asma es una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes en los niños. Si bien la mayoría de los niños con asma responden a bajas dosis de corticoides inhalados y/o antagonistas del receptor de leucotrienos, algunos de ellos permanecen sintomáticos independientemente de cualquier esfuerzo terapéutico, presentando una elevada morbilidad e inclusive mortalidad. Aunque la mayoría de los pacientes controlan los síntomas de forma adecuada, existe un grupo importante que presenta síntomas graves de la enfermedad difíciles de controlar (ADC). El objetivo de la presente revisión es discutir los aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos del ACD en los menores de 18 años y su implicancia en la práctica clínica diaria.

1890 downloads Cited 3 times in SciELO

The study of severe asthma in Latin America and Spain (1994-2004): characteristics of patients hospitalized with acute severe asthma
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Rodrigo, Gustavo Javier

; Plaza, Vicente

; Bellido-Casado, Jesús

; Neffen, Hugo

; Bazús, María Teresa

; Levy, Gur

; Armengol, Joseph

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia

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jul 2009, Volume 35 N. 7 Pages 635 - 644

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

OBJETIVO: Estudos que avaliem as características e o gerenciamento de pacientes asmáticos hospitalizados têm sido limitados a um número pequeno de serviços e a curtos períodos de duração. O presente estudo avaliou alterações de longo prazo de pacientes asmáticos hospitalizados em um grande número de serviços. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, de base hospitalar, denominado Estudo sobre Asma Grave na América Latina e Espanha, realizado na Espanha e em oito países da América Latina. Foi realizada uma revisão dos registros hospitalares de 3.038 pacientes (variação de idade, 15-69 anos) hospitalizados com asma aguda grave em um dos 19 hospitais terciários em 1994, 1999 e 2004. RESULTADOS: Ao longo do tempo, o uso de corticosteroides inalatórios e de β2-agonistas aumentou significativamente, ao passo que o uso de teofilina, como medicação de controle, decaiu. A utilização de testes de função pulmonar também aumentou. Houve uma redução significativa da média do tempo de internação (8,5 dias, 7,4 dias e 7,1 dias em 1994, 1999 e 2004, respectivamente; p = 0,0001) e um aumento significativo da média do menor pH arterial na admissão. Em contrapartida, houve uma diminuição significativa na proporção de casos submetidos ao PFE no pronto-socorro (48,6% em 1994 vs. 43,5% em 2004; p = 0,0001). O tratamento e o gerenciamento da asma foram, de forma geral, melhores na Espanha que na América Latina. CONCLUSÕES: Embora tenha havido avanços no gerenciamento da asma entre exacerbações graves e durante a hospitalização, esse gerenciamento continua subotimizado na Espanha e, em especial, na América Latina.

OBJECTIVE: Studies assessing the characteristics and management of patients hospitalized with asthma have been limited to a small number of facilities and have evaluated short time periods. The present study evaluated long-term changes among hospitalized asthma patients at a large number of facilities. METHODS: This was a retrospective, hospital-based observational case series, designated the Study of Severe Asthma in Latin America and Spain, which was conducted in Spain and in eight Latin-American countries. We reviewed the hospital records of 3,038 patients (age range, 15-69 years) hospitalized with acute severe asthma at one of nineteen tertiary-care hospitals in 1994, 1999 and 2004. RESULTS: Over time, the use of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2 agonists increased significantly, whereas the use of theophylline as a controller medication decreased. The utilization of pulmonary function tests also increased. There was a significant reduction in the mean hospital stay (8.5 days, 7.4 days and 7.1 days in 1994, 1999 and 2004, respectively, p = 0.0001) and a significant increase in the mean of the lowest arterial pH at hospital admission. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of cases in which PEF was determined in the emergency room (48.6% in 1994 vs. 43.5% in 2004, p = 0.0001). We found the quality of asthma management and care to be generally better in Spain than in Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: Although there have been certain improvements in the management of asthma between severe exacerbations and during hospitalization, asthma management remains suboptimal in Spain and, especially, in Latin America.

3328 downloads Cited 3 times in SciELO

Asthma control in Latin America: the Asthma Insights and Reality in Latin America (AIRLA) survey
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Neffen, Hugo

; Fritscher, Carlos

; Cuevas Schacht, Francisco

; Levy, Gur

; Chiarella, Pascual

; Soriano, Joan B.

; Mechali, Daniel

Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública

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mar 2005, Volume 17 N. 3 Pages 191 - 197

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this survey were (1) to assess the quality of asthma treatment and control in Latin America, (2) to determine how closely asthma management guidelines are being followed, and (3) to assess perception, knowledge and attitudes related to asthma in Latin America. METHODS: We surveyed a household sample of 2 184 adults or parents of children with asthma in 2003 in 11 countries in Latin America. Respondents were asked about healthcare utilization, symptom severity, activity limitations and medication use. RESULTS: Daytime asthma symptoms were reported by 56% of the respondents, and 51% reported being awakened by their asthma at night. More than half of those surveyed had been hospitalized, attended a hospital emergency service or made unscheduled emergency visits to other healthcare facilities for asthma during the previous year. Patient perception of asthma control did not match symptom severity, even in patients with severe persistent asthma, 44.7% of whom regarded their disease as being well or completely controlled. Only 2.4% (2.3% adults and 2.6% children) met all criteria for asthma control. Although 37% reported treatment with prescription medications, only 6% were using inhaled corticosteroids. Most adults (79%) and children (68%) in this survey reported that asthma symptoms limited their activities. Absence from school and work was reported by 58% of the children and 31% of adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma control in Latin America falls short of goals in international guidelines, and in many aspects asthma care and control in Latin America suffer from the same shortcomings as in other areas of the world.

OBJETIVOS: Los objetivos de esta encuesta fueron 1) determinar la calidad del tratamiento y control del asma en América Latina, 2) determinar el grado de adherencia a las guías de tratamiento, y 3) determinar la percepción, los conocimientos y las actitudes con respecto al asma en América Latina. MÉTODO: La encuesta se realizó en una muestra de hogares donde se entrevistó a 2 184 adultos asmáticos o padres de niños con asma en 11 países de América Latina. Se obtuvo información sobre la utilización de los recursos del sistema de salud, la gravedad de los síntomas, la limitación de actividades y el uso de medicamentos. RESULTADOS: El 56% de los encuestados refirió síntomas diurnos, y 51% mencionaron despertarse por la noche debido al asma. Más de la mitad habían sido hospitalizados o atendidos en salas de urgencia hospitalarias, o habían realizado consultas no programadas a cualquier otro nivel del sistema sanitario. La percepción del control del asma por parte de los pacientes no se corresponde con la gravedad de los síntomas, incluso en aquellos pacientes con asma persistente, ya que 44,7% de estos consideraban que el control de su enfermedad era bueno o total. Solo 2,4% de los pacientes (2,3% de los adultos y 2,6% de los niños) cumplían todos los criterios correspondientes a un control total del asma. Aunque 37% de los participantes refirieron haber sido tratados con algún medicamento adquirible por receta médica, solamente 6% utilizaban corticoesteroides inhalados. El 79% de los pacientes adultos y 68% de los niños con asma mencionaron que sus síntomas limitaban sus actividades de alguna manera. El 58% de los niños habían faltado al colegio, y 31% de los adultos habían faltado al trabajo debido al asma. CONCLUSIONES: Los niveles actuales de control del asma en América Latina distan mucho de los objetivos especificados por las guías internacionales para el manejo del asma, y en muchos aspectos referidos al cuidado y al control de la enfermedad se observan en América Latina las mismas carencias que en otras áreas del mundo.

6335 downloads Cited 29 times in SciELO

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Glossary and search help

You can enrich your search in a very simple way. Use the search indexes combined with the connectors (AND or OR) and specify more your search.

For example, if you want to search for articles about
cases of dengue in Brasil in 2015, use:
ti:dengue and publication_year:2015 and aff_country:Brasil

See below the complete list of search indexes that can be used:

Index code	Element
ti	article title
au	author
kw	article keywords
subject	subject (title words, abstract and keywords)
ab	abstract
ta	journal short title (e.g. Cad. Saúde Pública)
journal_title	journal full title (e.g. Cadernos de Saúde Pública)
la	publication language code (e.g. pt - Portuguese, es - Spanish)
type	document type
pid	publication identifier
publication_year	publication year of publication
sponsor	sponsor
aff_country	country code of the author's affiliation
aff_institution	author affiliation institution
volume	article volume
issue	article issue
elocation	elocation
doi	DOI number
issn	journal ISSN
in	SciELO colection code (e.g. scl - Brasil, col - Colômbia)
use_license	article usage license code

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