ABSTRACT Two experiments were carried with broilers from 29 to 42 days of age for the nutritional evaluation of dietary chia. Thus, the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and the apparent metabolizability coefficients of gross energy and ether extract of chia seeds and oil, toasted soybean grain (TSG), and soybean oil were determined in the experiment I, by total excreta collection method, using 120 broilers. Each experimental diet (reference diet [RD] and four diets with the tested feedstuffs) was evaluated in eight replicates of three broilers. The TSG and chia seeds replaced the RD in 250 g/kg, whereas soybean and chia oils replaced the RD in 100 g/kg. Simultaneously, a second experiment was carried subdivided into two trials. In the performance trial, we evaluated the dietary feedstuffs effects on performance, carcass and cut yields, blood parameters, and activity of lipogenic enzymes. The nutrient metabolizability coefficients and AMEn were evaluated in the metabolism trial. The AMEn values of 37.49, 37.35, 15.85, and 8.43 MJ/kg of dry matter were determined for chia oil, soybean oil, TSG, and chia seeds, respectively (experiment I). In the second experiment, the best feed conversion was observed in broilers fed diets containing chia oil and TSG. However, the diet formulated with chia seeds worsened broiler feed conversion, exhibited the smaller energy value and apparent metabolizability coefficient of the ether extract, and increased the activity of the malic enzyme and serum total cholesterol level. There was no difference for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. In general, chia oil showed to be efficient in replacing soybean oil in broiler diets.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a digestibilidade ileal aparente do cálcio e do fósforo em frangos de corte alimentados com rações com diferentes fitases e relações cálcio:fósforo disponível (Ca:Pd). Foram realizados dois experimentos: um com frangos de 22 a 33 dias de idade, e outro com frangos de 35 a 42 dias. As relações Ca:Pd usadas foram de 4,5:1,0, 6,0:1,0 e 7,5:1,0, no primeiro período, e de 3,5:1,0, 5,0:1,0 e 6,5:1,0, no segundo. Todas as dietas foram suplementadas com 1.500 unidades de atividade de fitase por quilograma de seis diferentes fontes de fitase microbiana. Ao final de cada experimento, duas aves por repetição foram abatidas para a coleta do conteúdo ileal. Nas amostras de digestas, foram determinados os teores de Ca e P para posterior cálculo do coeficiente de digestibilidade ileal aparente destes minerais. A relação Ca:Pd influenciou a atividade das fitases, e a maior digestibilidade foi observada nas menores relações, em ambos os experimentos. As fitases que proporcionaram os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade foram A, D e E. Em ambas as idades avaliadas, a inclusão de fitases às dietas aumentou a digestibilidade de Ca e P, a qual também foi afetada pelo teor de cálcio e pela fonte de fitase utilizada.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in broilers fed diets with different phytases and calcium:available phosphorus (Ca:aP) ratios. Two experiments were carried out: one with broilers with 22 to 33 days of age, and the other with broilers with 35 to 42 days. The Ca:aP ratios used were 4.5:1.0, 6.0:1.0, and 7.5:1.0 in the first period, and 3.5:1.0, 5.0:1.0, and 6.5:1.0 in the second. All diets were supplemented with 1,500 units of phytase activity per kilogram of six different sources of microbial phytase. At the end of each experiment, two broilers per replicate were slaughtered to collect the ileal content. In the samples of digested food, the Ca and P contents were determined for later calculation of the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of these minerals. The Ca:aP ratio influenced the activity of phytases, and the highest digestibility was observed with lower ratios, in both experiments. The phytases that provided greater digestibility coefficients were A, D, and E. In both ages evaluated, the inclusion of phytases in the feed improved the digestibility of Ca and P, which was also affected by the content of calcium and by the phytase source used.

ABSTRACT The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of three calcium:available phosphorus (Ca:aP) ratios and different supplementation with phytases from different origins on performance and ash, Ca, and P contents in the tibia of broilers. A total of 900 male broilers (22 to 35 days old) were fed ten dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. A 3 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme was used, corresponding to three Ca:aP ratios (4.5:1.0, 6.0:1.0, and 7.5:1.0) and three different supplementations with phytases from different origins (isolated or combined supplementation with bacterial and fungal phytase), plus a control diet. Regardless of the dietary Ca:aP ratio, the isolated use of bacterial phytase provided better feed conversion than the fungal phytase but did not differ from combined supplementation with bacterial and fungal phytase. However, regardless of the supplemented phytase, the 7.5:1.0 Ca:aP ratio decreased the feed conversion. Best results for bone P deposition were observed using diets containing the 4.5:1.0 Ca:aP and fungal phytase or the 4.5:1 and 6.0:1 Ca:aP ratios using the bacterial phytase. In general, when the parameters of feed conversion, bone ash, and P content in tibia are considered together, diets containing a 4.5:1.0 or 6.0:1.0 Ca:aP ratio and 1,500 FTU kg−1 bacterial phytase, or a 4.5:1.0 Ca:aP ratio using fungal phytase and only 1.0 g kg−1 available phosphorus provide better results.

Resumo Objetivou-se caracterizar a qualidade da carne de aves da raça Rodhe Island Red em função da diferença do tipo de corte e sexo. Foram utilizadas 30 aves em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2), sendo dois cortes (peito e coxa) e dois sexos, com cinco repetições por tratamento. As aves foram abatidas aos 105 dias para realização das análises físico-químicas, composição centesimal e perfil lipídico do peito e coxa. A coxa apresentou maior média de pH final, teor de vermelho (a*) e força de cisalhamento (FC). Para luminosidade (L*), o peito obteve a maior média e as fêmeas maior média de FC. A coxa apresentou maior teor de extrato etéreo (EE) e umidade. O peito apresentou maior média de ácidos graxos saturados. As fêmeas obtiveram maior quantidade de ω3 e menor relação ω6/ω3. Foi observado maior índice de trombogenicidade no peito. A coxa mostrou menor conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados e menor índice de trombogenicidade. As fêmeas apresentaram maior teor de ω3. O tipo de corte demonstrou maior influência que o sexo sobre os parâmetros estudados e a coxa apresentou melhores aspectos físico-químicos e de perfil lipídico para carne de aves neste sistema de produção relacionados à qualidade de carne desejável pelos consumidores.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize the quality of the meat from Rodhe Island Red poultry, considering the type of cut and sex. We used 30 birds in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (2 x 2), two cuts (breast and thigh) and both sexes, with five replicates per treatment. The birds were slaughtered at 105 days to carry out the physical and chemical analysis, chemical composition and lipid profile of breast and thigh. The thigh showed the highest mean final pH, redness (a*) and shear force (SF). For brightness (L*), the breast had the highest average as well as females presented the highest SF average. The thigh presented the highest amount of ether extract (EE) and humidity. The breast presented the highest amount of saturated fatty acids. Females showed the highest amount of ω3 and the lowest ω6 / ω3 relation. There was a higher thrombogenicity index in breast meat. The thigh showed the lowest content of saturated fatty acids and a lower thrombogenicity index. Females had higher content of ω3. The cut showed greater influence then sex on the studied parameters and the thigh showed better physical and chemical aspects and lipid profile for poultry meat in such production system regarding the meat quality as desirable by the consumers.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, glicerol sérico e umidade da cama de pintos de corte recebendo rações com diferentes níveis e fontes de glicerina. Foram utilizados 1300 pintos de corte machos Cobb 500, num arranjo fatorial 4x3+1, com delineamento inteiramente casualizados, sendo quatro níveis de inclusão (17,5; 35,0; 52,5 e 70,0g/kg) de três glicerinas (bruta de soja (GS), bruta mista (GM) e semipurificada (GPUR) nas dietas isonutritivas e um tratamento sem glicerina, sendo que para as fontes e níveis de glicerina foram teste de Student-Newman-Keuls e análise de regressão, respectivamente; e para o tratamento, teste de Dunnett. Utilizou-se quatro repetições e 25 aves por parcela. O consumo de ração foi influenciado (P<0,05) pelas fontes de glicerina, sendo a GM a fonte que promoveu menor consumo nas aves, porém, não houve diferença dos tratamentos em relação ao controle. Não houve diferença significativa para o ganho de peso. Houve interação dos níveis e fontes de glicerina para a conversão alimentar. Para a GS, a melhor conversão alimentar com a inclusão de 50,35g; para a GM, houve uma piora linear com o aumento da inclusão de glicerina. Houve interação para a concentração de glicerol sérico nas aves, obtendo aumento linear nas aves que ingeriram a GS e GPUR, e redução linear para a GM. O ganho de umidade da cama foi influenciado pelas fontes de glicerina, sendo que a mista apresentou menor umidade. As glicerinas estudadas podem ser incluídas nas rações para pintos de corte até 70,0g/kg, sem prejudicar o desempenho dos animais.

This work aimed to evaluate the performance, serum glycerol and litter moisture of 1300 male Cobb 500 chicks fed diets containing different levels and sources of glycerin. A 4x3+1 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design was used, with four inclusion levels of three glycerine (crude soybean (GS), gross mixed (GM) and semipurified (GPUR)) on isonutrient diets and one control treatment without glycerin. The methods of Student-Newman-Keuls test and regression analysis were applied for sources and levels of glycerin, respectively; and Dunnett test for treatment. It was used four replicates and 25 chickens per pen. Feed intake was affected (P <0.05) by the sources of glycerin, and GM was the source that promoted lower consumption in birds, however, there was no difference in the treatments when compared to control. Also there was no significant difference in weight gain. An interaction of levels and sources of glycerine to the feed conversion was seen.GS had the best feed conversion with the inclusion of 50,35g; GM had a linear worsening with increasing addition of glycerin. There was an interaction for the concentration of serum glycerol in birds, obtaining linear increase in birds consuming the GS and GPUR, and linear decrease for GM. The gain of litter moisture was influenced by the sources of glycerin, with a lower humidity for GM. The glycerine studied may be included in diets for broiler chicks until 70,0g/kg, without harming animal performance.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de valores de equivalência da fitase como base para redução de fósforo disponível (P-disp) em dietas para frangos. Foram avaliados dez planos nutricionais com seis repetições de 15 aves cada uma. Avaliaram-se: desempenho, teor de cinzas na tíbia e custo da ração. De 1 a 7 e de 36 a 42 dias de idade, as aves receberam dieta basal; de 8 a 21 dias, dieta sem fitase contendo 3,9 g kg-1 de P-disp e quatro dietas com fitase contendo de 1,1 a 2,5 g kg-1 de P-disp; e de 22 a 35 dias, dieta sem fitase contendo 3,4 g kg-1 de P-disp mais dieta com fitase contendo 1,6 g kg-1 de P-disp. O melhor plano nutricional foi composto pelas dietas: 4,7 g kg-1 de P-disp sem fitase (1 a 7 dias); 2,0 g kg-1 de P-disp suplementada com fitase (8 a 21 dias); 3,4 g kg-1 de P-disp em ração sem fitase (22 a 35 dias); e 3,0 g kg-1 de P-disp em ração sem fitase (36 a 42 dias). A redução do P-disp ocorre no período de 8 a 21 dias de idade e corresponde a 2,0 g kg-1 de ração suplementada com fitase.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of equivalency values of phytase as a basis for reduction of available phosphorus (aP) in broiler diets. Ten nutritional programs were evaluated with six replicates of 15 birds each. The following were evaluated: performance, tibia ash content, and feed costs. From 1 to 7 and 36 to 42 days of age, the birds received basal diet; from 8 to 21 days, diet without phytase containing 3.9 g kg-1 aP and four diets with phytase containing from 1.1 to 2.5 g kg-1 aP; and from 22 to 35 days, diet without phytase containing 3.4 g kg-1 aP plus diet with phytase containing 1.6 g kg-1 aP. The best nutritional plan was formed by the diets: 4.7 g kg-1 aP without phytase (1 to 7 days); 2.0 g kg-1 aP supplemented with phytase (8 to 21 days); 3.4 g kg-1 aP in feed without phytase (22 to 35 days); and 3.0 g kg-1 aP in feed without phytase (36 to 42 days). The reduction of aP occurs in the period from 8 to 21 days of age and corresponds to 2.0 g kg-1 of feed supplemented with phytase.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a influência que diferentes relações treonina:lisina digestíveis e suplementação ou não de glicina exercem sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte na fase inicial. Foram utilizados 560 pintos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 +1, sendo três relações de treonina:lisina digestíveis (55; 65 e 75%), suplementados ou não com glicina mais um adicional, que continha proteína de origem animal, com relação treonina:lisina digestíveis de 65%. Utilizaram-se oito repetições e 10 aves por unidade experimental. O consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar não foram influenciados pelos níveis de treonina. A suplementação de glicina reduziu o consumo de ração, aumentou o ganho de peso e melhorou a conversão alimentar das aves. Não houve interação entre os níveis de treonina e a suplementação de glicina sobre o desempenho das aves. A suplementação de glicina foi essencial para melhorar o desempenho de pintos de corte. Concluise que a relação de 55% de treonina digestível: lisina digestível (0,631% de treonina digestível), suplementada com glicina é suficiente para atender as exigências de pintos de corte de 8 a 21 dias de idade.

The experiment was conducted with the objective evaluating the different digestible threonine: digestible lysine ratio and supplementation or not of glycine on the performance of broilers in the period from eight to 21 days of age. Five hundred and sixty male broiler chicks of the Cobb strain were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement of 3 x 2 + 1, with three digestible threonine:lysine ratio (55, 65 and 75%), supplemented or not with glycine plus an additional treatment, containing animal protein, with digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 65%. Eight replicates were used per treatment and 10 birds were used per experimental unit. The feed intake, the weight gain and the feed conversion were not influenced by the levels of threonine. The supplementation of glycine reduced the feed intake, increased the weight gain and improved the feed conversion of the birds. There was no interaction between the levels of threonine and the supplementation of glycine on the broilers performance. The supplementation of glycine was essential to improve the broiler chicks performance. The digestible threonine: lysine ratio of 55% (0.631% of digestible threonine), supplemented with glycine is sufficient to meet the requirements of broiler chicks from 8 to 21 days of age.