RESUMO O objetivo neste estudo foi determinar a duração do ciclo em dias e os parâmetros quantitativos de hastes florais de gladíolo em função da data de plantio e do local de cultivo no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Experimentos de campo foram estabelecidos entre 2014-2015 em três locais (Frederico Westphalen, Itaqui e Santa Maria). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completamente casualizados, com seis cultivares de gladíolo em três diferentes datas de plantio em cada local como tratamento. Foram avaliadas a mudança do estágio vegetativo para o reprodutivo, o comprimento da haste, comprimento da espiga e diâmetro da haste no ponto de colheita. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pela ANOVA e pelo teste de Tukey. Quando plantadas durante o final de julho e início de agosto, cultivares de ciclo precoce (‘Purple Flora’, ‘Rose Friendship’ e ‘White Friendship’) e intermediário (‘Green Star’ e ‘Jester’) produzem hastes florais de gladíolo dentro dos padrões desejados, além de possuir um menor ciclo de crescimento do que cultivares tardias (‘Gold Field’), sendo recomendadas para cultivo comercial no Sul do Brasil.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the cycle duration in days and the quantitative parameters, i.e. stem length, spike length and stem diameter of gladiolus floral stems as a function of the planting date and locations in the Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. Field experiments were established between 2014-2015 in three locations (Frederico Westphalen, Itaqui and Santa Maria). The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with six gladiolus cultivars in three distinct planting dates at each location as treatments. The shift from vegetative to reproductive stage, the stem length, spike length and stem diameter were evaluated. Data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. When planted during late July and early August, cultivars of early cycle (‘Purple Flora’, ‘Rose Friendship’ and ‘White Friendship’) and intermediate cycle (‘Green Star’ and ‘Jester’), produced floral stems of gladiolus in the desired patterns besides as well as having a shorter growth cycle than late cultivars (‘Gold Field’), being recommended for commercial cultivation in Southern Brazil.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to analyze the classification of rice grains of lowland cultivars grown under flood and sprinkler irrigation. The study was carried out in the agricultural years 2011/2012 and 2014/2015 using a completely randomized block design with split plots. In 2011/2012, the treatments were three lowland rice cultivars grown under flood irrigation system and five sprinkler irrigation depths with four replications. In 2014/2015, the experimental design was maintained but flood irrigation was not performed. After harvest, the samples were processed in a rice testing machine, including peeling, polishing and classification. Whole and broken grains were weighed to calculate hulling and milling yield. The classifications followed the guidelines described in Normative Instruction No. 6 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply of Brazil. In 2011/2012, there was interaction between sprinkler irrigation depths and the cultivars on hulling and milling yield, and in 2014/2015, there was significant difference in hulling yield between the cultivars. Genetic characteristics and water availability affected the classification of rice grains grown under sprinkler irrigation. In two sprinkler irrigation depths, the quality of the grains was similar to flood irrigation system. The highest milling yield was obtained in cultivar IRGA 417.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar métodos de cálculo da soma térmica e a duração das fases de desenvolvimento de arroz (Oryza sativa) de terras baixas irrigado por aspersão. O experimento foi realizado durante três anos agrícolas (2010/2011, 2011/2012 e 2014/2015), com cinco lâminas de irrigação, seis cultivares e quatro repetições. Seis métodos de cálculo da soma térmica foram avaliados: dois com a temperatura basal inferior; dois com as temperaturas basal inferior e ótima; e dois com as temperaturas basal inferior, ótima e superior. Para o cálculo da soma térmica, o ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura foi dividido nas fases vegetativa, reprodutiva e de enchimento de grãos. Os métodos que utilizaram as três temperaturas cardinais apresentaram os menores coeficientes de variação na maioria das fases de desenvolvimento. Tanto as lâminas de irrigação quanto as cultivares de arroz influenciaram a soma térmica das fases de desenvolvimento. Quanto maior é a disponibilidade hídrica, menor é a duração do ciclo de desenvolvimento. Os valores de soma térmica dependem do método de cálculo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate methods of thermal time calculation and the duration of the development stages of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) irrigated by sprinkling. The experiment was conducted during three growing seasons (2010/2011, 2011/2012, and 2014/2015), with five irrigation water depths, six cultivars, and four replicates. Six methods of thermal time calculation were tested: two using the minimum basal temperature; two using the minimum and optimum temperatures; and two using the minimum, optimum, and maximum basal temperatures. For the thermal time calculation, the crop development cycle was divided into the vegetative, reproductive, and grain-filling phases. The methods that used the three cardinal temperatures showed the lowest coefficients of variation for most of the developmental phases. Both irrigation water depths and rice cultivars affected the thermal time of the development stages. The greater the water availability, the lower the duration of the development cycle. Thermal time values depend on the calculation method.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se determinar as temperaturas cardinais para a fase de plantio-emergência de cormos de gladíolo. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente controlado, em câmara de crescimento localizada no laboratório de fitotecnia do Campus Itaqui da Universidade Federal do Pampa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado sendo os tratamentos 12 níveis térmicos (5°C, 7°C, 10°C, 13°C, 16°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C, 33°C, 35°C), com dez repetições. Utilizou-se a cultivar ‘Amsterdam’, sendo o plantio dos cormos a 10cm de profundidade. Foi observada diariamente a data de emergência das plantas de gladíolo. A taxa de emergência foi calculada para cada tratamento como o inverso da duração da fase de brotação, sendo os dados estimados obtidos através de um modelo não linear de simulação. Nas temperaturas que não houve emergência, definiu-se a temperatura basal inferior e basal superior. Para determinar a temperatura ótima, utilizou-se a raiz do quadrado médio do erro. Na faixa de temperatura de 22ºC a 25ºC a fase plantio-emergência é completada em menor tempo, porém a menor raiz quadrada do erro foi obtida na temperatura de 22,5ºC. As temperaturas cardinais para a fase plantio-emergência de gladíolo são temperatura basal inferior de 5°C, temperatura ótima de 22,5°C e temperatura basal superior de 35°C.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the cardinal temperatures for the planting-emergence phase of gladiolus. A controlled environment experiment was performed in a growth chamber in the Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, using the completely randomized experimental design with 12 temperature treatments (5°C, 7°C, 10°C, 13°C, 16°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C, 33°C, 35°C) and ten replicates. Corms of the cultivar ‘Amsterdam’ were planted at a depth of 10cm in 1.7dm3 pots. Every day the date of emergence of the gladiolus plants was observed. Then for each treatment, the emergence rate was calculated as the inverse of the duration of the budding phase, and estimated data were achieved employing the non-linear model of simulation. The lower base and upper base temperatures were identified at the non-emergence temperatures. To estimate the optimum temperature, the root of mean square error was used. Between 22 and 25ºC the planting-emergence phase was reported to be completed in a shorter time span, although the smaller root mean square error was achieved at 22.5ºC. The cardinal temperatures of the planting-emergence phase of gladiolus, lower base, optimum and upper base temperature were 5°C, 22.5°C and 35°C, respectively.