Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is routinely used to approximate breast cancer intrinsic subtypes, which were initially discovered by microarray analysis. However, IHC assessment of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) status, is a poor surrogate of molecular subtype. Therefore, MammaPrint/BluePrint (MP/BP) microarray gene expression profiling is increasingly used to stratify breast cancer patients into different treatment groups. In this study, ER/PR status, as reported by standard IHC and single-gene mRNA analysis using TargetPrint, was compared with molecular subtyping to evaluate the combined use of MP/BP in South African breast cancer patients. Pathological information of 74 ER/PR positive, HER2 negative tumours from 73 patients who underwent microarray testing, were extracted from a central breast cancer genomics database. The IHC level was standardised by multiplying the intensity score (0-3) by the reported proportion of positively stained nuclei, giving a score of 0-300. Comparison between mRNA levels and IHC determination of ER/PR status demonstrated a significant correlation (p<0.001) for both receptors (ER: 0.34 and PR: 0.54). Concordance was shown in 61 (82%) cases and discordance in 13 (18%) of the 74 tumours tested. Further stratification by MP/BP identified 49 (66.2%) Luminal A, 21 (28.4%) Luminal B and 4 (5.4%) Basal-like tumours. Neither IHC nor TargetPrint could substitute BP subtyping, which measures the functional integrity of ER and can identify patients with false-positive tumours who are resistant to hormone therapy. These findings support the implementation of a pathology-supported genetic testing approach combining IHC and microarray gene profiling for definitive prognostic and predictive treatment decision-making in patients with early stage breast cancer.Significance: •Single-gene genomic oestrogen and progesterone receptor reporting adds limited additional information to the molecular stratification of breast cancer tumours and does not supersede the immunohistochemistry results. •Neither single-gene genomic mRNA nor immunohistochemistry reporting of oestrogen and progesterone receptor status can replace the combined use of MammaPrint/BluePrint genomic molecular subtyping. •Reliable distinction between Luminal A and B type tumours is not possible using immunohistochemistry or single-gene genomic mRNA assessment of oestrogen/progesterone and HER2 receptor status. •Combining immunohistochemistry and microarray gene profiling enables the identification of endocrine treatment resistant hormone-positive tumours lacking ERα function (Basal-like), despite positive expression at the protein and single-gene RNA level

ResumenViejamelanura es un cíclido neotropical (subfamilia Cichlinae; tribu Heroini) que se encuentra en los lagos del distrito de Péten en Guatemala, así como en la Cuenca del Río Grijalva-Usumacinta, y otros sistemas acuáticos en el sur de México, Belice y Guatemala. Una banda oscura que se extiende desde el pedúnculo caudal hacia la porción anterior del mismo es característica de esta especie. Esta banda está inclinada hacia abajo en casi todos los individuos de V. melanura, pero el grado de inclinación es altamente variable a lo largo del rango de distribución de la especie. La pendiente y forma de la banda se ha utilizado anteriormente como carácter diagnóstico entre especies del género Vieja. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar la variación morfológica en la forma del cuerpo y en los patrones de coloración de la banda caudal a lo largo del rango de distribución de V. melanura utilizando métodos objetivos. Analizamos la forma del cuerpo utilizando morfometría geométrica, medimos empíricamente la pendiente de la banda caudal en 215 especimenes. Finalmente evaluamos si existen patrones de estructura genética a nivel de poblaciones utilizando el marcador mitocondrial Citocromo b a lo largo del rango de distribución de V. melanura. Nuestros resultados muestran que la forma del cuerpo y los patrones de coloración de la banda caudal varian significantemente a lo largo del rango de distribución de V. melanura pero presenta poca estructura filogeografica. Estos patrones pueden ser explicados plausiblemente por diferencias en los hábitats riverinos presentes a lo largo del rango de distribución de la especie. En conclusión estos resultados se pueden utilizar como referencia en otros trabajos de taxonomía y sistemática que investiguen variación en la forma del cuerpo y patrones de coloracion en peces neotropicales.

AbstractVieja melanura is a Neotropical cichlid occurring in the Petén-lake district systems of Guatemala, as well as the Río Grijalva-Usumacinta basin, and other systems in Southern México, Belize, and Guatemala. A caudal stripe, extending forward from the caudal peduncle, is characteristic of this species. This stripe is sloped downward in nearly all individuals of V. melanura, but the degree of the slope is highly variable throughout its range. The slope and shape of the stripe has previously been used in diagnosing and differentiating between species of Vieja. The purpose of this study was to use objective methods to investigate morphological variation in the caudal stripe and body shape throughout the range of V. melanura. We studied geometric morphometric analyses of body shape and empirical measurements of the slope of the caudal stripe in 215 specimens ofV. melanura. We also used the mitochondrial cytochrome b marker to study population level patterns within V. melanura. Results from our analyses showed significant geographic variation in body shape and patterns of coloration with little mitochondrial phylogeographic structure. These patterns likely correspond to differences in riverine habitats throughout the species’ distribution. In conclusion, these results can be used to inform other studies of color and shape variation as it applies to taxonomy and systematics.

PURPOSE: The accuracy of prostate specific antigen (PSA) to detect prostate cancer has not yet been determined. Autopsy evidence suggests one-third of men have evidence of prostate cancer. Correlation between prostate cancer and sexually transmitted infection is indeterminate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective database was created of all men who underwent transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy over 3 years. Men were 49% African or African Caribbean, and 51% Central or South American. Information about prostate specific antigen, cholesterol, hepatitis A, B and C, human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, tuberculin skin testing and histology were collected. RESULTS: Hepatitis C antibody detection correlated with prostate cancer OR 11.2 (95% CI 3.0 to 72.4). The odds of prostate cancer increased annually (p = 0.0003). However, no correlation was found between prostate cancer and the following: PSA, biopsy date, repeat biopsy, more than 12 cores at biopsy, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, risk measure reported with free and total PSA, hepatitis B surface antibody, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or atypical small acinar proliferation. Histologic prostatitis and basal cell hyperplasia were inversely correlated with prostate cancer. Syphilis of unknown duration occurred in 17% of men with indeterminate correlation to prostate cancer. CONCLUSION: In inner city men of African and African-Caribbean, or Central and South American descent, prostate specific antigen levels did not correlate with prostate cancer. Hepatitis C antibody detection correlates significantly with prostate cancer. One prostate biopsy is sufficient to diagnose statistically significant prostate cancer. Histologic prostatitis and basal cell hyperplasia decrease odds of prostate cancer. Atypical small acinar proliferation may not correlate to prostate cancer and is pending further investigation. Men should be screened for epidemic syphilis of unknown duration.