Os fertilizantes de liberação lenta são usados para reduzir a frequência das adubações por disponibilizar gradualmente os nutrientes às plantas. Entretanto, a liberação de nutrientes deve coincidir com a demanda nutricional das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a disponibilidade de N, P e K e o crescimento de dois porta-enxertos de citros quando fertilizados com fertilizantes de liberação lenta e fertilizantes convencionais. Foram avaliados dois manejos de adubação em substrato comercial (com fertilizantes de liberação lenta e somente com fertilizantes convencionais), dois porta-enxertos (limoeiro 'Cravo' e tangerineira 'Sunki') e cinco épocas de avaliação (30; 60; 90; 120 e 180 dias após o replantio das mudas), com cinco repetições e duas plantas por parcela. O emprego do fertilizante de liberação lenta aumentou o diâmetro de caule, número de folhas, teores de P nas folhas e disponibilidade de P e K no substrato, quando comparado ao emprego da fertilização convencional.

The slow release fertilizers are used to reduce the frequency of fertilization because provides gradually the nutrients to the plants. However the release of nutrients should be the same that nutrient demand by plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate availability of N, P and K and growth of two citrus rootstocks when slow release and conventional fertilizers were applied. Two fertilizations systems in a commercial substrate were appraised (with controlled-release fertilizer and with only conventional fertilizers), two rootstock ('Rangpur lime' tree and tangerine 'Sunki' tree) and five sampling times (30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days after the transplanting) with five repetitions and two plants per plot. The uses of slow release fertilizer increase stem diameter, leaves number, P contents in leaves of rootstocks and P and K disponibility in substrate, when compared with use of conventional fertilization.

Most cases of sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism present disturbances in a single parathyroid gland and the surgery of choice is adenomectomy. Conversely, hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1) is an asynchronic, asymmetrical multiglandular disease and it is surgically approached by either subtotal parathyroidectomy or total parathyroidectomy followed by parathyroid auto-implant to the forearm. In skilful hands, the efficacy of both approaches is similar and both should be complemented by prophylactic thymectomy. In a single academic center, 83 cases of hyperparathyroidism/ multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 were operated on from 1987 to 2010 and our first surgical choice was total parathyroidectomy followed by parathyroid auto-implant to the non-dominant forearm and, since 1997, associated transcervical thymectomy to prevent thymic carcinoid. Overall, 40% of patients were given calcium replacement (mean intake 1.6 g/day) during the first months after surgery, and this fell to 28% in patients with longer follow-up. These findings indicate that several months may be needed in order to achieve a proper secretion by the parathyroid auto-implant. Hyperparathyroidism recurrence was observed in up to 15% of cases several years after the initial surgery. Thus, long-term follow-up is recommended for such cases. We conclude that, despite a tendency to subtotal parathyroidectomy worldwide, total parathyroidectomy followed by parathyroid auto-implant is a valid surgical option to treat hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Larger comparative systematic studies are needed to define the best surgical approach to hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

BACKGROUND: The molecular mechanisms involved in the genesis of the adrenocortical lesions seen in MEN1 syndrome (ACL-MEN1) remain poorly understood; loss of heterozygosity at 11q13 and somatic mutations of MEN1 are not usually found in these lesions. Thus, additional genes must be involved in MEN1 adrenocortical disorders. Overexpression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor has been shown to promote adrenocortical tumorigenesis in a mice model and has also been associated with ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome in humans. However, to our knowledge, the status of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor expression in adrenocortical lesions in MEN1 has not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor expression in adrenocortical hyperplasia associated with MEN1 syndrome. MATERIALS/METHODS: Three adrenocortical tissue samples were obtained from patients with previously known MEN1 germline mutations and in whom the presence of a second molecular event (a new MEN1 somatic mutation or an 11q13 loss of heterozygosity) had been excluded. The expression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor was quantified by qPCR using the DDCT method, and b-actin was used as an endogenous control. RESULTS: The median of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor expression in the adrenocortical lesions associated with MEN1 syndrome was 2.6-fold (range 1.2 to 4.8) higher than the normal adrenal controls (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The current study represents the first investigation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor expression in adrenocortical lesions without 11q13 loss of heterozygosity in MEN1 syndrome patients. Although we studied a limited number of cases of MEN1 adrenocortical lesions retrospectively, our preliminary data suggest an involvement of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor overexpression in the etiology of adrenocortical hyperplasia. New prospective studies will be able to clarify the exact role of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor in the molecular pathogenesis of MEN1 adrenocortical lesions.

Avaliou-se o uso de diferentes adubos orgânicos, comparados com a adubação química tradicional, no maracujazeiro-amarelo, para a Região Norte Fluminense. As características avaliadas foram produtividade, número de frutos ha-1 e peso médio dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, no município de Campos dos Goytacazes, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de fevereiro de 2005 a julho de 2006. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, que corresponderam às seguintes adubações por planta: AQ - 100 g da fórmula 20-5-20 (N-P2O5-K2O) + cobertura morta (CM); RM - 5 L de raspa de mandioca + CM; EB - 5 L de esterco bovino + CM; TF C/CM - 5 L de torta de filtro + CM; FOC - 500 g de farinha de ossos e carne + CM; TF S/CM - 5 L de torta de filtro - sem CM. Os tratamentos com farinha de ossos e carne e torta de filtro, com e sem cobertura morta, não diferiram significativamente da adubação química tradicional quanto à produtividade, ao nº de frutos ha-1 e ao peso médio de frutos, sendo promissoras fontes de nutrientes para o maracujazeiro-amarelo.

Different organic fertilizers were compared with the traditional chemical fertilization of the yellow passion fruit plant in northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, in terms of the effects on yield, number, and mean weight of fruits. The experiment was carried out in the municipal district of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, from February 2005 to July 2006, in a randomized blocks design with four replications and six treatments, corresponding to the following dosages of fertilizer per plant: AQ - 100 g of chemical fertilizer (20% N - 5% P2O5 - 20% K2O) + mulching (CM); RM - 5 L of cassava abrades + CM; EB - 5 L of cattle manure + CM; TF + CM - 5 L of sugar cane plant filter pie + CM; FOC - 500 g of bone and meat meal + CM; TF - 5 L of sugar cane filter pie without CM. The bone and meat meal and sugar cane filter pie treatments, with and without mulch, did not differ from chemical fertilization in terms of yield, number, and mean weight of fruits. They can be used in replacement for chemical fertilization.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar o crescimento e estado nutricional da muda de citros, em função de diferentes doses de uréia revestida (UR). No primeiro, conduzido do transplantio (01/2006) ao ponto de enxertia (06/2006), foram avaliadas cinco doses de UR (0, 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 kg m-3; de substrato) e dois substratos (Plantmax® e outro obtido da mistura entre bagaço de cana + torta de filtro - BT). No segundo, conduzido do ponto de enxertia ao de desponte (12/2006), foram avaliadas as cinco doses de UR no substrato BT. O ponto de enxertia foi atingido aos 120 dias após o transplantio nas plantas cultivadas no substrato BT, enquanto no Plantmax®, não foi atingido. O teor de N no porta-enxerto cultivado no substrato BT aumenta com as doses de UR. Maiores diâmetro e teor de N nas plantas cultivadas no substrato Plantmax® é observado na dose 2,4 kg m-3. Usando substrato BT com as características descritas neste experimento, seria possível a obtenção do porta-enxerto tangerineira 'Cleópatra' apto a enxertia aos 159 dias após o transplantio e da muda de laranjeira 'Seleta', enxertada sobre ele, aos 182 dias após a enxertia, sem complementação da adubação nitrogenada com uréia revestida.

Two experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the growth and nutritional state of the young citrus tree in function of different levels of coated urea (UR). In the first experiment, carried out from transplanting (01/2006) up to the budding point (06/2006), five levels of UR were evaluated (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kg m-3;of substratum) and two substrata (Plantmax® and another obtained from sugar cane bagasse + filter cake - BT). In the second experiment, carried out from budding until the pinch out point (12/2006), five doses of UR in substratum BT were evaluated. The budding point was reached 120 days after the transplanting in the plants cultivated in substratum BT, while in Plantmax® it was not reached. The concentration of N in the rootstock leaves cultivated in substratum BT increases with the doses of UR. Major diameter and N concentration in the plants cultivated in substratum Plantmax® were observed in a level of 2.4 kg m-3. Using the substratum BT with the characteristics described in this experiment, it is possible to attain the rootstock 'Cleópatra' mandarin in the budding point at 159 days after the transplanting and the young 'Seleta' orange tree, budded on it, at 182 days after budding, without nitrogen fertilization supplementation with coated urea.

Adubações minerais e orgânicas promovem alterações nas condições físicas e químicas do solo, com conseqüente efeito na produtividade das culturas. Um experimento foi realizado no Município de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, de fevereiro de 2005 a julho de 2006, para comparar diferentes adubos orgânicos com a adubação mineral do maracujazeiro-amarelo quanto aos efeitos sobre as características químicas e físicas do solo adubado. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, correspondentes às seguintes adubações por planta: (AM) adubação mineral = 100 g da fórmula NPK 20-5-20 + cobertura morta (CM); EB = 5 L de esterco bovino + CM; FOC = 500 g de farinha de ossos e carne + CM; RM = 5 L de raspa de mandioca + CM; TF C/CM = 5 L de torta de filtro + CM; TF S/CM = 5 L de torta de filtro - sem CM. A adubação mineral foi feita a cada 30 dias e as adubações orgânicas a cada 60 dias. Foram avaliados os atributos químicos: pH, condutividade elétrica, teores de P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, H + Al, e matéria orgânica; e os físicos: granulometria, densidade do solo e das partículas, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, capacidade de campo, ponto de murcha e água disponível em três diferentes profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-15 cm). Os adubos orgânicos aplicados no maracujazeiro promoveram mudanças significativas nas características químicas do solo, em comparação com a adubação mineral tradicional, em que houve aumento do pH e do H + Al em todas as profundidades, e redução dos teores de Al nas camadas mais profundas. Houve, ainda, aumento nos teores de nutrientes no solo e, por conseqüência, na soma de bases, principalmente na camada superior, sendo a torta de filtro o composto orgânico mais eficiente em promover tais melhorias, inclusive aumentando a CTC do solo. Apenas a torta de filtro promoveu alterações nas características físicas do solo, reduzindo as quantidades de areia grossa e aumentando as quantidades de silte, argila e matéria orgânica. As demais características físicas do solo não foram influenciadas pela adição de adubos orgânicos no maracujazeiro, em comparação com a adubação mineral tradicional.

The supply of mineral and organic manuring promotes alterations in the physical and chemical conditions of the soil, with consequent effects on crop productivity. An experiment was accomplished in the county of Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, from February 2004 to July 2006, to compare different organic fertilizers with the traditional chemical manuring of the yellow passion fruit plant regarding their effects on chemical and physical characteristics of the fertilized soil. The experiment had a randomized complete block design with four replicates, with six treatments of fertilizer levels per plant as follows: (AQ) Chemical manuring = 100 g of the formula 20-5-20 (N-P2O5-K2O) + mulching (CM); EB = 5 L of bovine manure + CM; FOC = 500 g of bone and meat flour + CM; RM = 5 L of cassava abrades + CM; TF + CM = 5 L of sugar cane plant filter pie + CM; TF = 5 L of sugar cane filter pie without CM. Chemical manuring was done every 30 days, while organic manuring every 60 days. The soil chemical characteristics (pH, electric conductivity, levels of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na Al, H + Al, and organic matter) and physical characteristics (granulometry, density of the soil and of the particles, total porosity, macro and microporosity, field capacity, wilting point and water availability) were determined in 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 cm soil layers. The organic fertilizers applied to passion fruit plant modified significantly the soil chemical characteristics, in comparison to the traditional chemical manuring, increasing pH and H + Al in all soil depths, and reducing Al availability in the deepest layers. There was also an increase in the availability of nutrients in the soil and so in the sum of bases, mainly in the surface layer, the filter pie being the most efficient organic manure in promoting such improvements, besides increasing soil CTC. Only the filter pie modified the soil physical characteristics, reducing the amounts of coarse sand and increasing the amounts of silt, clay and organic matter. The other physical characteristics of the soil were not influenced by the addition of organic fertilizers to the passion fruit plant, in comparison with the traditional chemical fertilizers.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de um análogo de brassinosteróide e a inoculação com o fungo micorrízico Acaulospora scrobiculata (FMA) sobre o crescimento e estado nutricional da tangerineira 'Cleópatra', da semeadura à repicagem. O experimento foi realizado em condições de casa de vegetação na Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5x2 com quatro repetições, sendo cinco concentrações de um análogo de brassinosteróide, Biobras-16 (0,0; 0,1; 0,5; 0,75 e 1,00 mg L-1) e com ou sem inoculação com FMA. A inoculação com o FMA promoveu maior crescimento em altura, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, área foliar e na massa seca das folhas e do caule. O Biobras-16 promoveu efeito benéfico no diâmetro do caule. Os conteúdos de P, K, Fe e Mn foram mais elevados nas plantas inoculadas. Os resultados mostraram que a associação dos dois fatores estudados modificam o crescimento do porta-enxerto.

'Cleópatra' mandarin submitted to mycorrhization and to a brassinosteroid analogue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of a brassinosteroid analogue and inoculation of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Acaulospora scrobiculata on the 'Cleópatra' mandarin from the sowing until transplant point. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions at Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense. The experimental design utilized was a randomized block with a 5x2 factorial scheme with 4 replications, using 5 concentrations of a brassinosteroid analogue, Biobras-16 (0.0; 0.1; 0.5 and 1.00 mg L-1) and with or without AMF inoculation. The AMF inoculation caused increment in height, number of leaves, diameter of the stem, leaf area and dry mass of the leaf and stem. The Biobras16 promoted an increment of the diameter of the stem. The P, K, Fe and Mn contents were higher in the AMF inoculated plants. Results show that the association of the two factors studied modifies the growth of rootstock.

OBJETIVOS: Realizar rastreamentos clínico e gênico para Neoplasia Endócrina Múltipla tipo 1 (NEM1) e analisar seu impacto no seguimento clínico desses pacientes no Hospital das Clínicas, SP. MÉTODOS: O diagnóstico clínico de NEM1 foi realizado de acordo com o Consenso sobre neoplasias endócrinas múltiplas. A análise genética para identificação de mutações foi realizada por sequenciamento automático de todas as regiões codificadoras e fronteiras exon/intron do gene MEN1. Os casos afetados foram sub-divididos em 3 grupos e analisados separadamente: casos-índices (grupo I), familiares diagnosticados clinicamente (grupo II) e genicamente (grupo III). RESULTADOS: Um total de 154 casos participou desse estudo, sendo 52 diagnosticados com NEM1: 13 do grupo I, 28 do grupo II e 11 do grupo III. A idade média ao diagnóstico no grupo III (27 anos) foi significativamente menor que a dos grupos I (39,5 anos; p = 0,03) e II (42,4 anos; p = 0,01). A maioria dos pacientes dos grupos I e II apresentou 2 ou 3 tumores, enquanto que 81,8% dos casos do grupo III apresentavam 1 ou nenhum tumor relacionado à NEM1. Além disto, 45,4% dos casos do grupo III eram assintomáticos, não sendo observados nenhuma metástase ou óbito. Os demais 102 familiares sob-risco estudados não herdaram mutação MEN1 e foram excluídos do rastreamento clínico. Um caso de fenocópia NEM1 foi também localizado. DISCUSSÃO: Nossos dados demonstraram importantes benefícios no seguimento dos pacientes NEM1, obtidos pela implementação dos rastreamentos clínico e gênico para essa doença.

PURPOSE: To perform clinical and genetic screening for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) in patients at the Academic Hospital of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, and to analyze its impact on clinical management of patients with MEN1. METHODS: The clinical diagnosis of MEN1 was made in accordance with the Consensus on multiple endocrine neoplasias. Mutation analysis of the entire MEN1 tumor suppressor gene and genetic screening of at-risk family members were performed by direct sequencing. To analyze the implementation of genetic diagnosis, the studied patients were separated into 3 groups: MEN1 index cases (group I), clinically diagnosed MEN1 cases (group II), and genetically diagnosed MEN1 cases (group III). RESULTS: In total, 154 individuals were clinically and genetically studied. We identified 12 different MEN1 mutations. Fifty-two MEN1 cases were identified: 13 in group I, 28 in group II, and 11 in group III. The mean age in group III (27.0 years) was significantly lower than in groups I (39.5 years) and II (42.4 years; P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). Patients in groups I and II mostly presented 2 or 3 MEN1-related tumors, while 81.8% of those in group III presented 1 or no MEN1-related tumor. Additionally, in group III, 45.4% of cases were asymptomatic, and no metastasis or death was verified. Surveillance for MEN1 mutations allowed the exclusion of 102 noncarriers, including a case of MEN1 phenocopy. CONCLUSION: Our data supports the benefits of clinical and genetic screening for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in the management of this syndrome.

A neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 2 (NEM2) é caracterizada pela ocorrência do carcinoma medular de tireóide (CMT), hiperparatiroidismo primário (HPT) e feocromocitoma (FEO).1-12 Desde 1993, quando as primeiras mutações do tipo missense no proto-oncogene RET (RET), associadas a NEM2 foram identificadas, 46 diferentes mutações causadoras de doenças foram descritas.13-17 Como há uma forte correlação genótipo-fenótipo na NEM2, a detecção de mutações no RET adquiriu grande impacto no tratamento precoce do CMT e NEM2. A NEM2 persiste como uma doença subdiagnosticada e/ou tardiamente diagnosticada em várias áreas geográficas do globo. A análise de mutações do RET deve ser realizada em todas os casos de NEM2 e atualmente, a tireoidectomia total profilática é indicada para todos os indivíduos portadores de mutações no RET.¹ Para a grande maioria dos portadores de mutações gaméticas ativadoras no RET este procedimento cirúrgico é indicado nos primeiros anos de vida, promovendo melhora na qualidade de vida, aumento da sobrevida ou mesmo levando à cura definitiva.¹ Discutimos nesta revisão, o impacto da análise do proto-oncogene RET na conduta clínica da neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 2. Além disso, o diagnóstico molecular do RET fornece à clínicos e cirurgiões a mais valiosa das informações, permitindo indicação de tireoidectomia total profilática.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the presence of medullary thyroid carcinoma, primary hyperparathyroidism, and pheochromocytoma. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 is still an underdiagnosed, or late-diagnosed condition in many areas of the world. Since 1993, when the first missense RET proto-oncogene (RET) mutations were reported in MEN2, up to 46 different RET-causing disease mutations have been described. Since a strong genotype-phenotype correlation exists for MEN2, the detection of RET mutations has produced a major impact in early recognition and treatment of MTC and MEN2. Presently, RET mutation analysis should be performed for all MEN2 cases and their at-risk familial relatives. Further, prophylactic total thyroidectomy is indicated in all cases harboring activating gametic RET mutations. In most RET mutation carriers, prophylactic total thyroidectomy is indicated at ages as early as a few months to 4 years of age, promoting longer survival and improvement of quality of life or even definitive cure. We discuss the large impact of RET proto-oncogene analysis on the clinical management of MEN2 and the role of early RET molecular DNA diagnosis in providing clinicians and surgeons with valuable information that enables them to indicate early total thyroidectomy.