RESUMO Objetivos: o principal objetivo deste estudo foi descrever pacientes com achados vasculares retinianos temporalmente relacionados à vacinação contra COVID-19. Com maior notificação de possíveis eventos adversos similares, esperamos compreender a real dimensão e relevância do que foi apresentado. Métodos: Onze pacientes com queixas visuais após vacinação contra COVID-19 foram estudados. Os dados analisados foram: idade, gênero, tipo de vacinação, tempo de aparecimento de sintomas, achados sistêmicos, antecedentes pessoais, acuidade visual com melhor correção, biomicroscopia e imagem retiniana multimodal (retinografia colorida, red-free, SD-OCT, OCTA e angiofluoresceinografia). Os critérios de inclusão foram a presença de alterações oftalmológicas ocorridas dentro de 30 dias após a primeira ou segunda dose de qualquer vacina contra COVID-19. Resultados: Onze pacientes foram incluídos: 5 com oclusão arterial (45,4%), 4 com oclusão venosa (36,4%) e 2 (18,2%) com alterações não específicas vasculares sugestivas de isquemia retiniana como exsudatos algodonosos. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 57 anos (DP=16; com intervalo de 27 a 84 anos). A média de tempo de aparecimento de sintomas após a vacinação foi de 10 dias (DP=5,4; com intervalo de 3 a 16 dias). Nove dos onze pacientes eram do sexo feminino (81,8%). Fatores de risco sistêmicos foram observados em 36,4% dos pacientes. Dois pacientes tiveram sintomas neurológicos e visuais, com oclusão arterial. 36,4% dos pacientes tiveram infecção prévia por COVID-19 no último ano. Sete pacientes (63,6%) receberam a vacina ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222). Conclusões: nossos dados sugerem que eventos retinianos temporalmente relacionados à vacinação contra COVID-19 são possíveis, porém raros. A relação entre estes eventos pós-vacinais exigem futura atenção antes de maiores conclusões.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to assess vascular retinal findings temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination. With greater information regarding all possible future adverse events, we hope to understand the real dimension and relevance of what was presented. Methods: Eleven patients with visual complaints after COVID-19 vaccination were enrolled. Data on the following were included: age, sex, vaccine, time of symptom onset, systemic findings, medical history, best-corrected visual acuity, and ocular findings by slit-lamp biomicroscopy as well as multimodal retinal imaging (color fundus, red-free photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, and fluorescein-angiography). Inclusion criteria were the presence of ophthalmologic signs within 30 days after the first or second dose of any COVID-19 vaccine. Results: Of 11 patients, five had arterial occlusion (45.4%), four had venous occlusion (36.4%), and two (18.2%) had nonspecific vascular alterations suggestive of retinal ischemia such as cotton-wool spots. The mean age was 57 (SD = 16; range: 27-84) years. The mean time of symptoms onset was 10 (SD = 5.4; range: 3-16) days. Nine patients were female (81.8%). Systemic risk factors were observed in 36.4% of patients. Two patients had both neurological and visual symptoms, with arterial occlusion. Overall, 36.4% patients had COVID-19 in the previous year. Seven patients (63.6%) received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine. Conclusions: Our data suggest that retinal events temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination are possible but are very rare. The relationship of these events with post-COVID-19 vaccination warrants further attention to derive a meaningful conclusion.

Meningoencefalite criptocócica é infecção causada por um fungo denominado Cryptococcus neoformans. Duas formas são conhecidas: variação gattii e neoformans. A infecção antes da puberdade é rara. Cerca de metade dos pacientes apresentam algum estado imunossupressivo. O papiledema está presente em um terço dos pacientes por ocasião do diagnóstico. Relatamos um caso de meningoencefalite por criptococose em paciente de oito anos de idade, sem relato de doenças prévias, que evoluiu com amaurose bilateral. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por detecção do C. neoformans, var. gattii. O paciente foi tratado com anfotericina B e dexametasona. Na literatura existem poucos relatos de perda visual permanente após meningite por criptococose. A existência de um protocolo para tratamento de pacientes com papiledema é um fator determinante para evitar a perda visual.

Cryptococcal meningitis is caused by the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Two varieties are recognized: var. gattii and var. neoformans. It is usually associated with immunosuppressive states, particularly HIV infection. Cryptococcal infection of the central nervous system is uncommon in immunocompetent children and difficult to diagnose. Ocular complications are common. Optic disc swelling was found in 33%. The following report describes a case of meningitis caused by C. neoformans var. gattii in an 8 year-old immunocompetent child who developed optic atrophy. The patient was treated with amphotericin B associated with corticosteroids. Possible therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing visual loss in cryptococcal meningitis have great importance to avoid this important morbidity.

The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and complications of the use of an intraocular sustained-release ganciclovir implant for the treatment of active cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients. Thirty-nine eyes of 26 patients were submitted to ocular surgery. All patients underwent complete ocular examination before and after surgery. The surgical procedure was always done under local anesthesia using the same technique. The mean time for the surgical procedure was 20 min (range, 15 to 30 min). The average follow-up period was 3.7 months. Of all patient, only 4 presented recurrence of retinitis after 8, 8, 9 and 2 months, respectively. Three of them received a successful second implant. All 39 eyes of the 26 patients presented healing of retinitis as shown by clinical improvement evaluated by indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy and retinography. Retinitis healed within a period of 4 to 6 weeks in all patients, with clinical regression signs from the third week on. Six (15.4%) eyes developed retinal detachment. None of the patients developed CMV retinitis in the contralateral eye. The intraocular implant proved to be effective in controlling the progression of retinitis for a period of up to 8 months even in patients for whom systemic therapy with either ganciclovir or foscarnet or both had failed. The intraocular sustained-release ganciclovir implant proved to be a safe new procedure for the treatment of CMV retinitis, avoiding the systemic side effects caused by the intravenous medications and improving the quality of life of the patients.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as manifestações oculares do paciente HIV positivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: É um estudo retrospectivo em 1100 pacientes ambulatoriais HIV positivo em três anos com ficha padrão e exame oftalmológico completo, atendidos no Departamento de Oftalmologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina. RESULTADOS: Dos 1100 pacientes, 869 (79%) eram do sexo masculino e 231 (21%) do feminino. Os fatores de risco mais importantes foram: homossexualidade masculina em 303 (27,55%), heterossexualidade em 272 (24,73%), usuários de drogas endovenosas em 168 (15,27%) e causa indeterminada ou não revelada em 246 (22,36%). As queixas oculares mais freqüentes foram: 432 (39,27%) pacientes com baixa da acuidade visual; 138 (12,55%) com embaçamento visual; 64 (5,82%) com dor ocular, 186 (16,9%) com queixas inespecíficas e 235 (21,36%) pacientes não apresentavam qualquer queixa. As manifestações oculares mais freqüentes foram: retinite por CMV em 246 (22,36%) dos pacientes; exsudatos algodonosos em 110 (10%), blefarite em 51(4,64%) e toxoplasmose ocular em 48 (4,36%). CONCLUSÃO: Houve progressão da doença entre os heterossexuais e aumento da incidência no sexo feminino nesta população estudada. Os que apresentavam queixas oculares foram a maioria. A manifestação ocular mais freqüente foi a retinite por CMV em 246 (22,36%). Encontramos 10% de exsudatos algodonosos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate ocular manifestations of HIV-infected patients MATERIAL AND METHODS: A restropective study of 1,100 HIV positive out patients in 3 years with a standard complete ophthalmological exam. RESULTS: Eigth hundred and sixty nine (79%) of the 1,100 patients studied were male and 231 (21%) female. The most important risk factors were: male homossexuality in 303 cases (27.55%), heterossexuality in 272 (24.73%), endovenous drugs use in 168 (15.27%), and unknown cause in 246 (26.36%). Related to ocular complains, we found 432 (39.27%) patients with decreased visual acuity, 138 (12.55%) with visual hazy, 64 (5.82%) with ocular pain, 186 (16.9%) with inespecific complaints, and 235 (21.36%) with no complains. The most frequent ocular manifestations were: CMV retinitis in 246 (22.36%), cotton wool spots in 110 (10%), blepharitis in 51 (4.64%), and toxoplasmosis in 48 (4.36%). CONCLUSION: The increase of disease ratio was observed among heterossexual and females in this specific population. Patients with ocular complains were 79.42% . The most frequent ocular manifestations was CMV retinitis, in 246 (22.36%). We found also 10% of cotton wool spots.

RESUMO Realizamos um estudo amostral populacional para melhor conhecer a prevalência de Toxoplasmose ocular em Venda Nova do Imigrante, ES e compará-la com a prevalência de lesões em outras regiões do Brasil. De 1.074 pessoas examinadas, 11,27% foram diagnosticadas como portadoras de toxoplasmose ocular, baseado em achados fundoscópicos. Esta prevalência foi superior à existente nos Estados Unidos; (0,6%) e em São Paulo (9%), mas inferior à de Erechin, RS (17,7%). Foram encontrados quatro casos familiares (2 famílias com 2 irmãos não-gêmeos e 2 famílias com casos de mães e filhos afetados), sugerindo toxoplasmose adquirida. A acuidade visual foi igual ou inferior a 20/200 em 7% dos olhos com lesões oculares, devido a presença de lesões maculares.

SUMMARY We perfomed a population-based household survey to better understand the prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis in Venda Nova do Imigrante, Espírito Santo state and to compare the results with other regions of Brazil. Of 1074 patients from Venda Nova do Imigrante - ES examinated, 11.27% were deemed to have ocular toxoplasmosis on basis of conservative assessment of ophthalmic findings. This prevalence was higher than in North America (0.6%) and in São Paulo (9%) but lower than in Erechin (RS) (17.7%). Four familial cases were found (2 families with affected siblings and 2 families with affected mother and son), suggesting also acquired toxoplasmosis as mode of transmission. The visual acuity with pinhole was lower or equal to 20/200 in 7% of the eyes with toxoplasmic scars, due to macular lesions.