Resumo O artigo descreve o fenômeno do absenteísmo entre os servidores municipais da cidade de São Paulo e busca compreender como os profissionais da educação entendem a falta docente e se organizam para enfrentar esse problema na escola. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica, fez-se a análise estatística descritiva de variáveis relacionadas a ausências dos servidores e perfil dos profissionais pertencentes ao quadro do magistério, bem como a análise dos resultados coletados por meio de entrevistas em vinte unidades escolares. O estudo recomenda que sejam delineadas melhorias das condições de trabalho dos professores, buscando, em especial, diminuir o número excessivo de alunos por sala de aula, aumentar os níveis salariais a fim de prevenir o acúmulo de cargos e investir na carreira do magistério, tornando-a mais atraente. escola bibliográfica fezse fez magistério escolares professores buscando especial aula tornandoa tornando atraente

Resumen El artículo describe el fenómeno del absentismo entre los servidores municipales de la ciudad de São Paulo y busca comprender cómo los profesionales de la educación entienden la escasez de docentes y se organizan para enfrentar este problema en la escuela. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo de variables relacionadas con la ausencia de los servidores y el perfil de los profesionales pertenecientes al cuerpo docente, así como el análisis de los resultados recogidos a través de entrevistas en veinte unidades escolares. El estudio recomienda que sean delimitadas mejorías de las condiciones de trabajo de los profesores, buscando, en especial, reducir el número excesivo de alumnos por sala de clase, aumentar los niveles salariales con la finalidad de evitar la acumulación de puestos, e invertir en la carrera docente, haciéndola más atractiva. escuela bibliográfica docente escolares profesores buscando especial clase puestos atractiva

Abstract The article describes the phenomenon of absenteeism among municipal teachers in the city of São Paulo and seeks to understand how education professionals view teacher nonattendance and organize to face this problem in schools. Based on a bibliographic review, a statistical descriptive analysis was conducted with variables related to public servant absences and the profile of professionals in the teacher workforce. In addition, the results collected through interviews in twenty school units were analyzed. The study recommends for improvements to be outlined in teachers’ working conditions, aiming particularly to reduce the excessive number of students per classroom, raise wage levels in order to prevent accumulation of positions, and invest in the teaching career so as to make it more attractive. schools review workforce addition analyzed conditions classroom positions attractive

Résumé L’article décrit le phénomène de l’absentéisme chez les fonctionnaires municipaux de la ville de São Paulo (Brésil) et cherche à comprendre comment les professionnels de l’éducation envisagent le manque au travail des enseignants et comment s’organisent-t-ils pour faire face à ce problème à l’école. À partir d’une revue bibliographique, on a entrepris l’analyse statistique descriptive des variables liées aux absences des employés et au profil des professionnels du cadre enseignant, aussi bien que l’analyse des résultats obtenus après des interviews auprès de vingt unités scolaires. L’étude propose que l’on apporte des améliorations aux conditions de travail des enseignants, surtout en ce qui concerne la réduction de la quantité excessive d’élèves par salle de classe; l’augmentation des salaires afin de prevenir l’accumulation de postes de travail; et l’investissement dans la filière enseignante, pour qu’elle devienne plus attrayante. Larticle L article labsentéisme l absentéisme Brésil (Brésil léducation éducation sorganisenttils s organisent t ils lécole. lécole école. école l’école dune d une bibliographique lanalyse analyse enseignant scolaires Létude étude lon délèves élèves classe laugmentation augmentation laccumulation accumulation linvestissement investissement enseignante quelle qu elle attrayante

RESUMEN El nitrógeno es el elemento que presenta mayor demanda por parte del cultivo de soja, y la fijación biológica del nitrógeno atmosférico el principal medio para abastecerlo. En cambio, micronutrientes y tratamientos químicos aplicados a la semilla conjuntamente con el inoculante pueden alterar dicha fijación biológica de nitrógeno. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de productos químicos, micronutrientes y de la fertilizacion nitrogenada, en la nodulacion, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya. El experimento fue desarrollado en campo y en invernadero en el municipio de Toledo, Brasil. El diseño experimental utilizado fue el de bloques al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 - Control (semillas tratadas con insecticida); T2 - Semillas tratadas con insecticidas e inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium; T3 - Semillas no tratadas inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium; T4 - Semillas tratadas con insecticidas y cobalto-molibdeno (CoMo), inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium; T5 - Semillas con CoMo inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium; T6 - Semillas tratadas con insecticidas, inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium y con aplicación de CoMo vía foliar; T7 - Semillas tratadas con insecticidas, inoculadas con Bradyrhizobium y con aplicación de nitrógeno en cubierta; T8 - Semillas tratadas con nitrógeno al voleo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos sobre el número de nódulos, diametro de la tallo principal, altura de planta, longitud de raiz, masa de 1000 granos y rendimiento. La aplicacion de nitrógeno en la etapa R2 y la asociación del inoculante + CoMo sin tratamiento de semilla proporcionó mayor número de nudos, vainas y granos por planta.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen is the element most demanded by the soybean crop, and the biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is the main means to supply it. In contrast, micronutrients and chemical treatments applied on seeds together with the inoculant can alter the phenomenon of biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of chemical products, micronutrients, and nitrogen fertilization on the nodulation, development, and yield of soybean. The experiment was developed in a field and a greenhouse in the municipality of Toledo, Brazil. A randomized block with four repetitions was used as an experimental design. This design had eight treatments, namely: T1 - Control (seeds treated with insecticide); T2 - Seeds treated with insecticides and inoculated with Bradyrhizobium; T3 - Untreated seeds inoculated with Bradyrhizobium; T4 - Seeds treated with insecticides and cobalt-molybdenum (CoMo), inoculated with Bradyrhizobium; T5 - Seeds with CoMo inoculated with Bradyrhizobium; T6 - Seeds treated with insecticides, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and with foliar application of CoMo; T7 - Seeds treated with insecticides, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and with the application of nitrogen in cover; T8 - Seeds treated with nitrogen by broadcast. No significant differences were observed between treatments on the nodules numbers, stem diameter, plant height, root length, the mass of 1000 grains, and yield. The application of nitrogen at the R2 stage (a plant with an open flower in one of the two uppermost nodes of the main stem with a fully developed leaf) and in association with the inoculant + CoMo without seed treatment provided a greater number of nodes, pods, and grains per plant.

Abstract The objective of the present work was to determine the value of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (D) of the Chicamtoltina stream (Alta Gracia) by means of two different techniques, in order to compare the values obtained. The first technique consisted of applying a developed formula that includes a detailed description of hydrodynamic parameters obtained by gauging with a hydroacoustic instrument, while the second technique consisted of injecting a conservative tracer, using the same approach as the non-ideal chemical reactor theory of flow with dispersion. This work was carried out at low flow conditions (dry period) and at high flow conditions (wet period). It was found that, either for high flow or low flow, the values of the dispersion coefficient obtained by both techniques have good agreement, fitting better in the dry period than in the wet period. Due to the fact that frequent gauging campaigns are carried out in this stream, it is concluded that with similar flow characteristics and morphology of the section, the gauging data can be used to determine the D L coefficient, in order to incorporate reliable data that can be applied to pollutant transport models.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el valor del coeficiente de dispersión longitudinal (D) del arroyo Chicamtoltina (Alta Gracia) por medio de dos técnicas diferentes, a fin de comparar los valores obtenidos. La primera técnica consistió en aplicar una fórmula desarrollada que incluye una descripción detallada de parámetros hidrodinámicos obtenidos por aforo con un instrumento hidroacústico, mientras que la segunda técnica consistió en inyectar un trazador conservativo, utilizando el mismo enfoque que la teoría de reactores químicos no ideales de flujo con dispersión. Se trabajó en condiciones de caudal bajo (periodo seco) y en condiciones de alto caudal (periodo húmedo). Se obtuvo que, ya sea para caudal alto o caudal bajo, los valores del coeficiente de dispersión obtenidos por ambas técnicas tienen buena concordancia, ajustándose más en periodo seco que en periodo húmedo. Debido a que en dicho arroyo se realizan compañas de aforo frecuentes, se concluye que ante características similares de flujo y morfología de la sección, se pueden utilizar los datos del aforo para determinar el coeficiente D L , a fin de incorporar datos fiables que se aplican a modelos de transporte de contaminantes.

Resumen Antecedentes: El impacto económico generado por la coccidiosis en el sector avícola es el mayor en relación con otras enfermedades. Adicionalmente, los promotores de crecimiento quimioterapéuticos se han venido reemplazando por estrategias alternativas. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de oleorresinas de pimiento (Capsicum annuum) y cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L.) sobre el desempeño zootécnico, tasa de supervivencia y el Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en pollos de engorde de 1 a 21 dias desafiados con Eimeria sp. Métodos: Se utilizaron 700 pollos machos (Cobb500) de 1 día de edad, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos: (1) dieta control negativo sin agentes anticoccidianos ni promotores de crecimiento; (2) dieta control+0,05% de salinomicina; (3) dieta control negativa+100g/ton; y (4) dieta control negativa +140g/ton del producto a evaluar (oleorresina de Curcuma longa L. y Capsicum annuum). Resultados: Se obtuvieron resultados similares repecto a peso corporal, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia e Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en los tratamientos que contenían anticoccidiano quimioterapéutico y los que contenian oleorresinas. Además, no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de alimento ni en la tasa de supervivencia entre los tratamientos dietarios. Conclusión: Los pollos de engorde suplementados entre 1 y 21 d con oleorresinas de pimiento y cúrcuma presentan similar peso corporal, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia e Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en comparación con los suplementados con anticoccidianos quimioterapéuticos, sin afectar el consumo de alimento ni la viabilidad.

Abstract Background: Coccidiosis is the infectious disease with the greatest economic impact in poultry production. Additionally, chemotherapeutic growth promoters are being substituted for safer alternative strategies. Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding oleoresins from chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on the performance, survival rate, and the Productive Efficiency Index of broilers from 1 to 21d challenged by Eimeria sp. Methods: A total of 700 male 1-day-old chicks (Cobb 500) challenged with Eimeria sp, were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments: (1) negative control diet, without anticoccidial agent or growth promoters; (2) control diet+0.05% salinomycin; (3) negative control diet+100g/ton; and (4) negative control diet +140g/ton of test product (Curcuma longa L. plus Capsicum annuum oleoresins). Results: Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion and Productive Efficiency Index did not differ between broilers fed anticoccidial chemotherapeutics and oleoresins. In addition, there was no difference in feed intake and survival rate between dietary treatments. Conclusion: Broilers supplemented with chili pepper and turmeric oleoresins from 1 to 21d present similar body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, and Productive Efficiency Index compared to broilers supplemented with chemotherapeutic anticoccidials without affecting feed intake or survival rate.

Resumo Antecedentes: O impacto econômico da coccidiose é o maior quando comparado a outras doenças na produção avícola. Além disso, promotores de crescimento quimioterápicos tem sido substituídos por estratégias alternativas. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito das oleoresinas da pimenta Chilli (Capsicum annuum) e açafrão-da-terra (Curcuma longa L.) no desempenho zootécnico, taxa de sobrevivência e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva de frangos de corte de 1 a 21d desafiados por Eimeria sp Métodos: Foram utilizados 700 pintos de 1d, machos (Cobb500) distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em quatro tratamentos: (1) dieta controle negativo, sem agente anticoccidiano ou promotores de crescimento; (2) dieta controle+0,05% de salinomicina; (3) dieta controle negativa+100g/ton; e (4)+140g/ton de produto teste (oleoresina de Curcuma longa L. mais Capsicum annuum) e desafiados por Eimeria sp. Resultados: Houve resultados similares para peso, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva entre frangos alimentados com dietas contendo anticocidiano quimioterápico e dietas contendo oleoresinas. Além disso, não houve diferença para consumo de ração e a taxa de sobrevivência entre os tratamentos dietéticos. Conclusão: Frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com oleorresinas de pimenta chili e açafrão-da-terra apresentaram resultados similares para peso, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva que frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com anticoccidianos quimioterápicos de 1 a 21d, sem afetar o consumo de ração e a taxa de sobrevivência dos animais.

Abstract Breeding new maize varieties that take up more N from the soil and increase N fixation is a crucial source of combined nitrogen in agricultural systems. Thus, this study aimed to select superior maize parental lines efficient in the use of nitrogen and Azospirillum brasilense. Three experiments were conducted in two agricultural seasons aiming to allocate all diallel hybrids in three different nitrogen conditions. The experiments were performed in a RCB design with two replications, and the diallel was analyzed using the mixed model approach. The general combining ability and Azospirillum use efficiency were applied to select the best parental line. The most promising hybrid combinations were “I-08 x II-06”, “I-02 x II-04”, and “I-01 x II-02”. Parents involved were selected for the development of hybrids. Parents I-01, I-02, I-08, II-01, II-02, II-04, II-05, and II-06 were selected to explore the basic population in the A. brasilense-use efficiency breeding program.

ABSTRACT This research aims at describing data for an epidemiological profile, as well as to contribute to the improvement of systems of information, prevention and risk control of accidents in the workplace in processing and further processing broiler plants. In this study, data from documents of 1,274 investigations of typical work accidents were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis, and the frequency and severity of accidents were calculated according to NBR 14280:2001. The results show that men tend to have more accidents than women; 69.8% of those injured had been in the company for less than 3 years; 37% of the accidents were cuts; 35.6% were bruises; the most affected body parts were hands and fingers, representing a total of 48% of all accidents; 41.6% of victims were not using personal protective equipment (PPE) at the time of the accident; the underlying causative condition of 54.9% of the accidents was the lack of personal safety. The proportion for each accident with leave was 1.7 accidents without leave but with a need for relocation of activity and 10.9 accidents without leave without relocation. There were amputation cases among some of those given leave of absence. For every million hours worked, there were 3.2 accidents with leave and 139.4 days of absence were registered. The study concludes that accident rates in in processing and further processing broiler plants are high, and that it is extremely important to establish an epidemiological profile in order to guide prevention and control actions.

ABSTRACT: 25. Physical activity is strongly related to the development and mainte nance of l body composition. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between physical activity and anthropometric vari ables of workers of a university in Colombia. 84 men (38.1 ± 10 years and 79.2 ± 11 kg) and 119 women (35.5 ± 9.5 years and 61.6 ± 10,6kg) participated of the study. The level of physical activity was assessed using the criteria of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. They were taken measures of weight, height, BMI, body fat percentage and lean mass. There were significant differ ences between low and high levels of physical activity in weight (p=0.021), between médium and high with low level for fat percent age (<0.001) and lean mass (<0.001) association was found between physical activity with BMI (p = 0.002). It is concluded that workers with low levels of physical activity have a higher percentage of fat and less lean mass.

RESUMEN: 20. La actividad física está fuertemente ligada al desarrollo y manteni miento de la composición corporal de las personas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre la actividad física y variables antropométricas de trabajadores de una universidad en Colombia. Participaron del estudio 84 hombres (38,1 ± 10 años y 79,2 ± 11 kg) y 119 mujeres (35,5 ± 9,5 años y 61,6 ± 10,6kg). El nivel de actividad física fue evaluado utilizando los criterios del International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Fueron tomadas las medidas de peso, altura, IMC, porcentaje de grasa y masa magra. Fueron encontradas diferencias significativas en los niveles de acti vidad física bajo-alto con nivel medio en el peso (p = 0,021), y medio-alto con bajo en el porcentaje de grasa (< 0,001) y masa magra (< 0,001). Se encontró una asociación entre la actividad física con el IMC (p = 0,002). Se concluye que los trabajadores con nivel bajo de actividad física tienen mayor porcentaje de grasa y menos masa magra.

Abstract Objetives: To reach a consensus on the medical care circuits of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), including derivation and management (assessment tools and medical tests), identifying profiles according to the opinion of bone metabolism experts, from Spain’s Health Service. Material and methods: The Delphi technique was used with two successive consultation rounds, with 38 experts in PMO management belonging to 14 scientific societies taking part in the study. Review of literature and the opinion of the scientific committee rounded out the questionnaire. The experts expressed their "desire" (1=total rejection, 9=stronger desire) and "forecast" (1=will absolutely not occur; 9=will occur with maximum probability) about the issues raised. A consensus was reached when 75% or more of the participants scored 1-3 (disagreement) or 7-9 (agreement). In addition, experts were divided up into 3 discussion groups to complement the information according to patient profiles found previously in the Delphi method. Results: Consensus was reached on 75% of the questions. The experts established three profiles of PMO patients: no fracture, vertebral fracture and non-vertebral fracture, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic resources recommended for these patients. The patient without a fracture should be managed in Primary Care or Rheumatology and scales will be used to evaluate fracture risk in early stages of the disease. The patient with chronic vertebral fracture should refer to Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, and will be Rheumatology, whereas the patient with acute vertebral fracture should be treated in Orthopedic Surgery, and this is how it will possibly happen. Diagnosis of vertebral fracture patients will be based mainly on x-rays. To assess progress, questionnaires on the functional capacity and pain scales are recommended. However, these will not be used due to the lack of time involved. The patient with non-vertebral fracture should be and will be referred to Orthopedic Surgery, with 3-4 radiographs recommended to ensure fracture consolidation. Conclusions: Delphi method results indicate that referral of PMO patients are concentrated in Primary Rheumatology, when there is no fracture, and Orthopedic Surgery, in the case of fracture.

Resumen Objetivos: Alcanzar un consenso sobre los circuitos de atención médica de la paciente con osteoporosis postmenopáusica (OPM), incluyendo los circuitos de derivación y manejo (herramientas de evaluación y pruebas médicas), identificando perfiles de acuerdo con la opinión de expertos en metabolismo óseo pertenecientes al Sistema de Salud Español. Material y métodos: Se empleó la técnica Delphi con dos rondas de consulta sucesivas. Participaron 38 expertos en el manejo de OPM pertenecientes a 14 sociedades científicas. La revisión de la literatura y la opinión del comité científico nutrieron el cuestionario. Los expertos expresaron su "deseo" (1=rechazo total; 9=deseo más fuerte) y "pronóstico" (1=no ocurrirá en absoluto; 9=ocurrirá con máxima probabilidad) acerca de las cuestiones planteadas. Se alcanzó consenso cuando el 75% o más de los participantes puntuaron 1-3 (desacuerdo) o 7-9 (acuerdo). Adicionalmente, los expertos se dividieron en 3 grupos de discusión para complementar la información según los perfiles de pacientes previamente hallados en el método Delphi. Resultados: Se alcanzó consenso en el 75% de las preguntas. Los expertos establecieron tres perfiles de pacientes con OPM: sin fractura, con fractura vertebral y con fractura no vertebral, así como los recursos diagnósticos y terapéuticos que conviene emplear en estas pacientes. La paciente sin fractura debería ser manejada por Atención Primaria o Reumatología y se utilizarán escalas para valorar el riesgo de fractura en fases tempranas de la enfermedad. La paciente con fractura vertebral crónica debería referirse a Reumatología y Rehabilitación, y se derivará a Reumatología; mientras que la paciente con fractura vertebral aguda debería ser tratada por Cirugía Ortopédica, y así es como posiblemente ocurrirá. El diagnóstico de la paciente con fractura vertebral estará basado principalmente en la radiografía. Para la evaluación de la progresión se deberían utilizar cuestionarios sobre la capacidad funcional y escalas del dolor. Sin embargo, no se utilizarán en la práctica habitual debido a la falta de tiempo. La paciente con fractura no vertebral debería ser y será referida a Cirugía Ortopédica, recomendando realizar 3-4 radiografías anuales para asegurar la consolidación de la fractura. Conclusiones: Los resultados del método Delphi muestran los circuitos de derivación de la paciente con OPM, que se concentran en Atención Primaria y Reumatología, cuando no existe fractura, y Cirugía Ortopédica, en caso de fractura.

RESUMO Entre todos os subtipos de AVC isquêmico, os eventos cardioembólicos (CE) apresentam os piores prognósticos. Determinamos a incidência de AVC isquêmico CE, associada ou não à fibrilação atrial (FA), o uso prévio de anticoagulantes e os desfechos funcionais em Joinville, Brasil. Utilizando múltiplas e sobrepostas fontes de informação, registramos todos os primeiros eventos CE ocorridos em 2015. Entre 374 eventos isquêmicos, 23% (84) foram CE. A incidência ajustada, para qualquer fonte cardioembólica, foi 0.14 (0.11–0.17) por 1000 pessoas-ano. Entre 26 pacientes com FA previamente conhecida, 73% (19) não estavam anticoagulados, 77% (20) tinham ≥ 3 pontos na escala CHA2DS2VASc e 81 % (21) < 3 pontos na escala HAS-BLED. Após 3 meses, um terço destes 26 pacientes morreram ou ficaram dependentes. A incidência de AVC I CE em Joinville é menor do que em outros estudos de base populacional. Um terço dos casos de AVC I CE com FA previamente conhecida perderam a oportunidade de anticoagulação.

ABSTRACT Among ischemic strokes, cardioembolic (CE) stroke has the worst outcome. We measured the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and non-AF related CE strokes, previous anticoagulant use, and the 90-day functional outcome. Using multiple overlapping sources, we included all CE strokes that occurred in 2015 in Joinville, Brazil. Of the 374 ischemic strokes, 23% (84) were CE. The CE age-adjusted incidence, per 1,000 person-years, was 0.14 (0.11–0.17). Of the 26 patients with known prior AF, 73% (19) were not anticoagulated, 77% (20) had a CHA2DS2VASc score ≥ 3 and 81% (21) had a HAS-BLED score < 3. After three months, approximately one third of those 26 patients died or became disabled. The incidence of CE stroke in our sample was lower than in other population-based studies. The opportunity for anticoagulation was missed in one third of cases.

Resumo Assimetrias na pedalada quantificadas durante o ciclismo estacionário, em que a postura do ciclista e a intensidade não mudam significativamente, podem não reproduzir situações de treino e competições em que os ciclistas experimentam diferentes intensidades e optam por mudar a postura no selim para otimização da potência. Estudos prévios mostraram assimetrias no torque e potência de ciclistas. Não é claro se mudanças na posição do selim e intensidade afetam essas assimetrias. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar as assimetrias na pedalada durante o ciclismo em diferentes alturas de selim e diferentes intensidades de esforço. Doze ciclistas competitivos realizaram um teste incremental máximo, um teste de carga constante (domínio severo) e um teste de Wingate. Os testes de carga constante e Wingate foram repetidos usando três alturas de selim (referência e 2,5% abaixo ou acima da referência, que foi medida pela distância da sínfise púbica até o solo). O torque gerado no pedivela foi medido durante todo o ciclo de pedalada. Assimetrias (maior torque na perna preferida) foram encontradas em todas as alturas de selim (p<0,001) em ambas as intensidades. O índice de assimetria foi similar em todas as alturas de selim (p<0,05) em ambas as intensidades. Os resultados sugerem que ciclistas assimétricos apresentam um padrão consistente independente de pequenas mudanças na posição do selim ou intensidade do exercício. Como implicação prática, ciclistas produzindo torque assimétrico podem estar adaptados a esta condição e sendo continuamente expostos a esforços e sobrecargas assimétricas nos membros inferiores.

Abstract Pedaling asymmetries quantified during stationary cycling, when cyclist body positioning and intensity remain unchanged, may not fully reproduce the training and competition situations, in which cyclists experience different intensities and may opt for different saddle positioning aiming at power output optimization. Previous studies showed that torque and power can be asymmetric in cyclists. It is not clear whether changes in saddle height and exercise intensity may affect asymmetries. The aim of the present study was to determine pedaling asymmetries during cycling at different saddle heights and different exercise intensities. Twelve competitive cyclists performed an incremental maximal test, a constant-load (“heavy” intensity domain), and a Wingate test. Constant load and the Wingate tests were repeated using three different saddle heights (reference and lower or higher by 2.5% of the distance from the pubic symphysis to the ground). Crank torque was recorded throughout the pedaling cycle. Asymmetry (higher torque for the preferred limb) was found in all saddle heights (p<0.001) in both intensities. Asymmetry index was similar across the saddle positions (p>0.05) in both intensities. Our results suggest that asymmetric cyclists present a consistent pattern regardless of small changes in the saddle height or in exercise intensity. For practical implication, cyclists producing asymmetric torque may be adapted to this condition so they are continuously exposed to asymmetric effort and overload on the lower limbs.

A technology for the management of the obsolete reagent, (NH4)2Cr2O7 by being converted into chromium oxide (III) is offered. Use tests were carried out in the ceramic factory "José L Tassende" with good results. The chromium content into the obtained oxide was determined, which was in the range from 98, 75 to 98, 88 due to the accidental errors for a grade of security of 0, 95 corroborating a good purity. The impact of the investigation is evidenced in the economic aspect: 500 g of ammonium dichromate would cost 67, 40 USD and of chromium oxide to 98 % 26, 30 USD, so it can be calculated that the 200 kg of dichromate that existed like obsolete reagent would cost 26 960, 00 USD, and of them can be obtained it 120,634 kg of oxide that can be used as ceramic pigment, which would cost 6 345, 34USD. About environmental matter, a mass of 200 kg of the obsolete reagent ammonium dichromate is managed which didn't have foreseen use and it was to be disposed, what is dangerous for the environment given the characteristics of high toxicity, carcinogenic and mutagenic hazard of this chemical substance. The used procedure does not generate significant expenses and it allows the use of the reagent without risks for the environment.

Se ofrece una tecnología para la gestión del reactivo obsoleto, (NH4)2Cr2O7 al ser convertido en óxido de cromo (III). Se realizaron pruebas de uso en la fábrica de cerámica "José L. Tassende" con buenos resultados. Se determinó el contenido de cromo al óxido obtenido, el cual se encontraba en el rango de 98,75 a 98,88 debido a los errores accidentales para un grado de seguridad de 0,95 corroborando una buena pureza. El impacto de la investigación se evidencia en lo económico: 500 g de dicromato de Amonio costaría 67,40 USD y de óxido de cromo al 98 % 26,30 USD, donde se puede calcular que los 200kg de dicromato, que existían como reactivo obsoleto, costarían 26 960,00 USD y de ello se pueden obtener 120,634 kg de óxido que puede ser utilizado como pigmento cerámico, lo que costarían 6 345,34 USD. En lo ambiental se gestiona una masa de 200 kg del reactivo ocioso dicromato de amonio que no tenía uso previsto y se destinaba al desecho, lo que constituye un peligro para el medio ambiente dadas características de alta toxicidad, carcinógeno y mutagénico de esta sustancia química. El procedimiento empleado no genera gastos significativos y permite la utilización del reactivo sin riesgos para el medio ambiente.

Os solos cultivados com arroz irrigado no Estado de Santa Catarina apresentam características mineralógicas e químicas distintas dos solos utilizados nos estudos de calibração do extrator Mehlich-1, para estimar a disponibilidade de fósforo do solo para as plantas. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos extratores Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, Resina em lâminas, Olsen e EDTA na predição da disponibilidade P para plantas de arroz cultivadas em sistema de alagamento em solos representativos de lavouras orizícolas do Estado de Santa Catarina. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, com cinco solos oriundos de várias lavouras orizícolas, em 2014. Foram adicionados aos solos quatro concentrações de P, correspondendo a 0, ¼, ½ e 1,0 vez a quantidade de P para atingir 0,2 mg L-1 de P na solução do solo (com base na capacidade de adsorção de cada solo). Foram usadas três repetições por tratamento, dispostas no delineamento completamente casualizado. Após cinco dias da adição dos níveis de P, as unidades experimentais constituídas por vasos de 8 L contendo 3,5 kg de solo seco foram amostradas para determinar o P disponível do solo por cinco métodos químicos. Na sequência, essas foram alagadas e cultivadas com seis plantas de arroz por 46 dias, quando se quantificaram a massa de matéria seca e o P absorvido pela parte aérea das plantas. A eficácia dos métodos Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, Resina em lâminas, Olsen e EDTA foi avaliada por correlação linear entre a quantidade de P extraída dos solos e a quantidade absorvida pelas plantas. A quantidade de P absorvida pelas plantas de arroz aumentou com o acréscimo das doses de P aplicadas, variando com o tipo de solo. A maior recuperação do P adicionado aos solos foi obtida pelo extrator EDTA, seguido pelo Olsen. O P extraído pelo EDTA e Mehlich-3 evidenciou melhor correlação com quantidade de P absorvida pelo arroz. O agrupamento dos solos segundo características relacionadas à adsorção de P no solo melhora a eficiência de todos os métodos em predizer a disponibilidade de P em solos cultivados com arroz no sistema de inundação.

The soils used to grow irrigated rice in the State of Santa Catarina have different mineralogical and chemical characteristics from the soils used for calibration studies of the Mehlich-1 extractant, for estimating soil phosphorus availability to plants. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, Resin, Olsen and EDTA extractants in predicting P availability to flood irrigated rice in soils of State of Santa Catarina. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in 2014 with five soils collected from croplands previously planted to rice. Four rates of P were applied to the soils, corresponding to 0, ¼, ½, and 1.0 times the amount of P needed to reach 0.2 mg L-1 P in the soil solution (based on the maximum P adsorption capacity of each soil). Experimental units consisted of 8.0 L pots containing 3.5 kg of soil (dry base). Triplicates of each treatment were arranged in a completely randomized experimental design. Five days after mixing P with the soils, soil samples were collected to quantify P by five chemical methods (Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, Resin, Olsen, and EDTA). The pots were then flooded and cultivated with six rice seedlings for 46 days. Shoot dry matter and P uptake were quantified. Linear correlations between P extracted from the soils and P taken up by the plants were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the chemical methods in predicting P availability. The amount of P taken up by rice plants varied according to soil type and increased with increases in the P rate. The EDTA method recovered the highest amount of P from the soils relative to the amount applied, followed by Olsen. Soil P extracted by EDTA and Mehlich-3 best correlated with the amount of P uptake by rice plants. Arranging soils according to their characteristics related to P adsorption improves the effectiveness of all methods in predicting P availability to rice cultivated in flood irrigated soils.

Envenomation by Loxosceles bites is characterized by dermonecrotic and/or systemic features that lead to several clinical signs and symptoms called loxoscelism. Dermonecrotic lesions are preceded by thrombosis of the dermal plexus. Recent studies show that atheromatous plaque is prone to thrombosis due to endothelial cell apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of microscopic dermal lesion and endothelial cell apoptosis induced by Loxosceles similis venom in the literature. Thus, the aim of the present study is to describe histological lesions induced by L. similis venom in rabbit skin and to elucidate whether apoptosis of endothelial cells is involved in the pathogenesis of loxoscelism. Forty male rabbits were split into two groups: the control group (intradermally injected with 50 µL of PBS) and the experimental group (intradermally injected with 0.5 µg of L. similis crude venom diluted in 50 µL of PBS). After 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours of injection, skin fragments were collected and processed for paraffin or methacrylate embedding. Sections of 5 µm thick were stained by HE, PAS or submitted to TUNEL reaction. Microscopically, severe edema, diffuse heterophilic inflammatory infiltrate, perivascular heterophilic infiltrate, thrombosis, fibrinoid necrosis of arteriolar wall and cutaneous muscle necrosis were observed. Two hours after venom injection, endothelial cells with apoptosis morphology were evidenced in the dermal plexus. Apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL reaction. It seems that endothelial cell apoptosis and its consequent desquamation is an important factor that induces thrombosis and culminates in dermonecrosis, which is characteristic of cutaneous loxoscelism.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de tratamentos pré-colheita sobre a ocorrência de podridões pós-colheita e sobre os atributos de qualidade de framboesas (Rubus idaeus L.) 'Heritage'. As frutas foram pulverizadas com um dos seguintes tratamentos: água destilada (controle), 6 g L-1 de quitosana, 100 mg L-1 de dióxido de cloro, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Curtobacterium pusillum ou Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Foram realizadas colheitas aos 3, 7 e 14 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Após cada uma das colheitas, realizadas no estádio de maturação comercial (coloração rosa), as frutas foram inoculadas individualmente com suspensão de conídios (2x10(5) conídios mL-1) de Botrytis cinerea ou Rhizopus stolonifer. As frutas foram mantidas a 12±0,5ºC por sete dias e avaliadas quanto à incidência de podridões e quanto aos principais atributos de qualidade. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, C. pusillum e S. cerevisiae proporcionaram menor área abaixo da curva de progresso da incidência das podridões por Botrytis e Rhizopus. Os agentes de controle biológico avaliados não interferem negativamente sobre os atributos de qualidade das frutas, e, portanto, são alternativas potenciais no controle de podridões pós-colheita de framboesas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest treatments on post-harvest decay and on quality of 'Heritage' raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.). Fruit were sprayed with one of the following treatments: distilled water (control), 6 g L-1 of chitosan, 100 mg L-1 of chlorine dioxide solution, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Curtobacterium pusillum or Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspensions. Harvest was done at 3, 7, and 14 days after spray treatment. After each harvest, at commercial maturity (when fruit were pink), fruit were individually inoculated with conidial suspension (2x10(5) conidia mL-1) of Botrytis cinerea or Rhizopus stolonifer. Fruit were kept at 12±0.5ºC for seven days and were evaluated for decay and main quality attributes. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, C. pusillum, and S. cerevisiae provided smaller area under disease progress curve of decays caused by Botrytis and Rhizopus. The biological control agents evaluated do not adversely affect fruit quality attributes, and, therefore, are potential alternatives to control post-harvest decay of raspberries.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a produção e utilização da silagem, nos sistemas produtivos, em propriedades leiteiras do sudoeste do Paraná. A coleta dos dados foi realizada de março a maio de 2009, em propriedades produtoras de leite, em sete municípios paranaenses, totalizando 108 propriedades visitadas. O questionário, de caráter qualiquantitativo, compreendia 28 questões pré-definidas. A produção leiteira pode ser ampliada pela utilização de técnicas de manejo, como a escolha correta do híbrido e o planejamento e escalonamento adequado da semeadura. A região sudoeste do Paraná caracteriza-se por apresentar pequenas propriedades rurais (agricultura familiar), com 15,65 vacas em lactação e 17,2 litros de leite/dia, em média, e que armazenam a silagem em silos trincheira, em sua maioria. As lavouras cultivadas para confecção de silagem produzem em média 40 a 50 ton ha-1 de matéria verde. Além disso, os principais híbridos utilizados para a confecção da silagem são do grupo semi-duro e precoce, com sementes certificadas e tratadas.

The objective of this work was to characterize the production and utilization of corn silage in milk farms in Paraná State, Brazil. Data was collected from March to May, 2009, in seven municipalities, comprising 108 farms visited. A quali-quantitative questionnaire consisting of 28 predefined questions was applied to farmers. Milk production can be increased by adopting management techniques such as the correct hybrid choice, planning and right sowing scheduling. The southwestern region of the Paraná is characterized by small farms, with 15.65 cows in lactation and 17.2 liters of milk/day, on average, and the silage is stored mainly in trench silos. The cultivated areas for silage produce 40 to 50 ton ha-1 on average of fresh matter.The main corn hybrids used for silage belong to the semi-hard and early group, with certified and treated seeds.