Abstract Introduction: The HaDQ is an alternative to conventional hospitalization for clinically stable surgical patients who require complex nursing procedures due to intensity, frequency or characteristics, and control by a surgical specialist at home. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study of the HADQ activity of our hospital during the first six months of 2020, to analyze the impact of the SARSCov2 pandemic in the unit. Three periods are distinguished: pre-pandemic (Jan-Feb), lockdown (Mar-Apr), post-lockdown (May-Jun). Two groups are differentiated: A (conventional HaD) and B (COVID19 preoperative screening). Various variables were collected: month, type, stay (HaD and hospital), procedures, readmissions, address, type of visits, covid+. A quantitative and qualitative descriptive statistical analysis of the results obtained was carried out. Results: 345 patients were admitted, 225 in group A (phase Pre (34%), Phase C (40%), and phase Post (25%)), and 120 in group B (Phase C (75%), phase Post (25%)). %)). The confinement (phase C) was the most active period of the HADQ, both due to the number of admissions (53%), and the complexity of group A, which required more procedures (71%) and more home visits (52%). There was also an increase in patients from the non-coverage area (42%), which involved medical and nursing visits at the Day Hospital (HD) (21%), and an increase in medical telephone consultations (36%). In the phase Post, the income of group A decreased by 37%. Conclusions: The HaDQ was reorganized due to the pandemic to care for more surgical patients, being an essential care resource, especially during confinement.

Resumen Introducción: La hospitalización a domicilio para pacientes quirúrgicos (HaDQ) es una alternativa a la hospitalización convencional para pacientes quirúrgicos estables clínicamente, que precisen procedimientos de enfermería complejos por intensidad, frecuencia o características, y control por especialista quirúrgico en el domicilio. Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y retrospectivo de la actividad de la HADQ de nuestro hospital durante los primeros seis meses del 2020, para analizar la repercusión de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en la unidad. Se distinguen tres periodos: prepandemia (enero-febreo), confinamiento (marzo-abril), posconfinamiento (mayo-junio). Se diferencian dos grupos: A (HaD convencional) y B (despistaje preoperatorio COVID19). Se recogieron diversas variables: mes, tipo, estancia (HaD y hospital), procedimientos, reingresos, domicilio, tipo visitas, COVID+. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo cuantitativo y cualitativo de los resultados obtenidos Resultados: Ingresaron 345 pacientes, 225 en el grupo A (fase Pre (34%), fase C (40%), y fase Pos (25%)), y 120 en el B (fase C (75%), fase Pos (25%)). El confinamiento (fase C) fue el período más activo de la HADQ, tanto por número de ingresos (53%), como por la complejidad del grupo A que requería más procedimientos (71%) y más visitas domiciliarias (52%). También aumentaron los pacientes de zona de no cobertura (42%), que implicaron visitas médicas y de enfermería en Hospital de Día (HD) (21%), y aumento de consultas telefónicas médicas (36%). En la fase Pos disminuyeron un 37% los ingresos del grupo A. Conclusiones: La HaDQ se reorganizó por la pandemia para atender a más pacientes quirúrgicos, siendo un recurso asistencial esencial, especialmente durante el confinamiento.

Abstract The XPC protein, which is mutated in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) complementation group C (XP-C), is a lesion recognition factor in NER, but it has also been shown to interact with and stimulate DNA glycosylases, to act as transcriptional co-activator and on energy metabolism adaptation. We have previously demonstrated that XP-C cells show increased mitochondrial H2O2 production with a shift between respiratory complexes I and II, leading to sensitivity to mitochondrial stress. Here we report a marked decrease in expression of the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, in XP-C cells. A transcriptional role for XPC in PGC-1α expression was discarded, as XPC knockdown did not downregulate PGC-1α expression and XPC-corrected cells still showed lower PGC-1α expression. DNA methylation alone did not explain PGC-1α silencing. In four different XP-C cell lines tested, reduction of PGC-1α expression was detected in three, all of them carrying the c.1643_1644delTG mutation (ΔTG) in XPC. Indeed, all cell lines carrying XPC ΔTG mutation, whether homozygous or heterozygous, presented decreased PGC-1α expression. However, this alteration in gene expression was not exclusive to XPC ΔTG cell lines, for other non-related cell lines also showed altered PGC-1α expression. Moreover, PGC1-α expression did not correlate with expression levels of TFAM and SDHA, known PGC-1α target-genes. In turn, PPRC1, another member of the PGC family of transcription co-activators controlling mitochondrial biogenesis, displayed a good correlation between its expression in 10 cell lines and TFAM and SDHA. Nonetheless, PGC-1α knockdown led to a slight decrease of its target-gene protein level, TFAM, and subsequently of a mtDNA-encoded gene, MT-CO2. These results indicate that PGC-1α and PPRC1 cooperate as regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and maintenance in fibroblasts.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system, for which there is still no definitive cure; but there is a diverse variety of therapies with the objective of modifying the course of the disease, which promotes the constant inclusion of new therapeutic strategies. Objective: The Peruvian Society of Neurology, as requested by the Peruvian Health Ministry, convened a committee of experts with the purpose of elaborating a clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of MS. Method: Clinical practice guidelines were searched and evaluated according to the AGREE II methodology, choosing the Catalan Clinical Practice Guide as a model. The clinical questions not related to treatment were solved through a systematic review. The clinical treatment questions were assessed under the PICO format and were solved with a meta-analysis of clinical trials available until August 2017, considering the therapies approved by DIGEMID until January 2017. The final recommendations were elaborated using the modified Delphi method with a consensus of at least 80% of the members of its committee. Finally, an external revision of the manuscript was made by international experts in MS. Results: Eighteen clinical questions and twenty-one recommendations for management were developed, including therapeutic algorithms.

La Esclerosis Múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad crónica del sistema nervioso central, para la cual aún no hay una cura definitiva; sin embargo, existe una diversa variedad de terapias con el objetivo de modificar el curso natural de la enfermedad, que promueve la inclusión constante de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas. Objetivo: La Sociedad Peruana de Neurología, por encargo del Ministerio de Salud, convocó a un comité de expertos con el objetivo de elaborar una guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de EM. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda y evaluación de guías de práctica clínica bajo la metodología AGREE II, escogiendo como modelo la Guía de Práctica Clínica Catalana. Las preguntas clínicas no concernientes al tratamiento fueron resueltas a través de revisión sistemática. Las preguntas clínicas de tratamiento se diseñaron bajo el formato PICO y se resolvieron con un meta-análisis de ensayos clínicos disponibles hasta agosto del 2017, tomando en consideración las terapias aprobadas por DIGEMID hasta enero del 2017. Las recomendaciones finales fueron elaboradas mediante el método Delphi modificado con un consenso de al menos 80% de los miembros de su comité. Finalmente se realizó una revisión externa del manuscrito por expertos internacionales en EM. Resultados: Se formularon 18 preguntas clínicas y 21 recomendaciones para el manejo, incluyendo algoritmos terapéuticos.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a validade interna e a confiabilidade do índice de qualidade das principais refeições. Métodos O indicador, Índice de Qualidade de Refeição, inclui dez componentes, com pontuação final que varia de 0 a 100 pontos. Estratégias de avaliação do desempenho do indicador incluíram: avaliação da validade de conteúdo, validade de construto, validade discriminante e confiabilidade. As análises foram realizadas no software estatístico Stata e adotou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados O indicador associou-se positivamente com os nutrientes carboidrato, proteína vegetal, fibras, vitaminas, folato e potássio e negativamente à energia, gordura total, gordura saturada, proteína animal, colesterol, fósforo, sódio, açúcar adicionado e biomarcador de colesterol. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre dois grupos com disparidades acentuadas na qualidade da dieta, fumantes (50,2 pontos) e não fumantes (53,5 pontos). Conclusão O indicador pode ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar a qualidade nutricional das refeições e ser empregado para monitorar e comparar grupos.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the internal validity and reliability of an index developed to assess the nutritional quality of meals. Methods The Main Meal Quality Index is composed of ten components. The final scores range from 0-100 points. The index performance was measured using strategies for assessing content validity, construct validity, discriminant validity and reliability. The analyses were performed using the Stata statistical software at a 5% significance level. Results The index was positively associated with carbohydrates, vegetable proteins, fibers, vitamins, folate and potassium and negatively associated with energy, total fat, saturated fat, animal protein, cholesterol, phosphorus, sodium, added sugar, and cholesterol biomarker. Significant differences were found between the two groups with marked disparities in dietary quality, smokers (50.2 points) and non-smokers (53.5 points). Conclusion The index might be a useful tool for assessing the nutritional quality of meals and for monitoring and comparing groups.

Introduction: The Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) is a technique that allows the study of the physiology of swallowing. This technique can be applied at the patient’s bedside, making it a very attractive choice for the critical care unit (CCU), since it is not necessary to transfer the patient to another place in order to carry out the evaluation. Objective: Feasibility to carry out the FEES at the patient’s bedside at the CCU and assess the incidence of swallowing disorders in extubated patients. Materials and Methods: Comparative, prospective, analytical cohort study conducted 24 hours after extubation for a period of 6 months, including consecutively all the patients who received mechanical ventilation for a period ≥ 48 hours. The enrollment began in March, 2015. Results: 31 patients were included in the protocol. The incidence of swallowing disorders in extubated patients who required mechanical ventilation (MV) was 58%, 95% CI [confidence interval] (0.407-0.735) with 18 patients presenting disorders out of 31 evaluated cases. The significant differences between the groups of patients with and without swallowing disorders defined by the FEES were: the post-extubation time until the FEES, the capacity to tolerate the FEES at upright sitting position (90°) vs. semi-upright sitting position (60°), the abnormality of the Langmore scale and the abnormal movement of the vocal cords. The complication registered in both groups was the presence of oxygen saturation < 90%. Conclusion: This study shows that the implementation of the FEES as a method for detecting swallowing disorders (at the patient’s bedside) is safe.

Introducción: La Fibroscópica de Trastornos Deglutorios (FEES) es una técnica que permite estudiar la fisiología de la deglución. Puede realizarse junto a la cama del paciente, haciendo esta técnica muy atractiva para realizar en Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), evitando el traslado fuera de la unidad para dicha evaluación. Objetivo: Factibilidad de realizar FEES en la cabecera de la cama en la UCI, y evaluar la incidencia de los trastornos deglutorios en pacientes extubados. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectiva, analítico y comparativo en pacientes luego de 24 hs post extubación por un periodo de 6 meses evaluación, incluyéndose todos los pacientes en forma consecutiva, que recibieron ventilación mecánica por un periodo ≥ 48 hs comenzando el reclutamiento desde marzo de 2015. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el protocolo 31 pacientes. La incidencia de los trastornos deglutorios en pacientes extubados que requirieron VM fue del 58% IC 95% (0,407-0,735) con 18 trastornos de 31 casos evaluados. Entre los pacientes con y sin trastornos deglutorios definidos por FEES, las diferencias significativas entre los grupos fueron el tiempo post extubación hasta la realización del FEES, la capacidad de tolerar el FEES en posición de 90° vs 60º, la anormalidad en la escala de Langmore y el movimiento anormal de las cuerdas vocales. La complicación registrada en los dos grupos fue la presencia de saturación de pulso < 90%. Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra que la implementación de FEES, como método de detección de trastornos deglutorios (en la cabecera del paciente) se puede aplicar en forma segura.

Abstract Ca3SiO5 is new cement based on the composition of Portland that has been developed to have superior physicochemical and biological properties. In a clinical evaluation, the cement did not appear to have cytotoxic properties and allowed for the proliferation of pulp cells and gingival fibroblasts. However, no previous studies have evaluated the genotoxicity or the mutagenicity of Ca3SiO5in vivo. Therefore, the goal of this study is to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of Ca3SiO5-based cement in vivo. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 8). Group A rats received subcutaneous implantation of Ca3SiO5 in the dorsum. Group B rats received a single dose of cyclophosphamide (positive control). Group C rats received subcutaneous implantation of empty tubes in the dorsum (negative control). After 24 hours, all animals were euthanized and the bone marrow of the femurs was collected for use in the comet assay and the micronucleus test. The comet assay revealed that the Ca3SiO5 group had a tail intensity of 23.57 ± 7.70%, the cyclophosphamide group had a tail intensity of 27.43 ± 7.40%, and the negative control group had a tail intensity of 24.75 ± 5.55%. The average number of micronuclei was 6.25 (standard deviation, SD = 3.53) in the Ca3SiO5 group, 9.75 (SD = 2.49) in the cyclophosphamide group, and 0.75 (SD = 1.03) in the negative control group. There was an increase in the micronuclei frequency in the Ca3SiO5 group compared to that of the negative control group (p < 0.05). Our data showed that exposure to the Ca3SiO5-based cement resulted in an increase in the frequency of micronuclei, but no genotoxicity was detected according to the comet assay.

En pasturas mezcla las gramíneas y leguminosas compiten por agua, pero las habilidades competitivas no dependen sólo de sus diferentes capacidades de absorción, sino también de sus capacidades para la regulación de las pérdidas de agua por disminución de la conductancia estomática. Esto se refleja en una menor discriminación isotópica de C (D). En este trabajo se estudiaron los cambios en el contenido hídrico (CH) y de D de plantas de trébol blanco en una pastura pura y de trébol blanco, lotus y festuca en una pastura mezcla durante un ciclo invierno-primaveral en un experimento localizado en el sur de Uruguay. De invierno a primavera ocurrió un descenso de CH para festuca y trébol blanco en ambas praderas, pero el declive de D ocurrió en todas las especies. En primavera existió una relación lineal entre D y CH para trébol blanco y festuca, demostrando que D fue un buen indicador del estatus hídrico. También se encontraron relaciones entre D y varias variables climáticas, dado que las mismas se relacionaron con cambios en la disponibilidad o en la demanda hídrica. Debido a la competencia que ejerció la gramínea por agua, el valor de D de trébol blanco fue menor en la pastura mezcla y el rendimiento también disminuyó. Por tanto, el uso de D puede resultar útil para evaluar el impacto del déficit hídrico en la productividad y en los cambios de composición florística de praderas mezcla, ya que este indicador es capaz de integrar el estatus hídrico de las especies vegetales

Grasses and legumes in a mixed pasture compete for water, but their competitive ability depends not only on their different absorption capacity, but also on their capacity to regulate water loss by decreasing stomatal conductance. This is reflected in a smaller carbon isotope discrimination (D). In this work we studied the changes in water content (WC) and D in a pure white clover pasture and in a mixed sward of white clover, lotus and tall fescue, for a winter-spring cycle in an experiment located in southern Uruguay. From winter to spring, WC decreased for fescue and white clover in both pastures, but D declined in all species. In spring there was a linear relationship between D and WC for white clover and fescue, showing that D was a good indicator of water status. We also found relationships between D and several climatic variables, showing that they were indicators of changes in water availability or water demand. Due to the grass competition for water, the D value of white clover was lower in the mixed sward, and yield also decreased. Therefore, D can be a useful tool to assess the impact of water deficit on the productivity and botanical composition of mixed grasslands, because this index is a proxy the water status of plants.

O número de vírus animais cresce continuamente, causando preocupação permanente a virologistas e veterinários. O potencial patogênico e associação com doença tem sido claramente demonstrado para alguns - mas não para todos - vírus emergentes. Esse artigo apresenta uma breve revisão das recentes descobertas de vírus animais e a sua potencial relevância para saúde animal. Cães eram considerados refratários aos vírus da influenza até 2004, quando um vírus influenza A subtipo H3N8 foi transmitido de equinos e causou doença respiratória severa em cães galgos na Flórida/EUA. O novo vírus, denominado vírus da influenza canina (CIV), agora considerado uma linhagem distinta do vírus da influenza equina, disseminou-se na população canina urbana dos EUA. Um novo Pestivirus (Flaviviridae) - provisoriamente denominado pestivírus Hobi-like - foi identificado em 2004 em soro fetal bovino importado do Brasil. Os vírus Hobi-like são genética e antigenicamente relacionados com o vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) e induzem manifestações clínicas semelhantes. A sua origem e distribuição são desconhecidas, mas estão aparentemente disseminados no rebanho brasileiro e já foram identificados no sudeste asiático e na Europa. Em 2011, um novo buniavírus transmitido por mosquitos, denominado vírus Schmallemberg (SBV), foi associado com febre, redução da produção de leite, abortos e malformações fetais em bovinos e ovinos da Alemanha. Subsequentemente, esse agente se disseminou por vários países europeus e atualmente representa uma séria ameaça para saúde animal naquele continente. A origem do SBV é um tema ainda controverso, mas possivelmente tenha resultado de ressortimento entre os buniavírus Shamonda e Satuperi. O vírus da hepatite E (HEV, família Hepeviridae) é um conhecido agente de hepatite aguda em humanos e, em 1997, foi identificado pela primeira vez em suínos. Estudos epidemiológicos posteriores revelaram que o HEV está amplamente distribuído em rebanhos suínos, principalmente associado com infecção subclínica. Dois dos quatro sorotipos do HEV são zoonóticos e podem ser transmitidos entre suínos e humanos por água contaminada e carne mal-cozida. A distribuição atual e impacto da infecção pelo HEV na produção suína são desconhecidos. O girovírus aviário tipo 2 (AGV-2) é um novo girovírus, família Circoviridae, identificado no sangue de galinhas com suspeita de infecção pelo vírus da anemia aviária (CAV). O AGV-2 é estreitamente relacionado ao CAV, mas apresenta diferenças genômicas que justificam sua classificação como espécie viral distinta. O AGV-2 parece estar amplamente distribuído em galinhas no Brasil e também em outros países, mas seu potencial patogênico ainda é desconhecido. Finalmente, a longa e intensiva busca por vírus animais relacionados ao vírus da hepatite C humana (HCV) tem levado a identificação de "novos" pestivírus em cães (canine hepacivirus [CHV]), equinos (hepacivirus de não-primatas [NPHV] ou vírus associado à doença de Theiler [TDAV]) e em roedores. Para estes, uma associação clara e definitiva com doença ainda não foi demonstrada e apenas tempo e investigação irão dizer se são patógenos reais ou apenas espectadores.

The list of animal viruses has been frequently added of new members raising permanent concerns to virologists and veterinarians. The pathogenic potential and association with disease have been clearly demonstrated for some, but not for all of these emerging viruses. This review describes recent discoveries of animal viruses and their potential relevance for veterinary practice. Dogs were considered refractory to influenza viruses until 2004, when an influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was transmitted from horses and produced severe respiratory disease in racing greyhounds in Florida/USA. The novel virus, named canine influenza virus (CIV), is considered now a separate virus lineage and has spread among urban canine population in the USA. A new pestivirus (Flaviviridae), tentatively called HoBi-like pestivirus, was identified in 2004 in commercial fetal bovine serum from Brazil. Hobi-like viruses are genetically and antigenically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and induce similar clinical manifestations. These novel viruses seem to be widespread in Brazilian herds and have also been detected in Southeast Asia and Europe. In 2011, a novel mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus, named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was associated with fever, drop in milk production, abortion and newborn malformation in cattle and sheep in Germany. Subsequently, the virus disseminated over several European countries and currently represents a real treat for animal health. The origin of SBV is still a matter of debate but it may be a reassortant from previous known bunyaviruses Shamonda and Satuperi. Hepatitis E virus (HEV, family Hepeviridae) is a long known agent of human acute hepatitis and in 1997 was first identified in pigs. Current data indicates that swine HEV is spread worldwide, mainly associated with subclinical infection. Two of the four HEV genotypes are zoonotic and may be transmitted between swine and human by contaminated water and undercooked pork meat. The current distribution and impact of HEV infection in swine production are largely unknown. Avian gyrovirus type 2 (AGV2) is a newly described Gyrovirus, family Circoviridae, which was unexpectedly found in sera of poultry suspected to be infected with chicken anemia virus (CAV). AGV2 is closely related to CAV but displays sufficient genomic differences to be classified as a distinct species. AGV2 seems to be distributed in Brazil and also in other countries but its pathogenic role for chickens is still under investigation. Finally, the long time and intensive search for animal relatives of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) has led to the identification of novel hepaciviruses in dogs (canine hepacivirus [CHV]), horses (non-primate hepaciviruses [NPHV] or Theiler's disease associated virus [TDAV]) and rodents. For these, a clear and definitive association with disease is still lacking and only time and investigation will tell whether they are real disease agents or simple spectators.

The objective of this study was to trace the inclusion of bovine meat and bone meal (BMBM) in the diet of Japanese quails by analyzing eggs and egg fractions (yolk and albumen) by the technique of carbon-13 (13C) and nitrogen-15 (15N) stable isotopes. In the trial, 120 Japanese quails were distributed in six treatments with four replicates of five birds each. The following treatments were applied: feed based on corn and soybean meal, containing graded BMBM inclusions (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5%). After 42 days, 20 eggs per treatment were randomly collected for three consecutive days. Ten eggs were used for yolk and albumen sample collection, and ten for total egg sample collection. It was possible to detect the dietary inclusion of 1% BMBM in the egg and its fractions. Therefore, the technique of isotopes 13C and 15N is able of tracing since 1% inclusion level of BMBM in the diet of Japanese quails in eggs and their fractions.

Recruitment success of commercially important marine resources, such as the Peruvian anchovy Engraulis ringens, is based on continuous assessment and fisheries management. Potential egg production (PEP) is a valuable tool that, unlike the reproductive índices, quantifies spawning activity and increases the likelihood of a better prediction of recruitment. From 2000 to 2008, spawning females >14.0 cm total length contributed largely to the annual PEP (more than 60%), while females ranging from 12.0 to 14.0 cm TL had a significant participation during peak spawning periods. During the main spawning periods, 68% of the total PEP was obtained, with each length group contributing 50% of this production, whereas during the period of low activity, females >14.0 cm were those that kept spawning, contributing 81% of PEP. The breeding-related closed fishing seasons protected 57% of PEP, 22% in summer and 35% in winter-spring; fishery closure is an effective management measure to protect the main reproductive activity. This protection and quantitative knowledge of the spawning of E. ringens, such as that provided by PEP, will help us to better understand the recruitment process and predict recruitment.

El éxito del reclutamiento de los recursos marinos, en especial de los de importancia comercial como la anchoveta peruana Engraulis ringens, está basado en la continua evaluación y toma de criterios de manejo pesquero. La estimación de la producción potencial de huevos (PPH) es una herramienta valiosa que, a diferencia de los índices reproductivos, cuantifica el desove incrementando la probabilidad de una mejor predicción del reclutamiento. Para el periodo 2000-2008 las hembras desovantes >14.0 cm de longitud total fueron las que tuvieron una mayor PPH, con 60% del total anual, aunque las hembras de 12.0-14.0 cm tuvieron una participación más importante debido a su mayor cantidad numérica durante los periodos de máxima actividad desovante. Durante los periodos de máximo desove se obtuvo 68% de la PPH total anual, donde cada grupo da talla aportó aproximadamente 50% de la puesta, mientras que durante el periodo de menor actividad fueron las hembras >14.0 cm las que mantuvieron el desove, llegando a contribuir 81% de la PPH en ese periodo. Los periodos de "veda reproductiva" protegieron 57% de la PPH, 22% en el verano y 35% en invierno-primavera constituyendo una eficaz medida de manejo que protege los periodos de máxima actividad reproductiva. Esta protección y un conocimiento cuantitativo del desove de la anchoveta, como el que proporciona la PPH, nos acercan cada vez más a la posibilidad de pronosticar el reclutamiento.

In this paper we analyze the standardized monthly anomalies of time series of the gonadosomatic index (GSI, 1986-2008), spawning fraction (SF, estimated by histological analysis of gonads, 1992-2008), and condition factor (1986-2008) of the Peruvian anchovy Engraulis ringens. Statistical analysis using filters showed, according to their mode of variability, the existence of three distinct periods for GSI (1986-1989, 1990-2000, and 2001-2008) and two for SF (1995-2001 and 2002-2008). Based on this, we built monthly GSI and SF patterns for each period, which showed marked and prolonged seasonal reproductive activity. The patterns found have been interpreted as changes in reproductive strategy. The condition factor showed no significant differences throughout the study period. We discuss changes in these periods and their implications for fisheries management measures.

En el presente trabajo se analizan las anomalías mensuales estandarizadas de las series temporales del índice gonadosomático (IGS, de 1986 a 2008), la fracción desovante (FD, estimada con análisis histológicos de gónadas de 1992 a 2008) y el factor de condición (de 1986 a 2008) de la anchoveta peruana, Engraulis ringens. El análisis mediante filtros estadísticos mostró, de acuerdo a sus modos de variabilidad, la existencia de tres periodos distintos para el IGS (1986-1989, 1990-2000 y 2001-2008) y dos para la FD (1995-2001 y 20022008). Sobre esta base se construyeron patrones a escala mensual de IGS y FD correspondientes a cada periodo, los cuales mostraron una marcada estacionalidad y prolongada actividad reproductiva. Los distintos patrones encontrados se interpretan como cambios de estrategia reproductiva. El factor de condición no registró diferencias significativas a lo largo del periodo estudiado. Se discuten los cambios producidos dentro de estos periodos como parte de la estrategia reproductiva de la anchoveta y sus implicaciones en las medidas de manejo pesquero.

This present study aimed at evaluating the effect of the addition of an emulsifier to diets containing soybean oil, poultry fat or their blend, on the performance, carcass traits, serum lipid levels, pancreatic lipase concentration and nutrient digestibility of broilers. A randomized block design was applied using a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, with three fat sources (soybean oil, poultry fat, and a blend of 50% soybean oil and 50% poultry fat) and the addition or not of an emulsifier. In experiment I, broiler performance, carcass traits, serum cholesterol, HDL, and triglyceride levels, and pancreatic lipase activity in 42-day-old broilers were evaluated. In experiment II, dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) coefficients of digestibility were analyzed. Broilers fed the diet containing soybean oil and emulsifier presented higher body weight, weight gain and better feed conversion ratio. When birds were fed poultry fat and the fat blend (soybean oil and poultry fat) and the emulsifier was added to the diets, pancreatic lipase concentration increased. It was concluded that the use of soybean oil, poultry fat and their blend does no in the diet does not influence the performance, carcass traits, or serum cholesterol, HDL and triglyceride levels of 42-day-old broilers. The addition of emulsifiers to diets containing poultry fat improves ether extract digestibility and increases the production and secretion of pancreatic lipase.

Objetive: To describe features, preferences, and proposals from physicians that are preparing themselves to take the 2011 National Medical Residency Examination in Peru. Material and ethods: This is a descriptive study, considering a referential population including 4328 candidates, according to the 2010 National Medical Residency Examination. The Epidat 3.1 statistical software was used, with a 95% confidence limit, and a 5% precision value, and the simple size was established in 353 physicians. A self-applicable and previously validated questionnaire was previously used as a pilot in 20 candidates. Results: Of the 416 surveyed physicians (median age, 27 years), most of them come from provinces outside Lime (52.6%). Nearly half of all physicians (42.5%) are currently working, 79.5 of them in the private sector and 79.2 on an outsourcing basis. Nearly half of all candidates (48.6%) performed their rural healthcare service (SERUMS, according to its Spanish initials) in extremely poor areas in Peru (Quintile I). More than half of the candidates (54.3%) had already taken the Medical Residency Examination in the past. Nearly half of the candidates (48,6%) do not agree with the current status for the National Medical Residency Examination, 67.5% prefer a single national examination, and 39,2% prefer that the contest is separated for each specialty. More than one third (38.9%) considered that the examination should be led by CONAREME (National Commission for Medical Residency) and each Medical School. More than half of the candidates do not agree with the increase of the so-called captive places, and 78.1% disagreed with the proposal by the Ministry of Health to establish an additional mandatory period of work for medical specialists in the less developed areas in the country. Conclusions: The majority of candidate physicians surveyed come from medical schools outside Lima, they do not have a family of their own to care for, les tan half of them are properly employed, and most of those who have a job are in an outsourcing schedule. Most of all candidates do not agree with the current process for the National Medical Residency Examination and they favor a single examination according to medical specialties, and female physicians prefer clinical areas for specialization. Most of the candidates do not agree with the proposal to have an additional mandatory period of time working in the most depressed areas, and they propose that the process for the National Medical Residency Examination must be more transparent, and that the charge by CONAREME as a requisite for taking the examination must be eliminated.

Objetivo: Describir las características, preferencias y propuestas de los médicos que se preparan para rendir el examen, respecto al proceso de admisión vigente al residentado médico en el Perú. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, considerando una población referencial de 4 328 postulantes, según el examen de residentado médico 2010, utilizando el programa estadístico Epidat 3,1, con un nivel de confianza del 95%, y precisión del 5%, se obtuvo 353 como valor muestral. Utilizando un cuestionario autoaplicable y validado previamente en 20 médicos postulantes. Resultados: De los 416 médicos encuestados (mediana de 27 años) la mayoría procede de universidades del interior del país (52,6%). El 42,5% trabaja actualmente, de éstos, el 79,7% en el sector privado y el 79,2% bajo la modalidad de locación de servicios. El 48,6% realizó el Servicio Rural Urbano Marginal en Salud (SERUMS) en establecimientos correspondientes al Quintil I (extrema pobreza). El 54,3% ha tenido una experiencia previa del proceso de admisión al residentado médico. El 48,6% está en desacuerdo con el proceso actual del residentado médico, 67,5% está a favor del examen único nacional, y 39,2% prefiere el concurso por especialidades. El 38,9% considera que la evaluación del examen debe ser realizada por el CONAREME y cada universidad. El 54,1% está en desacuerdo al incremento del número de vacantes cautivas y 78,1% expresó estar en desacuerdo ante la propuesta del Ministerio de Salud de implementar tiempo de servicio obligatorio adicional en el residentado médico en regiones de menor desarrollo del país. Conclusiones: La mayoría de médicos encuestados procede de universidades del interior del país, sin carga familiar importante, menos de la mitad trabaja y lo hace en su mayoría bajo la modalidad de locación de servicios. La mayoría está en desacuerdo con el proceso de admisión vigente y a favor del examen único nacional, dividido por especialidades, con una intención marcada por el área de clínicas en las mujeres. La mayoría está en desacuerdo con la propuesta del tiempo de servicio obligatorio adicional de residentado, y proponen mayor transparencia y la eliminación del cobro de CONAREME como requisito de postulación.

In Uruguay manures are extensively used in horticultural production. It is therefore necessary to characterize the nitrogen release capacity of the different materials to be used. The objective of this study was to determine and to compare mineralization patterns of poultry manure, dairy cow manure, and chicken manure (chicken manure and rice hull mixture), added to the soil, evaluating their contribution of N as well as their influence on soil properties and on soil microorganism activity. Soils were incubated for 11 weeks with the tested materials (manure, two levels of KNO3 and a control without aggregates). All treatments resulted in net N mineralization, which was related to C:N ratio of the manures. Chicken and poultry manures produced more mineral N than cow manure the control in the first 35 days of incubation. The control did not differ from cow manure until the last sampling (58 and 79 days) when cow manure was superior. Manure respiration rates were higher than those of the control or KNO3, because of the contribution of C by the manures. Manures increased C and N in the microbial biomass. Poultry manure promoted better conditions for microbial growth due to an increase in pH, while KNO3 created unfavorable conditions (low pH and high electrical conductivity). C and N tended to decrease in soil microbial biomass during incubation except in cow manure. Poultry manure made an important contribution of mineral N shortly after application, with relatively low mineralization rates afterwards. In contrast, cow manure, which did not significantly increase available N during the first 25 days, promoted soil microbial activity on the long term.

Debido a la difusión del uso de estiércol para la producción hortícola en Uruguay es necesario conocer la capacidad de liberación de nutrientes, en especial nitrógeno de los materiales utilizados. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar y comparar los patrones de mineralización de estiércol de gallina (EG), estiércol de vaca (EV) y cama de pollo (CP, mezcla de estiércol de pollo y cáscara de arroz), incorporados al suelo, para evaluar su aporte de N y su efecto sobre las características del suelo y actividad de los microorganismos. Se realizó una incubación aerobia de suelo con los materiales (estiércoles, dos niveles de KNO3 y un testigo sin agregados) por 11 semanas. En todos los tratamientos hubo mineralización neta de N, lo cual estuvo asociada a la relación C:N de los estiércoles. Los estiércoles de ave (EG y CP) mineralizaron más N que EV y el testigo en los primeros 35 días. El testigo y EV no difirieron entre sí hasta los últimos muestreos (58 y 79 días), cuando EV fue superior. Las tasas de respiración de los estiércoles fueron mayores que las del testigo y KNO3, debido al aporte de C de los estiércoles. Los estiércoles incrementaron C y N en la biomasa microbiana. El EG promovió las condiciones más favorables para los microorganismos debido al aumento de pH; en cambio, KNO3 creó condiciones desfavorables con disminución de pH y alta conductividad eléctrica. Hubo una tendencia al descenso de C y N en la biomasa microbiana durante la incubación, salvo con EV. El estiércol de ave realizó su principal aporte de N disponible inmediatamente después del agregado, con una mineralización posterior restringida. El EV, que no realizó un aporte significativo de N en los primeros 25 días, promovió en cambio la posterior actividad microbiana en el suelo.

Foram utilizados 10 novilhos mestiços com cânula ruminal, distribuídos em dois grupos: no grupo controle (C; n=4) receberam dieta balanceada para ganho diário de 900g; no grupo tratado com carência pronunciada de energia (CP; n=6), receberam dieta com 30% a menos do nível de mantença em energia. Após 140 dias sob esses regimes de alimentação, foram coletadas amostras do fluido ruminal e urina, para realização de provas bioquímicas e funcionais, antes e às 1, 3, 6 e 9 horas após o fornecimento do alimento. A carência energética resultou em diminuição significativa na quantidade dos protozoários Entodinium, Eodinium, Isotricha, Dasytricha, Eremoplastron, Eudiplodinium, Metadinium, Charonina, Ostracodinium e Epidinium. Não houve efeito da hora de coleta sobre o total de ciliados nos grupos C e CP. Maior número de formas em divisão binária foi registrado no grupo C, na sexta e nona horas pós-alimentação (P<0,019). Observaram-se altas correlações positivas entre a contagem total de protozoários e a fermentação de glicose, amônia e o índice de excreção urinária de alantoína e negativa entre a contagem total de protozoários e a redução do azul de metileno, e correlação média entre a contagem total de protozoários e os ácidos graxos voláteis totais. A determinação da população de protozoários do rúmen é um método simples de avaliação, além de que particularmente auxilia o diagnóstico clínico da função ruminal.

Ten young rumen-cannulated crossbred steers were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (C; n=4), which was fed a balanced diet for daily weight gain of 900g; and a pronounced energy-deprived group (PED; n=6), receiving 30% less of the required energy for maintenance. After 140 days of these alimentary regimes, rumen fluid and urine samples were collected for biochemical and functional tests, before feeding and at 1, 3, 6, and 9 hours after feeding. The energy-deprivation diet caused a significant reduction in the number of Entodinium, Eodinium, Isotricha, Dasytricha, Eremoplastron, Eudiplodinium, Metadinium, Charonina, Ostracodinium, and Epidinium protozoa. There was no effect of the time of sampling in both groups on the total number of ciliates in rumen fluid. A higher number of protozoan forms in binary division were recorded in the control group, at the 6th and 9th hours after feeding (P<0.019). There was a high positive correlation between the total count of protozoans in rumen fluid and glucose fermentation, ammonia, and urinary allantoin excretion index; and a negative correlation between the total count of protozoa and metilene blue reduction, and a medium correlation between the total count of protozoa and total volatile fatty acids concentration. The determination of the protozoa populations does not imply in the use of complex and hard-to-execute techniques, although it is time consuming and needs practice. This exam particularly helps in clinical expected diagnosis.