Resumen Introducción: El patrón epidemiológico de la hepatitis crónica por virus de la hepatitis B (HCVHB) en España ha cambiado por las migraciones y la vacunación. El objetivo es comprobar si también ha cambiado la prevalencia en presos de Cataluña y las posibles variables predictivas de la infección. Material y método: Estudio transversal y multicéntrico de prevalencia de HCVHB. Se incluyeron variables epidemiológicas y clínicas, calculándose su capacidad predictiva mediante un modelo de regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: Se estudiaron 6.508 reclusos. La prevalencia de HCVHB fue del 1,7%, mucho menor que en estudios realizados en años previos. En los presos del Magreb, Asia, Europa del Este y África subsahariana, la prevalencia fue 2,8, 4,2, 4,9 y 16,2 veces mayor, respectivamente, que en los españoles, que era del 0,6%, igual que fuera de prisión. La HCVHB se asoció con: a) ser extranjero (2,6%; razón de posibilidades u odds ratio [OR]: 4,18; intervalo de confianza [IC]: 2,50-6,90; p <0,001); b) no estar vacunado (0,3%; OR: 0,13; IC: 0,06-0,26; p <0,001); y c) estar infectado por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) (3,9%; OR: 3,23; IC: 1,24-8,40; p = 0,016). Conclusión: La prevalencia de HCVHB en presos se ha reducido mucho en los últimos 30 años, debido a la vacunación, pero sigue siendo alta en extranjeros y en infectados por VIH. Se recomienda: a) mantener el cribado de virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) en los ingresados en prisión; b) continuar con el programa de vacunación; y c) derivar a los infectados a programas especializa- dos para estudio y, si se precisa, tratamiento.

Abstract Background: The epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Spain has changed due to migratory movements and the implementation of vaccination programs. The objective is to determine if prevalence has also changed amongst in Catalonia and the potential predictive variables of the infection. Material and method: Observational cross-sectional multi-centre study of CHB prevalence. Epidemiological and clinical variables were included, and their predictive capacity is analysed by means of a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 6508 prisoners were studied. CHB prevalence was 1.7%, much less than in studies carried out in previous years. In inmates from North Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Sub-Saharan Africa the CHB rate was 2.8, 4.2, 4.9 and 16.2 times higher, respectively, than amongst those born in Spain, which was 0.6%, the same as in the general population. CHB was associated with: a) being an immigrant [2.6%; OR: 4.18 (CI: 2.50-6.90; P <0.001); b) being unvaccinated (3.1%; OR: 0.13; CI: 0.06-0.26; P <0.001); and c) being infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [3.9%; OR: 3.23; CI: 1.24-8.40; P = 0.016]. Conclusion: Vaccination against HBV (hepatitis B virus) has greatly reduced CHB prevalence in inmates over the past 30 years but remains high in immigrants and those with HIV. We recommend: a) maintaining HBV screening amongst inmates; b) continuing with vaccination programmes; and c) referring CHB cases to specialized programs for further study and treatment if needed.

Abstract Background The search for clinically useful methods to assess atherosclerotic diseases (ASCVD) with good accuracy, low cost, non-invasiveness, and easy handling has been stimulated for years. Thus, the atherogenic indices evaluated in this study may fit this growing demand. Objectives To assess the potential of atherogenic indices to evaluate patients with clinical atherosclerosis. Methods Single-center cross-sectional study, through which the Castelli I and II indices, the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), the lipoprotein combine index, and the variation in the peripheral perfusion index between 90 and 120 seconds after an endothelium-dependent (ΔPI90-120) vasodilator stimulus were evaluated in the prediction of atherosclerosis. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The sample consisted of 298 individuals with an average age of 63.0±16.1 years, of which 57.4% were women. Paired comparisons of the ROC curve analysis of the indices that reached the area under the curve (AUC) > 0.6 show that ΔPI90-120 and AIP were superior to other indices, and no differences were observed between them (difference between AUC = 0.056; 95%CI -0.003–0.115). Furthermore, both the ΔPI90-120 [odds ratio (OR) 9.58; 95%CI 4.71–19.46)] and AIP (OR 5.35; 95%CI 2.30–12.45) were independent predictors of clinical atherosclerosis. Conclusions The AIP and ΔPI90-120 represented better accuracy in discriminating clinical ASCVD. Moreover, they were independent predictors of clinical ASCVD, evidencing a promising possibility for developing preventive and control strategies for cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, they are markers for multicenter studies from the point of view of practicality, low cost, and external validity.

Resumo Fundamento A busca por métodos clinicamente úteis de avaliação de doenças ateroscleróticas, com boa acurácia, de baixo custo, sem invasividade e de fácil manejo, há anos vem sendo estimulada. Dessa forma, os índices aterogênicos avaliados deste estudo podem se encaixar nesta demanda crescente. Objetivos Avaliar o potencial dos índices aterogênicos como métodos de avaliação de pacientes portadores de aterosclerose clínica. Métodos Estudo transversal de centro único, por meio do qual foram avaliados os índices de Castelli I e II, índice aterogênico plasmático (IAP), índice de combinação de lipoproteínas e a variação do índice de perfusão periférica entre 90 e 120 segundos após um estímulo vasodilatador endotélio-dependente (ΔIPP90-120) na predição de aterosclerose. A significância estatística foi estabelecida em p < 0,05. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 298 indivíduos com idade média de 63,0 ± 16,1 anos, dos quais 57,4% eram mulheres. Comparações pareadas da análise curva ROC dos índices que alcançaram área sob a curva (ASC) > 0,6 mostram que ΔIPP90-120 e IAP foram superiores aos demais índices, sem diferenças observadas entre si (diferença entre ASC = 0,056; IC95% -0,003-0,115). Ademais, tanto a ΔIPP90-120 [odds ratio (OR) 9,58; IC95% 4,71-19,46] quanto o IAP (OR 5,35; IC95% 2,30-12,45) foram preditores independentes de aterosclerose clínica. Conclusões O IAP e ΔIPP90-120 apresentaram melhor acurácia para discriminar aterosclerose clínica. Além disso, foram preditores independentes de aterosclerose clínica, evidenciando uma possibilidade promissora para o desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas e de controle para doenças cardiovasculares. Tratam-se, portanto, de marcadores adequados para estudos multicêntricos do ponto de vista de praticidade, custo e validade externa.

RESUMO A qualidade desta operação de preparo do solo pode ser mensurada por equipamentos denominados perfilômetros, fornecendo informações quanto a rugosidade, área mobilizada, empolamento e espessura do solo trabalhada. Porém, trata-se de equipamento antiquado, com elevadas horas de trabalho no campo e escritório. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi construir um perfilômetro eletrônico utilizando triangulação a laser e sensores de ultrassom para medição de perfis de solo mobilizados digitalmente. Em seguida, os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os obtidos com um perfilômetro de barra deslizante tradicional para avaliar a precisão e eficiência dos sensores. Para o experimento conduzido em ambiente controlado, adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As variáveis foram mensuradas, sete vezes, através dos três perfilômetros (eletrônico a laser, eletrônico a ultrassom e o tradicional) nos perfis original, elevado e mobilizado do solo. Verificou-se que o perfilômetro eletrônico com ultrassom diferiu na totalidade das mensurações em relação ao perfilômetro convencional, com o sensor a laser apenas na rugosidade modificada. mobilizada trabalhada Porém tratase trata se antiquado escritório Assim digitalmente seguida controlado adotouse adotou casualizado mensuradas vezes original Verificouse Verificou convencional modificada

ABSTRACT The quality of soil tillage can be measured with a specific device called profilometer, which provides information on roughness, mobilized area, blistering, and thickness in disturbed soils. However, it is an outdated device, requiring many hours of field and office work. Thus, the objective of the present work was to develop an electronic profilometer using laser triangulation and ultrasound sensors for measurement of digitally mobilized soil profile. The results obtained were compared to those acquired with a conventional sliding bar profilometer to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the sensors. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design under a controlled environment. The variables were measured seven times using the three profilometers (laser, ultrasound, and conventional) in the original, elevated, and mobilized soil profiles. The electronic profilometer with ultrasound differed in all the measurements when compared to the conventional profilometer, which differed from the laser sensor only in modified roughness. roughness area blistering soils However Thus profile environment laser, (laser original elevated profiles

Abstract: Laboratory animals reared in different Animal Facilities show variations in their physiological characteristics due to diet, management, health status, age, sampling routes, and other factors. For this reason, the importance of determining the biochemical profile of conventional mice and rats from the Animal Facility of the Facultad de Ciencias Químicas of the Universidad Nacional de Asunción (FCQ-UNA). In the experimental study, were used 60 Swiss mice and 60 Wistar rats, males and females, 11 weeks old. Were determined different biochemical parameters such as renal, liver, lipid, and protein profiles, electrolytes, glycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin. The animals were not exposed to chemical or pharmacological treatments that could change their natural physiological state. The comparative analysis of the results with those presented in the literature clearly demonstrated the existence of intra-species variations. The most noticeable differences were observed in the liver profile; since the serum transaminase levels of the animals presented values below that established in the consulted bibliography. In addition, lower glycemia values were clearly evidenced in the animals of the Animal Facility of FCQ-UNA compared to others Animal Facilities of the region. This study standardized the biochemical profile of conventional rats and mice from the Animal Facility of the Facultad de Ciencias Químicas of UNA, offering a valuable tool to researchers for the analysis of their experimental results.

Resumen: Animales de laboratorio criados en diferentes Bioterios muestran variaciones en sus características fisiológicas debido a la dieta, manejo, estado de salud, edad, vías de toma de muestras y otros factores. Por ello la importancia de determinar el perfil bioquímico de ratones y ratas convencionales del Bioterio de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción (FCQ-UNA). En el estudio experimental se utilizaron 60 ratones Swiss y 60 ratas Wistar, machos y hembras, de 11 semanas de edad. Se determinaron distintos parámetros bioquímicos como los perfiles renal, hepático, lipídico y proteico, electrolitos, glicemia y hemoglobina glicosilada. Los animales no fueron expuestos a tratamientos químicos o farmacológicos que pudieran cambiar su estado fisiológico natural. El análisis comparativo de los resultados con los presentados en la literatura, demostraron claramente la existencia de variaciones intra-especie. Las diferencias más notorias se observaron en el perfil hepático; ya que, los niveles de transaminasas séricas de los animales presentaron valores por debajo de la establecida en la bibliografía consultada. Además, claramente se evidenció valores inferiores de glicemia en los animales del Bioterio de la FCQ-UNA comparados con Bioterios de la región. Este estudio estandarizó el perfil bioquímico de ratas y ratones convencionales del Bioterio de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la UNA, ofreciendo una herramienta valiosa a los investigadores para el análisis de sus resultados experimentales.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness in a real-world study of adjuvant trastuzumab in women with HER-2+ initial breast cancer in overall survival and recurrence-free survival. A retrospective cohort study was conducted with women who had HER-2+ breast cancer treated with trastuzumab from July 2012 to May 2017 and followed up until July 2021. The death rate was 2.62 per 100 persons/year, and the incidence rate of recurrence was 7.52 per 100 persons/year. The probability of survival at 8.7 years was 85.9%, while the probability of recurrence-free survival in the same period was 62.8%. The use of trastuzumab proved to be effective in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer in a public health service in southern Brazil. Prognostic factors associated with worse overall survival or relapse did not influence the natural history of the disease, except locally advanced disease at the beginning of treatment. The data presented may prove to be useful in helping to make decisions about whether to use trastuzumab in the treatment of initial or locally advanced breast cancer in the Brazilian SUS.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a efetividade em estudo de vida real do trastuzumabe adjuvante em mulheres com câncer de mama inicial HER-2 positivo na sobrevida global e livre de recidiva. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectiva em mulheres com câncer de mama inicial HER-2 positivo atendidas no SUS, desde a incorporação da medicação. Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva com mulheres com câncer de mama HER-2 positivo, que foram tratadas entre julho de 2012 e maio de 2017 com seguimento até julho de 2021. A taxa de incidência de óbito foi de 2,62 por 100 pessoa/ano e a de recidiva foi de 7,52 por 100 pessoa/ano. A probabilidade de sobrevida em 8,7 anos foi 85,9%, enquanto a probabilidade de sobrevida livre de doença no mesmo período foi 62,8%. O uso de trastuzumabe se mostrou efetivo no tratamento adjuvante do câncer de mama em um serviço público de saúde no Sul do Brasil. Fatores prognósticos associados com pior sobrevida ou recidiva não influenciaram na história natural da doença, exceto doença localmente avançada no início do tratamento. Os dados apresentados podem vir a ser úteis em auxiliar na tomada de decisão sobre a manutenção ou não do uso do trastuzumabe no tratamento do câncer de mama inicial ou localmente avançado no serviço público de saúde brasileiro.

Resumen A casi dos años de la entrada en vigencia del Tratado México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC), se presenta un análisis del sector automotriz mexicano, así como de las condiciones que caracterizan su integración con la región de América del Norte. En principio, se realizó un estudio de los elementos básicos que explican la evolución del sector automotriz instalado en México, cuyos antecedentes se remontan a casi un siglo de historia; de manera posterior, se evalúan las condiciones que dieron origen a la renegociación del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), proceso que culminó con la firma del T-MEC. Se incorporó una explicación sobre las disposiciones relativas a la determinación del origen regional de los vehículos fabricados en América del Norte, para concluir con la enunciaación de resultados y perspectivas para el sector.

Abstract Almost two years after the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) came into effect, the authors present an analysis of Mexico’s auto industry as well as the conditions of its integration into the North American region. First, they study the basic elements that explain the evolution of the industry, whose origins can be found in almost a century of history. Then, they evaluate the conditions that gave rise to the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a process that culminated in the signing of the USMCA. They continue, explaining the stipulations about the determination of the regional origin of vehicles manufactured in North America, and conclude with their perspectives for the sector.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness in a real-world study of adjuvant trastuzumab in women with HER-2+ initial breast cancer in overall survival and recurrence-free survival. A retrospective cohort study was conducted with women who had HER-2+ breast cancer treated with trastuzumab from July 2012 to May 2017 and followed up until July 2021. The death rate was 2.62 per 100 persons/year, and the incidence rate of recurrence was 7.52 per 100 persons/year. The probability of survival at 8.7 years was 85.9%, while the probability of recurrence-free survival in the same period was 62.8%. The use of trastuzumab proved to be effective in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer in a public health service in southern Brazil. Prognostic factors associated with worse overall survival or relapse did not influence the natural history of the disease, except locally advanced disease at the beginning of treatment. The data presented may prove to be useful in helping to make decisions about whether to use trastuzumab in the treatment of initial or locally advanced breast cancer in the Brazilian SUS.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a efetividade em estudo de vida real do trastuzumabe adjuvante em mulheres com câncer de mama inicial HER-2 positivo na sobrevida global e livre de recidiva. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectiva em mulheres com câncer de mama inicial HER-2 positivo atendidas no SUS, desde a incorporação da medicação. Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva com mulheres com câncer de mama HER-2 positivo, que foram tratadas entre julho de 2012 e maio de 2017 com seguimento até julho de 2021. A taxa de incidência de óbito foi de 2,62 por 100 pessoa/ano e a de recidiva foi de 7,52 por 100 pessoa/ano. A probabilidade de sobrevida em 8,7 anos foi 85,9%, enquanto a probabilidade de sobrevida livre de doença no mesmo período foi 62,8%. O uso de trastuzumabe se mostrou efetivo no tratamento adjuvante do câncer de mama em um serviço público de saúde no Sul do Brasil. Fatores prognósticos associados com pior sobrevida ou recidiva não influenciaram na história natural da doença, exceto doença localmente avançada no início do tratamento. Os dados apresentados podem vir a ser úteis em auxiliar na tomada de decisão sobre a manutenção ou não do uso do trastuzumabe no tratamento do câncer de mama inicial ou localmente avançado no serviço público de saúde brasileiro.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the perception of renal nurses in Spain regarding the organizational environment for evidence-based clinical practice (EBCP), and to determine what professional and context factors influence such perception. Material and Method: A cross-sectional observational multicenter study was carried out in 15 nephrology services from different Spanish hospitals and 2 dialysis centers. The Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) and Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire (EBPQ) tools were used. A descriptive, bivariate statistical analysis (ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis) and logistic regression were performed with the EBPQ total score as the dependent variable. Results: A total of 397 surveys were received (participation rate: 84.28%), and after processing the surveys 382 were valid (81.1% of the population): 82.7% were women, with a mean age of 42 years, a mean of 18.2 years of professional experience as a nurse (12.2 years in nephrology), 94.8% were clinical nurses, and 81.9% worked in hemodialysis. The average PES-NWI score was 62.35±15.10 (95% CI:60.78-48.06). Nurses in centers with more than 500 nurses, those who worked in hemodialysis, and those with more than 11 years of professional experience had lower scores on some PES-NWI factors. Nurse managers had higher scores in all PES-NWI factors. The average EBPQ score was 81.05±21.92 (95% CI:78.70-83.4). Nurses with less professional experience the better PES-NWI scores; also, postgraduate nurses had higher scores on several EBPQ factors. Conclusions: Factors that most influence the perception of Spanish renal nurses are professional experience, role within the organization, a favorable context, and postgraduate education.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de las enfermeras renales en España en relación con el entorno organizacional para la práctica clínica basada en la evidencia (PCBE); y determinar qué factores profesionales y del contexto influyen en esta percepción. Material y Método: Estudio observacional transversal multicéntrico, en 15 servicios de nefrología de distintos hospitales en España y 2 centros de diálisis. Se utilizaron los instrumentos Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) y Evidence Based Practice Questionnarie (EBPQ). Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, bivariado (ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis), y regresión logística con la puntuación total del EBPQ como variable dependiente. Resultados: Se recibieron 397 encuestas (participación 84,28%), tras depuración encuestas, fueron válidas 382 (81,1% población): 82,7% mujeres, edad media 42 años, media de experiencia profesional como enfermera 18,2 años (12,2 años en nefrología), 94,8% clínicas, 81,9% de hemodiálisis. Puntuación media PES-NWI 62,35±15,10 (IC 95%: 60,78-48,06). Presentaron menores puntuaciones en algunos factores del PES-NWI las enfermeras de centros >500 enfermeras, que trabajan en hemodiálisis y >11 años de experiencia profesional. Las enfermeras gestoras presentaron mayores puntuaciones en todos los factores del PES-NWI. Puntuación media EBPQ 81,05±21,92 (IC 95%: 78,70-83,4). Presentaron mayores puntuaciones en varios factores del EBPQ las enfermeras con menor experiencia profesional, mejor puntuación en PES-NWI y que poseían estudios de postgrado. Conclusiones: Los factores que más influyen en la percepción de las enfermeras renales en España son la experiencia profesional, el rol dentro de la organización, un contexto favorable y la formación de postgrado.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to assess a growth analysis of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and determine the optimal harvest time per season. The experiment was carried out at the Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Mexico. Twenty-four 3.7 X 1.7 m plots were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with eight treatments and three replicates per station. The treatments consisted of successive weekly cuts, during a regrowth cycle of 8 wk, in each season of the year. At the beginning of the study, a uniform cut was made and the residual forage was determined. The evaluated variables were: accumulation of dry matter, botanical and morphological composition, and leaf area index of white clover. The highest forage accumulation (P<0.05) occurred in the eighth week in spring (2,688 kg DM ha-1). Leaf production was higher (P<0.05) in spring, autumn and winter. The highest leaf area index was reached in the eighth week in spring (3.0; P<0.05). It is recommend exploiting the white clover meadow in the sixth week of the spring-summer period and in the seventh week of autumn-winter.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar un análisis de crecimiento del trébol blanco (Trifolium repens L) y determinar el momento óptimo de cosecha por estación. El experimento se realizó en el Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México. Se utilizaron 24 parcelas de 3.7 X 1.7 m, distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar, con ocho tratamientos y tres repeticiones por estación. Los tratamientos consistieron en cortes semanales sucesivos, durante un ciclo de rebrote de ocho semanas, en cada estación del año. Al inicio del estudio se realizó un corte de uniformización y se determinó el forraje residual. Las variables evaluadas fueron: acumulación de materia seca, composición botánica y morfológica e índice de área foliar del trébol blanco. La mayor acumulación de forraje (P<0.05) se presentó en la octava semana en primavera (2,688 kg MS ha-1). La producción de hoja fue mayor (p < 0.05) en primavera, otoño e invierno. El mayor índice de área foliar se alcanzó en la octava semana en primavera (3.0; P< 0.05). Se recomienda aprovechar la pradera de trébol blanco en la sexta semana para primavera-verano y séptima semana en otoño e invierno.

Resumen Objetivo principal: Identificar la mejor evidencia disponible sobre intervenciones educativas que pueden ayudar a prevenir la aparición del Pie Diabético (PD) en Atención Primaria (AP). Metodología: Revisión sistemática de Guías de Práctica clínica (GPC) con recomendaciones acerca de intervenciones educativas para prevenir el PD. La búsqueda se ha llevado a cabo en bases de datos de fuentes terciarias, secundarias y primarias con los descriptores Diabetes mellitus, Pie diabético y Educación en salud. Para evaluar la calidad de las GPC encontradas se utilizó la herramienta AGREE II. Resultados: Fueron recopiladas las intervenciones educativas que, según las 10 GPC revisadas, pueden resultar más efectivas para prevenir la aparición del PD en AP. Estas recomendaciones, han sido incluidas como actividades de los NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification) relacionados con el tema. Conclusión: El resultado principal de este trabajo indica que las intervenciones educativas para prevenir la aparición del PD deben formar parte, de manera inexcusable, de los planes de cuidados en los pacientes diabéticos. Son unas intervenciones que parecen ser muy costo efectivas y que, estructuradas adecuadamente, pueden contribuir a disminuir la incidencia de PD y a reducir el número de amputaciones.

Abstract Main objective: Identify the best available evidence on educational interventions that can help prevent the appearance of Diabetic Foot (DF) in Primary Care. Methodology: Systematic review on 10 Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) with recommendations on education to prevent the DF. The search was carried out in databases of tertiary, secondary and primary sources with the descriptors Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic foot and Health education. The AGREE II tool was used to assess the quality of the CPGs found. Results: Were compiled the educational interventions that, according to the revised 10 CPG's, are more effective in preventing the appearance of DF in Primary Care. Have been included these recommendations as NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification) activities related to the topic. Conclusion: The main result of this work indicates that educational interventions to prevent the onset of DF must inexcusably form part of the care plans for diabetic patients. These are interventions that appear to be very cost-effective, properly structured, will help reduce the incidence of DF and reduce thenumber of amputations

Aim This study evaluated the influence of a wide diameter on extra-short dental implant stress distribution as a retainer for single implant-supported crowns in the atrophic mandible posterior region under axial and oblique load. Methods Four 3D digital casts of an atrophic mandible, with a single implant-retained crown with a 3:1 crown-to-implant ratio, were created for finite element analysis. The implant diameter used was either 4 mm (regular) or 6 mm (wide), both with 5 mm length. A 200 N axial or 30º oblique load was applied to the mandibular right first molar occlusal surface. The equivalent von Mises stress was recorded for the abutment and implant, minimum principal stress, and maximum shear stress for cortical and cancellous bone. Results Oblique load increased the stress in all components when compared to axial load. Wide diameter implants showed a decrease of von Mises stress around 40% in both load directions at the implant, and an increase of at least 3.6% at the abutment. Wide diameter implants exhibited better results for cancellous bone in both angulations. However, in the cortical bone, the minimum principal stress was at least 66% greater for wide than regular diameter implants, and the maximum shear stress was more than 100% greater. Conclusion Extra-short dental implants with wide diameter result in better biomechanical behavior for the implant, but the implications of a potential risk of overloading the cortical bone and bone loss over time, mainly under oblique load, should be investigated.

ABSTRACT The proper distribution of maize seeds in pneumatic dispensers is essential for high-quality sowing operations. To enhance seed distribution accuracy, advanced pneumatic mechanisms utilizing new electrically driven dosing devices have been developed, as mechanical mechanisms often lead to distribution errors. Consequently, it becomes imperative to assess the impact of these mechanisms, particularly concerning operational speed. This study aims to evaluate the transmission performance of pneumatic dispensers when depositing maize seeds at varying operating speeds. The experiment was conducted on a static simulation bench, employing a completely randomized design and assessing two seed distribution mechanisms at speeds of 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, 11.0, and 13.0 km h-1. Parameters analyzed included acceptable spacing, double failure, coefficient of variation, and precision index, gathered from five repetitions of 250 consecutive seed depositions. The results suggest that the independent electrically driven dosing mechanism outperforms the pneumatic dosing mechanism with mechanical transmission in terms of acceptable spacing (1.27), missing spacing (0.85), and accuracy index (1.31). However, it is crucial to note that an increase in operating speed negatively impacts seed quality for both dispenser drive mechanisms.

RESUMO A distribuição adequada das sementes de milho em dispensadores pneumáticos é essencial para uma semeadura de alta qualidade. Para melhorar a precisão da distribuição de sementes, foram desenvolvidos mecanismos pneumáticos avançados que utilizam novos dispositivos de dosagem acionados eletricamente, uma vez que os mecanismos mecânicos muitas vezes levam a erros de distribuição. Consequentemente, torna-se imperativo avaliar o impacto destes mecanismos, particularmente no que diz respeito à velocidade operacional. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho da transmissão de dispensadores pneumáticos na deposição de sementes de milho em diversas velocidades de operação. O experimento foi conduzido em bancada de simulação estática, empregando delineamento inteiramente casualizado e avaliando dois mecanismos de distribuição de sementes nas velocidades de 5,0, 7,0, 9,0, 11,0 e 13,0 km h-1. Os parâmetros analisados incluíram espaçamento aceitável, falha dupla, coeficiente de variação e índice de precisão, obtidos a partir de cinco repetições de 250 deposições consecutivas de sementes. Os resultados sugerem que o mecanismo de dosagem independente acionado eletricamente supera o mecanismo de dosagem pneumático com transmissão mecânica em termos de espaçamento aceitável (1,27), espaçamento ausente (0,85) e índice de precisão (1,31). No entanto, é crucial observar que um aumento na velocidade operacional impacta negativamente a qualidade da semente para ambos os mecanismos de acionamento do dispensador.

Abstract: Nanomaterials (NM) synthesized from metal oxides, such as zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), are one of the most widely used in the food industry in coatings for food packaging and excipients and in the cosmetics industry for the manufacture of creams, sunscreens, make-up, and other beauty products. As their use increases, so do the exposure scenarios, thus the interest in studying their possible toxic effects on health and the environment. The route of exposure and the physicochemical properties of NMs define their molecular interactions and toxicity. NMs entering the cell interact with different organelles, inducing oxidative stress and increasing the production of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), one of the most common mechanisms of nanotoxicity. Furthermore, although there are many studies on the generation of ROS by NPs, little attention has been devoted to whether NPs can alter the antioxidant system of the cell. In this work, we show some examples of how ZnO and CuO NPs alter the antioxidant functions of hepatocytes to provide elements to help explain the molecular mechanisms of NPs-induced cellular toxicity.

Resumen: Los nanomateriales (NM) sintetizados a partir de óxidos metálicos, como las nanopartículas de óxido de zinc (NPsZnO), son uno de los más utilizados en la industria alimentaria como recubrimientos para envases de alimentos y excipientes, y dentro de la industria cosmética en la fabricación de cremas, protectores solares, maquillajes y otros productos de belleza. Al incrementar su uso, también aumentan los escenarios de exposición y potencial efecto a la salud. En consecuencia, el interés por estudiar sus posibles efectos tóxicos y el impacto en el ambiente se ha incrementado. La vía de exposición y las propiedades fisicoquímicas del NM define sus interacciones moleculares y su toxicidad. Los NM que ingresan a la célula interactuan con diferentes organelos, induciendo estrés oxidativo e incrementando la producción de especies de oxígeno altamente reactivas (ROS), siendo este uno de los mecanismos de nanotoxicidad más frecuentes. Independientemente de la existencia de muchos estudios sobre la generación de ROS por las NPs, poca atención se ha dedicado a conocer si las NPs son capaces de alterar el sistema antioxidante de la célula. En este trabajo mostramos algunos ejemplos de cómo las NPsZnO y CuO, alteran las funciones antioxidantes de los hepatocitos para brindar elementos que ayuden a explicar los mecanismos moleculares de la toxicidad celular inducida por NPs.