ABSTRACT Purposes: To describe the clinical characteristics and factors associated with keratitis in patients with corneal foreign bodies in Colombia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on a clinical records review of patients who had corneal foreign bodies and were admitted to the emergency department between June 2018 and June 2019 in Cali, Colombia. The primary outcome was the presence of keratitis diagnosed based on clinical criteria. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify associated factors. Results: A total of 381 corneal foreign bodies in 372 patients were analyzed (median age, 40.0; interquartile range, 29.0-53.0 years; male, 94.7% (n=352). Ninety-five patients developed keratitis (24.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 20.8%-29.5%). In the multivariate analysis, age 30 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.15, 95% CI 1.06-4.36), finding of aqueous flare (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.39-5.66]), and a foreign body in the peripheral cornea (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.19-3.50] were associated with an increased risk for keratitis. Sex, time between injury and admission, and corneal edema were not related to keratitis (p>0.05). Conclusion: In Cali, Colombia, a high proportion of keratitis was reported in patients with corneal foreign body. Age, an aqueous flare, and a foreign body in the peripheral cornea were the factors associated with keratitis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas e os fatores associados à presença de ceratite em pacientes com corpos estranhos na córnea em uma população colombiana. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal baseado na revisão dos registros clínicos de pacientes com corpos estranhos na córnea admitidos em um departamento de emergência em Cali, Colômbia, entre junho de 2018 e junho de 2019. O desfecho primário foi a presença de ceratite diagnosticada através de critérios clínicos. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística univariada e multivariada para identificar os fatores associados. Resultado: Neste estudo, foi analisado um total de 381 corpos estranhos na córnea em 372 pacientes (idade média: 40,0 anos, intervalo interquartil: 29,0-53,0; sexo masculino: 94,7% [352 casos]). Noventa e cinco casos desenvolveram ceratite (24,9%, intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC 95%: 20,8%-29,5%). Na análise multivariada, para idade ≤30 anos (razão de chances — RC: 2,15, IC 95%: 1,06-4,36), o achado de flare aquoso (RC: 2,81, IC 95%: 1,39-5,66]) e a presença de corpo estranho na periferia da córnea (RC: 2,05, IC 95%: 1,19-3,50) foram associados a um risco aumentado de ceratite. Sexo, tempo entre a lesão e a internação, e edema da córnea não foram relacionados à ceratite (p>0,05). Conclusão: Há uma proporção elevada de ceratite em casos de corpos estranhos na córnea em Cali, Colômbia. Os três fatores associados à ceratite foram a idade, o achado de flare aquoso e a presença de corpo estranho na periferia da córnea.

Abstract Introduction. Silicon in banana (Musa spp.) and its critical level when applied by foliar application is little known. For this reason, in the present investigation we proposed as a hypothesis that the foliar application of frequent doses of monosilicic acid (SiOH4) increases the nutritional content of silicon in the crop. Objective. Evaluate the response of the banana crop to increasing doses of Si, to determine the foliar nutritional effect in the specific conditions of the province of El Oro. Materials and methods. The trials were implemented in the field in a completely randomized experimental design in blocks, where increasing doses of Si were applied (0; 250; 500 and 750 cm3.ha-1), to evaluate its effect on the level of foliar Si, chlorophyll and roots, from leaf and root analyses. Regression analyzes were carried out and the respective relationship models between the doses of Si applied with the level of foliar Si in banana and chlorophyll were obtained. Results. A linear regression (R2: 0.43) model was obtained that could help predict the critical level of foliar Si in banana. Conclusions. It was found through the application of a linear equation that the higher the dose of Si applied (750 cm3) the higher the level of Si foliar (0.41%) in banana plants was achieved.

Resumen Introducción. El silicio en banano (Musa spp.) y su nivel crítico al ser aplicado de forma foliar es poco conocido. Por ello, en la presente investigación se propuso como hipótesis que la aplicación foliar de dosis frecuente de ácido monosilicico (SiOH4) incrementa el contenido nutricional del silicio en el cultivo. Objetivo. Evaluar la respuesta del cultivo de banano a dosis crecientes de Si, para determinar el efecto nutricional foliar en las condiciones específicas de la provincia de El Oro. Materiales y métodos. Los ensayos fueron implementados en campo en un diseño experimental en bloques completamente aleatorio, donde se aplicaron dosis crecientes de Si (0; 250; 500 y 750 cm3.ha-1), para evaluar su efecto en el nivel de Si foliar, clorofila y raíces, a partir de análisis foliares y de raíces. Se realizaron análisis de regresión y se obtuvieron los respectivos modelos de relación entre las dosis de Si aplicadas con el nivel de Si foliar en banano y clorofila. Resultados. Se obtuvo que un modelo de regresión lineal (R2: 0,43) que podría ayudar a predecir el nivel crítico de Si foliar en banano. Conclusiones. Se encontró mediante la aplicación de una ecuación lineal que entre mayor sea la dosis de Si aplicada (750 cm3) se lograra un mayor nivel de Si foliar (0,41%) en plantas de banano.

Resumen: Este artículo examina el devenir sociohistórico del primer plan de estudios del Curso Especial de Psicología, que inició el año 1947 en la Facultad de Filosofía y Educación de la Universidad de Chile. Mediante un análisis socio-institucional de fuentes primarias y secundarias se evidencia cómo el proyecto del Estado Docente en Chile generó un desarrollo del sistema educativo universitario que propició la búsqueda, recepción y propagación del saber psicológico foráneo (germánico, anglófono y francófono) a fines del siglo XIX y durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, lo que se consolidó con un proceso de formación especializada en la materia y posterior formalización de la carrera de Psicología, iniciándose, de este modo, la construcción de un nuevo sujeto profesional en la escena nacional.

Abstract: This article delves into the socio-historical evolution of the initial Curriculum of the Special Course in Psychology, which commenced in 1947 at the Faculty of Philosophy and Education of the University of Chile. Employing a socio-institutional analysis of primary and secondary sources, it elucidates how the proyect of the Teaching State in Chile shapes the progression of the university education system. This influence fosters the exploration, assimilation, and dissemination of foreign psychological knowledge (germanic, anglophone, and francophone) during the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. This trajectory culminates in a specialized training process in the field, leading to the formalization of the Psychology program, thus beginning the construction of a new professional subject on the national scene.

Resumen Antecedentes: La versión Española de la Escala de Apoyo a la Desigualdad Económica (S-SEIS) evalúa la tendencia de las personas a tener actitudes positivas hacia la desigualdad económica. Método: Se realizaron dos estudios correlacionales, uno exploratorio (N = 619) y otro confirmatorio (N = 562). Resultados: S-SEIS mostró una buena fiabilidad en los dos estudios. El análisis factorial mostró una estructura unifactorial en el Estudio 1 que se confirmó en el Estudio 2. Igualmente encontramos una relación entre S-SEIS y otras medidas de actitudes hacia la desigualdad ampliamente utilizadas, como la intolerancia hacia la desigualdad. S-SEIS correlaciona positivamente con la creencia en un mundo justo, la orientación hacia la dominancia social (SDO), la justificación del sistema económico (ESJ), la confianza institucional y la democracia percibida; correlaciona negativamente con la intolerancia hacia la desigualdad, la desigualdad percibida, la sociabilidad/competencia percibida de las personas en situación de pobreza y el apoyo a la redistribución. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que la S-SEIS es una medida válida para evaluar el apoyo a la desigualdad económica en muestras españolas.

Abstract Background: This study presents the adaptation and evidence of the validity of the Spanish version of the Support for Economic Inequality Scale (S-SEIS). This measure evaluates people's tendency to have positive attitudes toward economic inequality. Method: Two correlational studies were conducted, one exploratory (N = 619) and one confirmatory (N = 562). Results: S-SEIS showed good reliability in both studies. The factorial analysis showed a one-factor structure in Study 1 that was confirmed in Study 2. We also found a relationship between S-SEIS and other extensively used measures of attitudes toward inequality, such as intolerance toward inequality. S-SEIS positively correlates with belief in a just world, social dominance orientation (SDO), economic system justification (ESJ), institutional trust, and perceived democracy; it correlates negatively with intolerance toward inequality, perceived inequality, perceived warmth/competence of people in poverty and support for redistribution. Conclusions: The current research findings suggest that S-SEIS is a valuable instrument for evaluating the support of economic inequality in Spanish samples.

Abstract: Background: Lichen diversity in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes has historically been neglected. Lichen species in all vegetation types, except for the arid zones, remain underexplored. Hypotheses: Lichenized fungi richness reported for Aguascalientes will increase due to exploration and collecting activities in vegetation types other than xerophilous scrubs. This will allow finding species of interest for conservation purposes, including Mexican endemics and/or threatened taxa. Data description: Lichenized fungi, vegetation types, substrates. Study site and dates: Mexican state of Aguascalientes, 2018 to 2021. Methods: Revision and taxonomic identification of lichenized fungi specimens deposited at the HUAA herbarium. Once the endemic species were detected, the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and the Area of Occupancy (AOO) were calculated to assess their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List. Results: 162 new records were found for Aguascalientes. Chrysothrix insulizans R.C. Harris & Ladd, Hertelidea botryosa (Fr.) Kantvilas & Printzen, and Sarcogyne novomexicana H. Mag., were new records for the country. The epiphytic substrate and the foliose growth form were dominant. Parmotrema acutatum had an EOO = 192,141 km2, while Phaeophyscia sonorae had a EOO = 18,285 km2. Conclusions: The number of lichenized fungi species recorded for Aguascalientes increased to 218. We suggest publication of Parmotrema acutatum Kurok. as Least Concern (LC) and Phaeophyscia sonorae Essl. as Vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN Red List.

Resumen Antecedentes: La diversidad liquénica en el estado de Aguascalientes ha sido históricamente desatendida. Excepto por las investigaciones efectuadas en sus zonas áridas, los demás tipos de vegetación permanecen inexplorados. Hipótesis: La riqueza de hongos liquenizados registrados para el estado de Aguascalientes aumentará con la exploración y colecta en los tipos de vegetación presentes en el estado. Con esto, se encontrarán especies de interés para la conservación de los ecosistemas, incluyendo especies endémicas de México y/o amenazadas. Descripción de datos: Hongos liquenizados, tipos de vegetación, sustratos. Sitio y años de estudio: Estado de Aguascalientes, 2018 a 2021. Métodos: Revisión e identificación taxonómica de la colección de hongos liquenizados del herbario HUAA. Una vez detectadas las especies endémicas, se calcularon la Extensión de Ocurrencia (EOO) y el Área de ocupación (AOO) para evaluar el estado de conservación según la Lista Roja de la UICN. Resultados: Se presentaron 162 registros nuevos para el estado de Aguascalientes. Chrysothrix insulizans R.C. Harris & Ladd, Hertelidea botryosa (Fr.) Kantvilas & Printzen y Sarcogyne novomexicana H. Magn., fueron registros nuevos para el país. Los líquenes epífitos y la forma de crecimiento foliosa fueron dominantes. Parmotrema acutatum ocupó un EOO = 192,141 km2, mientras Phaeophyscia sonorae resultó en EOO = 18,285 km2. Conclusiones: El número de especies de hongos liquenizados para el estado de Aguascalientes asciende a 218. Se sugiere la publicación en la Lista Roja de la UICN para Parmotrema acutatum Kurok. en la categoría de Menor Preocupación (LC) y Phaeophyscia sonorae Essl. como Vulnerable (VU).

Abstract: Since the publication of DSM-5, it has become more important to carry out a differential diagnosis to distinguish people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from cluster C personality disorders. The aim of the present research study was to identify a personality profile of adults with ASD using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in order to carry out this differential diagnosis. The study sample consisted of a total of 178 subjects divided into four groups for comparison purposes. The ASD group obtained a MMPI personality profile with a characteristic 2-0 code that was specific to this sample of people with mild ASD, and higher scores in scales 6, 7 and 8 relative to the other scale scores. A specific MMPI personality profile was identified for ASD subjects, which differentiated this group from the other groups studied.

Resumen: Desde la publicación de DSM-5, se ha vuelto más importante llevar a cabo un diagnóstico diferencial para distinguir a las personas con TEA de los trastornos de personalidad del grupo C. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar un perfil de personalidad de sujetos con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) utilizando el Inventario de Personalidad Multifásico de Minnesota (MMPI) para llevar a cabo dicho diagnóstico diferencial. La muestra del estudio consistió en un total de 178 sujetos divididos en cuatro grupos de comparación. El grupo TEA obtuvo un perfil de personalidad MMPI con un código característico 2-0 que era específico para esta muestra de personas con TEA leve, y puntuaciones más altas en las escalas 6, 7 y 8 en relación con las otras puntuaciones de la escala. Se identificó un perfil de personalidad MMPI específico para los sujetos con TEA que diferenció a este grupo de los otros grupos estudiados.

Resumen: En este trabajo se desarrolló un nanomaterial a base de una estructura de hidróxido doble laminar HDL (ZnAl) impregnado de moléculas orgánicas de timol; se estudió el efecto fungistático in vitro e in vivo ante dos hongos fitopatógenos Colletotrichum gloeosporioides y Botrytis cinerea causantes de enfermedades en plantas como la antracnosis y el moho gris. La síntesis de este nanomaterial se llevó a cabo por el método de reconstrucción del óxido mixto ZnAl-(O) pasando por una combustión; la caracterización fisicoquímica del material se efectuó por difracción de rayos-X XRD, análisis termogravimétrico TGA, espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier FTIR y microscopía electrónica de barrido MEB. Se realizó un análisis de conservación de la molécula orgánica timol en presencia del hongo fitopatógeno B. cinerea y sin la acción bioquímica de este, mediante cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia HPLC. Concluyendo que el nanomaterial híbrido sintetizado HDL-T puede ser una alternativa para mitigar problemas agrícolas derivado de hongos fitopatógenos sin dañar el medio ambiente y evitando problemas sanitarios; esto por la protección que el HDL le brinda al timol retardando así su descomposición y haciéndole mucho más manejable.

Abstract: In this work, a nanomaterial was developed based on a structure of double laminar hydroxide DLH (ZnAl) impregnated with organic molecules of thymol; the fungistatic effect was studied in vitro and in vivo against two phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botrytis cinerea causing diseases in orchards such as anthracnose and gray mold. The synthesis of this nanomaterial was carried out by the method of reconstruction of the mixed oxide ZnAl-(O) through a combustion; the physicochemical characterization of the material was carried out by X-ray diffraction XRD, thermogravimetric analysis TGA, infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transforms FTIR and scanning electron microscopy SEM. A conservation analysis of the organic molecule thymol was carried out in the presence of the phytopathogenic fungus B. cinerea and without the biochemical action of this, by means of high efficacy liquid chromatography HPLC. Concluding that the hybrid nanomaterial synthesized DLH-T can be a great alternative to mitigate agricultural problems derived from phytopathogenic fungi without damaging the environment and avoiding sanitary problems; this by the protection that DLH provides to thymol thus delaying its decomposition and making it much more manageable.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar productos potenciales de mango como una alternativa para la producción de mango de comercialización limitada en la zona sur de Sinaloa. Metodología: Se implementaron dos primeras etapas: (1) Generación de alternativas de productos. (2) Selección de un producto. Resultados: En la Etapa 1 se identificaron: galleta rellena, ate y barra, por su facilidad de compra, contenido funcional e ingredientes naturales, siendo barra el producto con mayor potencial de éxito. En la Etapa 2, barras en presentaciones de amaranto, mezcla de frutos secos con chocolate y mezcla de cereales con yogurt, resultaron las más preferidas. Limitaciones: La identificación de atributos mediante encuestas puede ser subjetiva, por lo cual, se recomienda realizar pruebas sensoriales con consumidores. Conclusiones: Podemos anotar que los tres productos potenciales, y sus atributos, identificados fueron: (1) Barra de mezcla de frutos secos con chocolate fue preferida debido a su aporte de energía, facilidad de compra e ingredientes naturales. (2) Barra de amaranto resultó preferida por sus aportes de proteínas, carbohidratos, fibra, ingredientes naturales y precio. Finalmente, (3) Barra de mezcla de cereales con yogurt es preferida por remplazar una comida, contenido de fibra y contribución a la salud.

Abstract Objective: To identify potential mango products, as an alternative to take advantage of mango production that is not commercialized in the southern zone of Sinaloa. Methodology: Tow stages were implemented: (1) Generation of product alternatives. (2) Selection of a product. Results: In Stage 1, filled cookie, ate and bar were identified for their ease of purchase, functional content, and natural ingredients, with bar being the product with the greatest potential for success. In Stage 2, bars in amaranth, mixed nuts and chocolate and mixed cereal and yogurt presentations were the most preferred. Limitations: May be the identification of attributes through surveys can be subjective, so sensory testing with consumers is recommended. Conclusions: The three potential products and their attributes identified were: (1) mixed nuts and chocolate bar was preferred because of its energy contribution, ease of purchase and natural ingredients; (2) amaranth bar was preferred because of its protein, carbohydrates, fiber, natural ingredients, and price; and (3) mixed nuts and chocolate bar was preferred because of its protein, carbohydrates, fiber, natural ingredients, and price. Finally, (3) Cereal mix bar with yogurt was preferred for its meal replacement, fiber content and contribution to health.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir 6 casos de cáncer de pene y examinar su manejo quirúrgico en un hospital de tercer nivel. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de casos de cáncer de pene desde abril de 2020 a mayo de 2022 en el Hospital de Especialidades Eugenio Espejo de la ciudad de Quito, Ecuador. Se incluyeron solo casos que contaban con historia clínica completa, diagnóstico histopatológico confirmatorio y controles postquirúrgicos. Resultados: Se describen 6 pacientes con cáncer de pene con edad promedio de 69 años. En el estudio histopatológico cinco pacientes presentaron diagnóstico de carcinoma de células escamosas y uno de melanoma nodular. La localización más frecuente fue en el glande en cuatro individuos. De acuerdo con la clasificación TNM, dos pacientes fueron estratificados como T3Nx, uno como T3N1, uno como T3N2, uno como T4 y uno como T4bN3b. En la mitad de los casos, el tratamiento de elección fue la penectomía total más linfadenectomía inguinal bilateral. Conclusiones: A pesar de que el cáncer de pene es una patología poco frecuente, la identificación de factores de riesgo y lesiones primarias pueden ayudar al diagnóstico precoz del cáncer, evitando así una metástasis a estructuras anexas al pene y la consecuente penectomía.

Abstract Objective: To describe 6 cases of penile cancer and examine their surgical management in a tertiary level hospital. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study of penile cancer cases from april 2020 to may 2022 at the Hospital de Especialidades Eugenio Espejo in the city of Quito. Only cases with complete clinical history, confirmatory histopathological diagnosis and post-surgical controls were included. Results: We describe 6 patients with penile cancer with an average age of 69 years. In the histopathological study, five patients were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma and one with nodular melanoma. The most frequent location was on the glans penis in four individuals. According to TNM classification, two patients were stratified as T3Nx, one as T3N1, one as T3N2, one as T4 and one as T4bN3b. In half of the cases, the treatment of choice was total penectomy plus bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy. Conclusions: Although penile cancer is a rare pathology, the identification of risk factors and primary lesions can help in the early diagnosis of cancer, thus avoiding metastasis to structures adnexal to the penis and consequent penectomies.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas e os diferentes fenótipos de crianças com síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica na criança temporalmente relacionada com a COVID-19 (do inglês multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children — MIS-C) e avaliar as condições de risco que favorecem a maior gravidade da doença durante um período de 12 meses em um hospital pediátrico de referência na Colômbia. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 12 meses de observação de crianças menores de 18 anos que cumprem os critérios para o MIS-C. Resultados: Vinte e oito crianças foram apresentadas com os critérios do MIS-C. A idade média era de sete anos, e 54% eram do sexo masculino. Para além da febre (100%) (com início quatro dias antes da admissão), as características clínicas mais frequentes eram gastrointestinais (86%) e mucocutâneas (61%). Quatorze crianças (50%) apresentavam sintomas semelhantes aos de Kawasaki. As anomalias ecocardiográficas mais frequentes foram derrame pericárdico (64%), envolvimento valvar (68%), disfunção ventricular (39%) e anomalias coronárias (29%). Tinham linfopenia 75% das crianças. Todas tinham algum teste de coagulação anormal. A maioria recebeu imunoglobulina intravenosa (89%), glucocorticoides (82%), vasopressores (54%) e antibióticos (64%). Tiveram envolvimento mais grave 61% dos pacientes, que precisaram ser internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (mediana de quatro dias, média de seis dias); os preditores de gravidade foram pacientes com fenótipo inflamatório/ MIS-C (odds ratio — OR 26,5; intervalo de confiança — IC95% 1,4–503,7; p=0,029) e erupção cutânea (OR 14,7; IC95% 1,2–178,7; p=0,034). Dois pacientes (7%) apresentavam síndrome de ativação macrofágica. Conclusões: Alteração da artéria coronária, disfunção ventricular e internação na unidade de terapia intensiva foram frequentes, o que nos alerta sobre a importância da suspeita clínica precoce.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and the different phenotypes of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) temporally related to COVID-19 and to evaluate the risk conditions that favored a greater severity of the disease during a 12-month period at a pediatric reference hospital in Colombia. Methods: A 12-month retrospective observational study of children under the age of 18 years who met criteria for MIS-C. Results: A total of 28 children presented MIS-C criteria. The median age was 7 years. Other than fever (100%) (onset 4 days prior to admission), the most frequent clinical features were gastrointestinal (86%) and mucocutaneous (61%). Notably, 14 (50%) children had Kawasaki-like symptoms. The most frequent echocardiographic abnormalities were pericardial effusion (64%), valvular involvement (68%), ventricular dysfunction (39%), and coronary artery abnormalities (29%). In addition, 75% had lymphopenia. All had at least one abnormal coagulation test. Most received intravenous immunoglobulin (89%), glucocorticoids (82%), vasopressors (54%), and antibiotics (64%). Notably, 61% had a more severe form of the disease and were admitted to an intensive care unit (median 4 days, mean 6 days); the severity predictors were patients with the inflammatory/MIS-C phenotype (OR 26.5; 95%CI 1.40–503.7; p=0.029) and rash (OR 14.7; 95%CI 1.2–178.7; p=0.034). Two patients had macrophage activation syndrome. Conclusions: Coronary artery abnormalities, ventricular dysfunction, and intensive care unit admission were frequent, which needs to highlight the importance of early clinical suspicion.

Resumen La asignación relativa de energía que los organismos destinan a los procesos reproductores (esfuerzo reproductor) constituye un tema central en la teoría de historias de vida. Documentamos algunos aspectos de la ecología e inversión reproductora de 2 especies de esquincos vivíparos del género Plestiodon de México, una especie no descrita previamente asignada a P. brevirostris (Plestiodon sp., La Malinche, Tlaxcala, 2,700-3,000 m) y P. dugesii (2 poblaciones, Mazamitla y Tapalpa, Jalisco, 2,400-2,500 m). Usamos la masa relativa de camada (MRC) como medida del esfuerzo reproductor y calculamos un índice de condición corporal (ICC) como aproximación del estado energético de hembras no gestantes, posparturientas y neonatos. No hubo diferencias en las características reproductoras de las 2 poblaciones de P. dugesii. Ninguna especie presentó dimorfismo sexual en la talla y la talla de la hembra no influyó sobre la MRC ni en el tamaño o en la masa de la camada. El ICC de las hembras influyó sobre la MRC y, en P. dugesii, el tamaño de camada se correlacionó negativamente con el ICC de neonatos. Pese a las semejanzas generales en inversión reproductora, parece haber presiones selectivas diferenciales que moldean las características de las crías de estas 2 especies.

Abstract The relative allocation of energy organisms devote to reproductive processes (aka reproductive effort) constitutes a central topic in life history theory. We document some aspects of the reproductive ecology and investment of 2 viviparous skinks of the genus Plestiodon from Mexico: an undescribed species previously assigned to P. brevirostris (Plestiodon sp., La Malinche, Tlaxcala, 2,700-3,000 m) and P. dugesii (2 populations, Mazamitla and Tapalpa, Jalisco; 2,400-2,500 m). We used relative litter mass (RLM) as a measure of reproductive effort and calculated a body condition index (BCI) as a proxy of the energy status of non-pregnant females, post-parturient females, and neonates. There were no differences in any of the reproductive characteristics between the 2 populations of P. dugesii. Both species lacked sexual size dimorphism, and female body size did not influence RLM, litter size nor litter mass. However, female BCI influenced RLM and, in P. dugesii, a larger litter size correlated with a lower BCI of neonates. Despite their overall similarities in reproductive investment, there seem to be differential selective pressures shaping offspring characteristics of these 2 lizard species.

Resumen La noción y elementos de la responsabilidad penal y civil es una materia llena de discusiones en lo que refiere a su origen histórico, su fundamento racional y estructuración teórica. La extensa literatura doctrinaria existente pone de manifiesto la vigencia que aún mantiene, así como, la problematización que hay al respecto. El presente trabajo no pretende agotar y mucho menos dogmatizar sobre los diversos puntos de vista que se han venido desarrollando. La idea es, analizar los aspectos fundamentales de la responsabilidad penal y civil extracontractual desde los antecedentes más remotos hasta los más actuales, que constituyen la base de nuestra legislación vigente. En ese sentido el análisis evolutivo tendrá su correlato con la propia evolución del Derecho Español, por cuanto en los siglos XVIII y XIX es el derecho castellano y luego indiano el que se aplicará en estas tierras. Ese derecho es un conglomerado de principios y conceptos romanos, germánicos y canónicos, no siempre conexos entre sí y no todos recogidos de fuentes directas. La responsabilidad al igual que el resto de las instituciones jurídicas son un producto histórico y por ello es esencial conocer su pasado a la hora de su cabal compresión en el presente.

Abstract The notion and elements of criminal and civil liability is a matter full of discussions regarding its historical origin, its rational foundation and theoretical structure. The extensive existing doctrinal literature reveals the validity that it still maintains, as well as the problematization that exists in this regard. This paper does not intend to exhaust, much less dogmatize, the various points of view that have been developed. The idea is to analyze the fundamental aspects of extra-contractual criminal and civil liability from the most remote antecedents to the most current ones, which constitute the basis of our current legislation. In this sense, the evolutionary analysis will be correlated with the evolution of Spanish Law itself, since in the 18th and 19th centuries it was Castilian and then Indian law that was applied in these lands. That law is a conglomerate of Roman, Germanic and canonical principles and concepts, not always interconnected and not all collected from direct sources. Responsibility, like the rest of the legal institutions, is a historical product and for this reason it is essential to know its past at the time of its full understanding in the present.

Resumo A noção e os elementos da responsabilidade penal e civil é matéria repleta de discussões quanto a sua origem histórica, seu fundamento racional e estrutura teórica. A extensa literatura doutrinária existente revela a validade que ainda mantém, bem como a problematização que existe a esse respeito. Este trabalho não pretende esgotar, muito menos dogmatizar, os vários pontos de vista que têm sido desenvolvidos. A ideia é analisar os aspectos fundamentais da responsabilidade penal e civil extracontratual desde os antecedentes mais remotos até os mais atuais, que constituem a base da nossa legislação atual. Nesse sentido, a análise evolutiva será correlacionada com a evolução do próprio direito espanhol, já que nos séculos XVIII e XIX era o castelhano e depois o indiano que se aplicava nessas terras. Essa lei é um conglomerado de princípios e conceitos romanos, germânicos e canônicos, nem sempre interconectados e nem todos coletados de fontes diretas. A responsabilidade, como os demais institutos jurídicos, é um produto histórico e por isso é imprescindível conhecer seu passado no momento de sua plena compreensão no presente.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El ACV es uno de los eventos cardiovasculares más prevalentes en el mundo, en Colombia es la segunda causa de muerte y la primera de discapacidad. Uno de los factores de riesgo más importantes para tener en cuenta es el control del colesterol, la reducción de los niveles de C-LDL, principalmente por medio del tratamiento con estatinas y otros fármacos hipolipemiantes. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: En esta revisión narrativa de la literatura se ha recogido la información más relevante sobre el uso y los beneficios de este tratamiento y algunas consideraciones adicionales. CONCLUSIÓN: Los hallazgos de esta revisión demuestran el efecto protector de esta terapia cuando se consiguen reducir los niveles de C-LDL y colesterol, además, las otras terapias como ezetimiba o inhibidores de PSCK9. Por otro lado, los estudios mencionan posibles efectos beneficiosos en el contexto de ACV pero se requieren más ensayos clínicos.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Stroke is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular events in the world, in Colombia it is the second cause of death and first in disability. One of the most important risk factors to consider is cholesterol control, the reduction of LDL-C and cholesterol levels, mainly through treatment with statins and other lipid-lowering drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The most relevant information on the use and benefits of this treatment and some additional considerations have been collected in this narrative review of the literature. CONCLUSION: The results of this narrative review show the protective effect of this therapy when it is possible to reduce LDL-C and cholesterol levels, in addition to other therapies such as ezetimibe or PSCK9 inhibitors. On the other hand, studies mention possible beneficial effects in the context of stroke but more clinical trials are required.

Objective: To explore whether there is an association between distractibility, anxiety, irritability, and agitation (DAIA) symptoms and the severity of depressive and manic symptoms. Methods: Patients with unipolar and bipolar disorder (I and II) and mixed depression were evaluated. DAIA symptoms were assessed using previously described definitions. Results: The full analysis set comprised 100 patients. The severity of depressive symptoms in mixed depression, assessed by Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), was significantly associated with the presence of two or more DAIA symptoms in the bipolar sample, influenced mainly by anxiety. The severity of manic symptoms in mixed depression, assessed by Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), was significantly associated with the presence of two or more DAIA symptoms in the bipolar sample and three or four DAIA symptoms in the unipolar sample. Conclusion: DAIA symptoms were associated with greater severity of manic symptoms in mixed depression. DAIA symptoms must be evaluated in all patients with mixed features and are associated with the severity of depressive and manic symptoms in mixed depression. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04123301).