ABSTRACT Introduction: Bevacizumab is among the most frequently used drugs in cancer treatment. There is evidence that some anti-angiogenic drugs reduce flap survival, but it is unclear whether this applies to Bevacizumab. We investigated the effect of Bevacizumab on the viability of free flaps in rats. Methods: The animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups. The Graft group received intravascular saline and was submitted to a full-thickness skin graft. The Flap-Saline and the Flap-BVZ groups underwent a free groin flap after receiving, respectively, intravascular saline solution or intravascular administration of Bevacizumab. Results: The Graft group showed a lower percentage of the viable area (22.81%) relative to the Flap-Saline (83.98%; p<0.0001) and the Flap-BVZ groups (60.50%; p=0.0048). The lowest vascular pedicle patency was observed in the Flap-BVZ group, but the difference relative to the Flap-Saline was not significant (arteries, p=0.0867; veins, p=0.9999). A significant difference was observed in the occurrence of necrosis (p=0.0010), which was higher in the histological samples of the Graft (87.50%) and the Flap-BVZ (60.00%) relative to the Flap-Saline Group (0%). Inflammation occurred less frequently in the Flap-Saline (33.33%) compared to the Graft (87.5%) and Flap-BVZ group (70.00%), but the difference did not reach significance (p=0.0588). No significant differences emerged in the occurrence of hemorrhage or intraluminal thrombosis. Conclusion: The increase in inflammation, decrease in patency and reduction of viable area, though not significant, are in line with the histological analysis and call for further research on the potential adverse effects of the drug.

RESUMO Introdução: Bevacizumabe é um dos fármacos mais utilizados no tratamento do câncer. Existem evidências de que drogas antiangiogênicas reduzem a taxa de sobrevivência dos retalhos, porém não está claro se isso se aplica ao bevacizumabe. Investigamos o efeito de bevacizumabe na viabilidade de retalhos livres em ratos. Método: Os animais foram randomizados em três grupos. O grupo Enxerto recebeu injeção intravenosa de soro fisiológico 0,9% (SF 0,9%) e foi submetido a uma enxertia de pele total. Os grupos Retalho-SF e Retalho-BVZ foram submetidos a retalhos inguinais livres e receberam injeções intravenosas, respectivamente, de SF 0,9% e Bevacizumabe. Resultados: O grupo Enxerto apresentou menor percentual de área de retalho viável (22,81%) em relação ao grupo Retalho-SF (83,98%; p<0,0001) e Retalho-BVZ (60,50%; p=0,0048). Os pedículos do grupo Retalho-BVZ apresentaram menor patência, mas a diferença em relação ao grupo Retalho-SF não foi significante (artérias, p=0,0867; veias, p=0,9999). A ocorrência de necrose foi significativamente maior nos grupos Enxerto (87,50%) e Retalho-BVZ (60,00%) em relação ao grupo Retalho-SF (0%) (p=0,0010). A ocorrência de inflamação foi menor no grupo Retalho-SF (33,33%) em relação aos grupos Enxerto (87,5%) e Retalho-BVZ (70,00%), porém essa análise não atingiu significância (p=0,0588). Não houve diferenças significantes na ocorrência de hemorragia ou trombose intraluminal entre os grupos. Conclusão: O aumento da inflamação, redução da patência e das áreas viáveis dos retalhos, apesar de não significantes, corroboram com efeitos deletérios do bevacizumabe evidenciados na análise histológica e demandam futuros estudos dos potenciais efeitos adversos da droga.

RESUMO A amiloidose familiar por transtirretina é a forma mais comum de amiloidose sistêmica hereditária mundialmente. A condição é secundária a mais de 100 mutações ponto diferentes no gene da transtirretina (18q12.1). Mutações levam a depósitos anormais de amilóide principalmente no coração e nos nervos periféricos. O envolvimento leptomeníngeo, e principalmente ocular também é comum. Apesar do advento de várias formas diferentes de tratamento, o envolvimento ocular ainda é um grande problema, progredindo mesmo em pacientes submetidos à transplante hepático. Nesta revisão, avaliamos as diferentes formas de envolvimento ocular presentes entre os subtipos de mutações da transtirretina e os efeitos dos diferentes tratamentos disponíveis. O envolvimento ocular é desafiador na amiloidose familiar por transtirretina, exigindo acompanhamento oftalmológico eficiente para mitigar a perda de visão. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para auxiliar na resolução dessas questões.

ABSTRACT Transthyretin familial amyloidosis is the most common form of inherited systemic amyloidosis worldwide. The condition develops secondary to more than 100 different point mutations in the transthyretin gene (18q12.1). The mutations lead to abnormal amyloid deposits, mainly in the heart and peripheral nerves. Leptomeningeal and mainly ocular involvement is common. Although there are several different types of treatment available, ocular involvement, which occurs also in liver transplant recipients, remains a major challenge, progressing even in liver transplant recipients. Patients with ocular involvement require efficient ophthalmological follow-up to prevent vision loss. In this review, different forms of ocular involvement characterizing the subtypes of transthyretin mutations were described, and the effects of different treatments were summarized. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate these issues.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: Os afastadores clássicos de cirurgia laparoscópica são geralmente rígidos, necessitando de uma incisão adicional para sua instalação ou de um auxiliar para manuseio durante o ato cirúrgico e ainda, podem envolvem risco de injúria hepática. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e validar uma técnica de exposição da junção esofagogástrica obtida pelo afastador flexível de fígado em cirurgia bariátrica comparando sua eficácia com a de afastador classicamente utilizado para este fim. MÉTODOS: Tratou-se de um estudo prospectivo, aberto, controlado e comparativo em pacientes com indicação de cirurgia, distribuídos de forma randomizada em dois grupos: clássico (controle) e afastador flexível (teste). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 100 pacientes (n=50 grupo controle, n=50 grupo teste), sem diferença estatística na distribuição por idade e por morbidades, havendo diferença estatística somente no gênero (grupo controle obteve proporção maior de homens, p=0,020). Em relação ao tempo médio de realização das operações, não foi constatada diferença estatística. No quesito visibilidade, verificou-se que 100% dos pacientes do grupo afastador flexível obteve nível de visibilidade ótima, porém sem significância estatística com relação ao grupo clássico (94%). Invariavelmente, foi necessário um portal a mais de trocarte quando do uso do afastador clássico. CONCLUSÃO: O afastador flexível de fígado demonstrou-se seguro, eficaz, ergonômico, de baixo custo, de perfil estético satisfatório, não requerendo instrumental específico para uso ou nova curva de adaptação e aprendizado para manuseio.

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: In the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass technique, classic laparoscopic surgical retractors are usually rigid, require an additional incision for its installation, or must be handled by an assistant during the surgical procedure, involving a risk of liver injury. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate a technique of the esophagogastric junction exposure obtained by the flexible liver retractor in bariatric surgery, comparing its efficacy with the retractor classically used for this purpose. Methods: This study was performed as a randomized, open, prospective, controlled, and comparative design in patients with medical indications of bariatric surgery. The subjects were distributed in the classic (control) and flexible (test) retractor groups. Results: A total of 100 patients (n=50 control group, n=50 test group) were included. No statistically significant difference was observed in the mean duration of surgery. Regarding visibility, 100% of the patients in the flexible retractor group demonstrated an optimal visibility level, although without statistical significance concerning the classic retractor group (94%). Invariably, carrying a trocar was necessary when using the classic retractor. Conclusions: The flexible liver retractor is safe, effective, ergonomic, and inexpensive. Furthermore, it presented a satisfactory aesthetic profile, and the use of specific instruments, new adaptation curve, and training for its handling were not required.

ABSTRACT Tilapia skin has a non-infectious microbiota and a morphological structure similar to human skin. Phase II clinical studies, not yet published, have shown promising results in their use for the treatment of burns. In the protocols of these studies, patients with lesions in areas of skin folds, such as genitals and inguinal regions, were excluded, as it was thought that the biomaterial would not adhere properly, resulting in a lower degree of healing. Case report of a female patient, 18 years old, without comorbidities, with deep second-degree burns in the abdomen, inguinal region, part of the genitalia and upper half of both thighs, involving 13.5% of the total body surface area. Tilapia skin was applied to the lesions leading to a complete re-epithelialization with 16 days of treatment. No side effects were observed. Tilapia skin, therefore, brings the promise of an innovative product, easy to apply, and highly available, which can become the first animal skin nationally studied and registered by the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, for use in the treatment of burns. This case report contributes to reduce the limitations concerning the anatomical areas appropriate for the application of tilapia skin, since, even with the need for skin replacement, good results were obtained with application to the genitalia and inguinal region.

RESUMO A pele de tilápia possui microbiota não infecciosa e estrutura morfológica semelhante à pele humana. Estudos clínicos fase II, ainda não publicados, mostraram resultados promissores na sua utilização para tratamento de queimaduras. Nos protocolos destes estudos, pacientes com lesões em áreas de dobras de pele, como genitais e região inguinal, foram excluídos, pois achava-se que o biomaterial não aderiria apropriadamente, resultando em um grau de cicatrização inferior. Relato de caso de paciente do sexo feminino, 18 anos, sem comorbidades, com queimaduras de segundo grau profundo em abdômen, região inguinal, parte da genitália e metade superior de ambas as coxas, envolvendo 13,5% da área total da superfície corporal. A pele de tilápia foi aplicada nas lesões levando a uma reepitelização completa com 16 dias de tratamento. Não foram observados efeitos colaterais. A pele de tilápia traz, portanto, a promessa de um produto inovador, de fácil aplicação e alta disponibilidade, que pode se tornar a primeira pele animal nacionalmente estudada e registrada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, para uso no tratamento de queimaduras. Este relato de caso contribui para reduzir as limitações em relação às áreas anatômicas apropriadas para a aplicação da pele de tilápia, uma vez que, mesmo com a necessidade de reposição de pele, foram obtidos bons resultados com aplicação na genitália e região inguinal.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the contribution of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the first 12 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in the prevention of gallstone formation. Methods: A community-based clinical trial was conducted. A total of 137 patients were included in the study; 69 were treated with UDCA, starting 30 days after the surgery, at a dose of 150 mg twice daily (300 mg/day) over a period of 5 consecutive months (GROUP A), and 68 were control patients (GROUP B). The patients were followed-up, and ultrasonography was performed to determine the presence of gallstones at various times during follow-up. Demographic, anthropometric and comorbid indicators were obtained. The data were subjected to normality tests and evaluated using appropriate tests. Results: Patients did not differ in their baseline characteristics. Of the 69 patients who used UDCA, only one patient developed cholelithiasis (1%), whereas 18 controls (26%) formed gallstones (OR = 24.4, p <0.001). Also, other factors were found not to influence the formation of calculi, such as pre-operative or postoperative hepatic steatosis or diabetes (p = 0.759, 0.468, 0.956). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that patients who did not use UDCA showed a 24.4-fold greater probability of developing cholelithiasis.

▪ ABSTRACT Introduction: The production and distribution of human skin by Brazilian skin banks is insufficient to meet the country’s demand, supplying less than 1% of the need for treating burn victims. The objective of this work was to present the elaboration and development of the first animal skin bank of Brazil for the treatment of burns. Methods: This methodological study elaborated, developed, and installed The Aquatic Animal Skin Bank in terms of the development of tilapia skin processing after a systematic review of studies referring to animal skin banks based on visits to the pisciculture center in Jaguaribara-CE, technical visits to human skin banks in Brazil, technical consultation and training in the Recife Skin Bank, the observation of all phases of tilapia skin processing, and the identification of the physical structure of the area where the processes occur. Results: In addition to the production and distribution of tilapia skin for studies on burn victims, the bank is processing more than 5000 tilapia skin samples and is in the distribution phase of this skin for multicentric studies in other states and specialties including gynecology, orthopedics, endoscopy, stomatherapy, vascular surgery, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. Conclusion: This work enabled the elaboration, development, and implementation of Brazil’s first animal skin bank and the world’s first aquatic skin bank.

▪ RESUMO Introdução: A produção e a distribuição de pele humana pelos Bancos de Pele do Brasil é insuficiente para atender a demanda do país, suprindo menos de 1% da necessidade para tratar as vítimas de queimaduras. O objetivo do trabalho foi apresentar a elaboração e o desenvolvimento da implantação do primeiro Banco de Pele Animal do Brasil para tratamento da queimadura. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico. O Banco de Pele Animal Aquático foi elaborado, desenvolvido e instalado a partir do desenvolvimento do processamento de pele da tilápia, da revisão sistemática de estudos referentes a banco de pele animal, de visitas à pscicultura em Jaguaribara- CE, da visita técnica aos bancos de pele humana no Brasil, de consulta técnica e de treinamento no Banco de Pele de Recife, da observação de todas as fases de processamento da pele de tilápia e da identificação da estrutura física da área onde ocorrem todos os processos. Resultados: Além da produção e da distribuição da pele da tilápia para os estudos em vítima de queimaduras, o banco está processando mais de 5000 peles de tilápia e encontra-se em fase de distribuição desta pele para estudos multicêntricos em outros estados e outras especialidades, que desenvolvem pesquisas nas áreas de ginecologia, ortopedia, endoscopia, estomaterapia, cirurgia vascular, odontologia e veterinária. Conclusão: este trabalho possibilitou a elaboração, o desenvolvimento e a implementação do primeiro Banco de Pele Animal do país e o primeiro Banco de Pele Aquática do mundo.

ABSTRACT Purpose To assess the impact of sperm retrieval on the gonadal function of rats with impaired spermatogenesis by comparing testicular sperm extraction (TESE) to aspiration (TESA). The efficacy of these procedures to sperm obtainment was also compared. Materials and Methods A pilot study showed impaired spermatogenesis, but normal testosterone (T) production after a bilateral orchidopexy applied to 26 rats, which were randomly assigned into four groups: TESE (n=7), TESA (n=7), SHAM (n=6) and Control (n=6). The T levels were measured through comparative analysis after the orchidopexy. Results There was no statistical difference in the animal's baseline T levels after orchidopexy in comparison to the controls: the TESE and TESA groups, 6.66±4.67ng/mL; the SHAM group (orchidopexy only), 4.99±1.96ng/mL; and the Control, 4.75±1.45ng/mL, p=0.27. Accordingly, no difference was found in the postoperative T levels: TESE, 5.35±4.65ng/mL; TESA, 3.96±0.80ng/mL; SHAM, 3.70±1.27ng/mL; p=0.4. The number of sperm cells found through TESE (41.0±7.0) was significantly larger than that found through TESA (21.3±8.1, p=0.001). Moreover, higher tissue weight was found through TESE (0.09±0.02g versus 0.04±0.04g, p=0.04). Conclusions The testicular sperm capture performed in rats through extraction or aspiration, after orchidopexy, did not significantly decrease the T levels. The amount of sperm found through testicular sperm extraction was higher than that through testicular sperm aspiration.

Cell cycle control genes are frequently mutated in cancer cells, which usually display higher rates of proliferation than normal cells. Dysregulated mitosis leads to genomic instability, which contributes to tumor progression and aggressiveness. Many drugs that disrupt mitosis have been studied because they induce cell cycle arrest and tumor cell death. These antitumor compounds are referred to as antimitotics. Vinca alkaloids and taxanes are natural products that target microtubules and inhibit mitosis, and their derivatives are among the most commonly used drugs in cancer therapy worldwide. However, severe adverse effects such as neuropathies are frequently observed during treatment with microtubule-targeting agents. Many efforts have been directed at developing improved antimitotics with increased specificity and decreased likelihood of inducing side effects. These new drugs generally target specific components of mitotic regulation that are mainly or exclusively expressed during cell division, such as kinases, motor proteins and multiprotein complexes. Such small molecules are now in preclinical studies and clinical trials, and many are products or derivatives from natural sources. In this review, we focused on the most promising targets for the development of antimitotics and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of these targets. We also highlighted the novel natural antimitotic agents under investigation by our research group, including combretastatins, withanolides and pterocarpans, which show the potential to circumvent the main issues in antimitotic therapy.

A biflorina é uma o-naftoquinona com comprovados efeitos citotóxicos frente a células tumorais além de atividades antimicrobiana, antitumoral e antimutagênica. A biflorina é um composto isolado das raízes da planta Capraria biflora L.(Schrophulariaceae), originária das Antilhas e da América do Sul, que está localizada em zonas temperadas e tropicais. Este composto mostrou uma potente atividade contra microorganismos gram-positivos e bactérias álcool-ácido resistentes. Tem mostrado eficiência em inibir a proliferação celular em linhagens tumorais CEM, HL-60, B16, HCT-8, MCF-7. Recentemente, a linhagem tumoral SK-Br3 foi tratada com biflorina e demonstrou importante efeito citotóxico. Neste artigo, relatamos informações relacionadas com os primeiros estudos de caracterização estrutural, bem como os últimos relatos sobre a atividade biológica desta molécula.

Biflorin is an o-naphthoquinone with proven cytotoxic effects on tumor cells showing antimicrobial, antitumor and antimutagenic activities. Biflorin is an isolated compound taken from the roots of the plantCapraria biflora L. (Schrophulariaceae), indigenous of the West Indies and South America, which is located in temperate or tropical areas. This compound has shown to be strongly active against grampositive and alcohol-acid-resistant bacteria. It has been efficient in inhibiting the proliferation tumor cell lines CEM, HL-60, B16, HCT-8 and MCF-7. Recently, SK-Br3 cell line was treated with biflorin showing important cytotoxic effects. In this article, information related to the first structural characterization studies are presented, as well as the latest reports concerning the biological activity of this molecule.

Purpose The aim of this study was to define if tadalafil causes detrusor muscle impairment and to observe the effect of combination of tadalafil with tamsulosin on the lower urinary tract of rats with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) induced by chronic nitric oxide deficiency. Materials and Methods Thirty-one male rats were randomized to following groups: 1 - control; 2 - L-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME); 3 - Tamsulosin + L-NAME, 4 Tadalafil+L-NAME; and 5 - Tamsulosin + Tadalafil + L-NAME. At the end of the treatment period (30 days), all animals were submitted to urodynamic study. Results The administration of L-NAME increased the number of non-voiding contractions (NVC) (1.04 ± 0.22), volume threshold (VT) (1.86 ± 0.35), and micturition cycle (MC) (1.34 ± 0.11) compared with control (0.52 ± 0.06, 0.62 ± 0.06, and 0.67 ± 0.30), respectively. The administration of tamsulosin reduced the number of NVC (0.57 ± 0.42) and VT (0.76 ± 0.24 ) compared with L-NAME group. Co-treatment with tadalafil decreased the number of VT (0.85 ± 0.53) and MC (0.76 ± 0.22) compared with L-NAME group. The combination of tamsulosin with tadalafil improved the number of NVC (0.56 ± 0.18), VT (0.97 ± 0.52) and MC (0.68 ± 0.30) compared with L-NAME group. Conclusion In rats with BOO induced by chronic nitric oxide deficiency, tadalafil did not cause impairment in detrusor muscle and seems to have an addictive effect to tamsulosin because the combination decreased non voiding contractions as well the number of micturition cycles.

PURPOSE:To evaluate the genotoxicity of propolis and L-lysine, as well as their effects on the possible cellular damage in erythroblasts (bone marrow) and leukocytes (peripheral blood) caused by the carcinogen BBN (n - butyl - n {4 - hydroxybutyl} nitrosamine) in rats subjected to bladder carcinogenesis and treated with green propolis and L-lysine.METHODS: One hundred and twenty five rats were distributed into the following groups: I, IIA, IIB, III, K, L M N, X, XI, XII and XIII. Groups I to X received BBN in drinking water for 14 weeks (wks). Group I was treated with intragastric (ig) propolis at 150 mg/kg body weight, for 44 wks, beginning 30 days before start of BBN. Groups IIA and III were treated with propolis (150 mg/kg), for 40 wks, subcutaneous (sc) and ig, respectively, beginning simultaneously with BBN. On the 32nd wk, the animals of groups L, M and N were treated ig with L-lysine (300 mg/kg), celecoxib (30 mg/kg) and propolis (300 mg/kg), respectively, up to the 40th wk. The groups that received only BBN (IIB and K) were treated with water, sc and orally, respectively, for 40 wks. Groups XI, XII and XIII received respectively propolis (150 mg/kg), L-lysine (150 mg/kg) and water ig for 40 wks. After 40 wks, the surviving animals were anesthetized and subjected to femoral bone marrow aspiration and blood collection from the aorta, for CA and MNT, respectively, for investigation of genotoxicity.RESULTS: Groups IIB and K, which received only BBN and water, showed the greatest DNA damage in peripheral leukocytes (CA) and largest number of micronuclei in bone marrow erythrocytes (MNT) in relation to all other groups that received BBN and lysine and/or propolis (p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS:Both propolis and L-lysine are effective in protecting against genotoxicity, as well not being genotoxic themselves toward the cells evaluated, at the doses and times administered and according to the two tests utilized.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da sitagliptina nos potenciais evocados somatossensoriais (PESS) e controle metabólico de pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 2, sem neuropatia diabética. Materiais e métodos: Estudo de intervenção, prospectivo e aberto. Os pacientes com menos de seis meses de diagnóstico foram incluídos. Exames dos PESS e testes laboratoriais em jejum e após a estimulação com alimentos foram realizados antes e depois de três meses de tratamento com sitagliptina (100 mg/dia). Resultados: Houve redução nos níveis médios de HbA1c (P < 0,0001), glicemia de jejum (P = 0,001), colesterol total (P = 0,019) e ALT (P = 0,022). Verificou-se aumento de GLP-1 ativo (P = 0,0025). Vários PESS mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando os valores foram analisados antes e após o tratamento com sitagliptina. Conclusão: Os resultados vislumbram a possível utilização de sitagliptina no tratamento de algumas condições neurodegenerativas do sistema nervoso periférico, em adição ao seu papel no controle glicêmico.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of sitagliptin on somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without clinical diabetic neuropathy. Materials and methods: Interventional, prospective, and open study. Patients with less than six months from the diagnosis were included. Examinations of SEPs and laboratory tests at fasting and after food stimulation were performed before and after three months of treatment with sitagliptin (100 mg/day). Results: There was a reduction in the mean levels of HbA1c (P < 0.0001), fasting glucose (P = 0.001), total cholesterol (P = 0.019), and ALT (P = 0.022). An increase in active GLP-1 was found at the end of the study (P = 0.0025). Several SEPs showed statistically significant differences when analyzed before and after treatment with sitagliptin. Conclusion: The results give a glimpse of the possible use of sitagliptin in the treatment of some neurodegenerative conditions of the peripheral nervous system, in addition to its already established role in glycemic control.

A new flavonoid, catechin-3-O-(3"-O-trans-cinnamoyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside, along with known compounds, catechin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, 3-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzoic acid, 2-butyl-D-fructofuranoside and 1-butyl-D-fructofuranoside, has been isolated from the stem bark of V. thyrsoidea. These compounds were assayed for inhibition of protease activity (cathepsins B and K) and against cancer cell lines. Catechin-3-O-(3"-O-trans-cinnamoyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside showed moderate inhibitory activity (IC50 = 62.02 µM) against cathepsin B while 2-butyl-D-fructofuranoside was the most potent against a strain of CNS (SF-295) and human leukemia (HL-60) with IC50 = 36.80 µM and IC50 = 25.37 µM, respectively.

Bauhinia purpurea (Fabaceae). Plants of the Bauhinia species (Fabaceae) are used in the treatment of several infections and diseases, especially diabetes. In this paper, with an aim to contribute to the knowledge of the chemistry and therapeutic potential of the Amazonian species of the genus Bauhinia, flavonoid profiles in the leaves and branches of Bauhinia purpurea collected in Manaus and São Gabriel da Cachoeira/AM were analyzed by HPLC-DAD and ESIMS. Differences in the flavonoid profiles were detected along with the presence of rutin and isoquercitrin in the leaves collected in Manaus. All samples showed antioxidant activity, however, no cytotoxic activity against cell lines MDA-MB435 (breast), HCT-8 (colon), and SF-295 (glioblastoma) could be detected.

IntroductionAmphotericin B (AMB) is an antifungal agent used extensively in clinical medicine, yet resistance remains low. This study aims to evaluate the susceptibility of Candida spp. against AMB.MethodsFor broth microdilution susceptibility testing, 77 strains of Candida spp. were selected (32 C. albicans, 33 C. tropicalis, and 12 C. parapsilosis). The strains were considered susceptible when they exhibited MIC≤1.0µg/ml.ResultsNone of the strains showed an MIC greater than 0.25µg/ml.ConclusionsFurther works are necessary, with a higher number of strains, to assess the validity of the results used in this study.