Resumen Introducción. La producción comercial de plantas medicinales es un mercado que está creciendo rápidamente en los últimos años y que requiere de técnicas agronómicas sostenibles para hacerle frente a esta demanda. La hierbabuena (Mentha spicata L.) es una de estas plantas demandadas a nivel mundial. No obstante, no existen muchas técnicas para su cultivo comercial, ya sea en términos de cosecha, poscosecha o propagación. En cuanto a la propagación, esta suele ser de forma vegetativa y ocasionalmente con algún enraizante. De la gran variedad de enraizantes que podemos encontrar en el mercado, el uso de extractos de algas como A. nodosum resulta una alternativa sostenible como bioestimulante. Objetivo. Evaluar la influencia del extracto de A. nodosum en el enraizamiento de esquejes de hierbabuena. Materiales y métodos. El ensayo se llevó a cabo en condiciones de invernadero en la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Perú con diferentes dosis del extracto y diferentes momentos de evaluación. Se usaron dosis de 0, 1, 5 y 10 ml L-1 del extracto y 3 momentos de evaluación que fueron a los 21, 28 y 35 días después de realizado el esqueje. Las variables evaluadas fueron número de raíces, longitud de raíces, porcentaje de enraizamiento, peso fresco de tallo, raíz y hoja, y peso seco de los mismos. Resultados. Los esquejes de hierbabuena demostraron diferencias significativas (( = 0,05) para longitud de raíz, porcentaje de enraizamiento, y peso fresco de raíces ante la aplicación del extracto, con mejores resultados en la dosis de 10 mL L-1 para longitud de raíz y peso fresco de raíces. Conclusión. El extracto de A. nodosum probó ser eficiente en el enraizamiento de esquejes de Mentha spicata.

Abstract Introduction. The production of medicinal plants is a market that has been growing rapidly in recent years and requires sustainable agronomic techniques to meet this demand. The herb spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is one of these plants in demand worldwide. However, there are not many techniques for its commercial cultivation, whether in terms of harvest, post-harvest, or propagation. As for propagation, this is usually done vegetatively, occasionally with the use rooting agents. Among the wide variety of rooting agents available in the market, the use of algae extracts such as Ascophyllum nodosum is a sustainable alternative. Objective. To evaluate the influence of Ascophyllum nodosum extract on the rooting of spearmint cuttings. Materials and methods. The trial was carried out under greenhouse conditions at National Agricultural University La Molina, Peru with different doses of the extract and different evaluation times. Doses of 0, 1, 5 and 10 ml L-1 of the extract and 3 evaluation moments were used, which were 21, 28 and 35 days after cutting. In this way, an appropriate dose and transplanting time would be obtained. The variables evaluated were root number, root length, rooting percentage, fresh weight of stem, root and leaf, and dry weight of stem, root and leaf. Results. Spearmint cuttings showed significant differences (( = 0.05) for root length, rooting percentage, and root fresh weight with the application of the extract, with better results in the 10 mL L-1 dose for root length and root fresh weight. Conclusion. Ascophyllum nodosum extract proved to be efficient in rooting Mentha spicata cuttings.

RESUMEN La hipertensión portal (HTP) se define como el aumento de la presión a nivel de la vena porta por encima de 5 mmHg, siendo la causa más frecuente la cirrosis hepática. Dentro de las causas intrahepáticas presinusoidales de HTP con compromiso venular portal se describe a la que tradicionalmente fue conocida como hipertensión portal no cirrótica idiopática (HPNCI) teniendo como requisitos excluir aquellos pacientes que no presentaban HTP, así como aquellos con presencia de cirrosis hepática y trombosis venosa portal (TVP). Actualmente se han replanteado los criterios diagnósticos de esta entidad, y su denominación, siendo conocida como enfermedad vascular porto sinusoidal (EVPS) además no excluye a los pacientes con HTP o presencia de enfermedad hepática de base. La biopsia hepática continúa siendo el gold estándar para su diagnóstico. Las manifestaciones clínicas son derivadas de la HTP y el manejo es similar a las complicaciones que se presentan como en los pacientes con cirrosis hepática. Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón quien debuta con cuadro de sangrado digestivo, con hallazgos de varices esofágicas en la endoscopia alta además de estudio de hepatopatía viral, autoinmune y de depósitos negativos, con biopsia hepática concluyente de Enfermedad vascular portosinusoidal.

ABSTRACT Portal hypertension (PHT) is defined as an increase in pressure at the level of the portal vein above 5 mmHg, the most common cause being liver cirrhosis. Among the presinusoidal intrahepatic causes of PHT with portal venular involvement, what was traditionally known as idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCIH) is described, with the requirements of excluding those patients who did not present PHT, as well as those with the presence of liver cirrhosis and thrombosis. portal venous vein (PVT). Currently, the diagnostic criteria for this entity have been reconsidered, and its name, being known as porto-sinusoidal vascular disease (PSVD), also does not exclude patients with PHT or the presence of underlying liver disease. Liver biopsy continues to be the gold standard for diagnosis. The clinical manifestations are derived from PHT and the management is similar to the complications that occur in patients with liver cirrhosis. The case of a male patient is presented who presents with symptoms of digestive bleeding, with findings of esophageal varices in upper endoscopy in addition to a study of viral, autoimmune liver disease and negative deposits, with a conclusive liver biopsy of porto-sinusoidal vascular disease.

Resumo: Introdução: O uso de prednisona e reabilitação musculoesquelética e respiratória foi descrito no tratamento de pacientes com COVID-19 grave ou crítico. O papel destas intervenções e o momento ideal para o seu início não estão claramente estabelecidos. Este trabalho mostra os resultados da Unidade de Reabilitação Hospitalar do Banco de Seguro del Estado que implementou um programa abrangente de reabilitação e uso de corticosteroides na fase subaguda de pacientes graves ou críticos pós-COVID-19, com uma abordagem sistematizada, trabalhando de forma interdisciplinar e centrada no paciente. São relatados os achados na admissão, a necessidade de oxigênio, a escala de Barthel, os padrões tomográficos, o uso de corticosteroides, a resposta ao tratamento e as complicações. Os resultados desta abordagem sobre variáveis clínicas, respiratórias e funcionais são descritos. Material e métodos: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo de pacientes pós-COVID-19 que completaram reabilitação na Unidade de Reabilitação do Hospital Banco de Seguros del Estado (URHBSE) no período de abril a agosto de 2021. Os dados foram obtidos dos prontuários de pacientes com posterior análise estatísticas usando PRISM (v8.2.1). Resultados: 84 pacientes completaram o programa de reabilitação. No momento da admissão na URHBSE, 55% apresentavam dependência total ou grave da escala de Barthel. 48% não conseguiam se mover. 89,2% necessitaram oxigênio com saturação média de 90,3 ± 4,8. 25% dos pacientes foram internados necessitando máscara com reservatório. Todos os pacientes que ingressaram no programa estavam na fase subaguda da doença (4 a 12 semanas) e receberam um plano de reabilitação abrangente e individualizado. O objetivo era alcançar uma situação funcional semelhante à que apresentavam antes da COVID-19. O tempo de permanência na URHBSE foi de 23,5±13,8 dias. A tomografia de tórax de alta resolução (TCAR) foi realizada em 76 pacientes (90,5%); os resultados foram patológicos em 96,1%. O vidro fosco predominou em 49,3% deles, a consolidação em 8,23% e o padrão fibroso em 30,13%. Alterações tomográficas “atípicas” de danos pós-COVID (derrame pleural, nódulos cavitados, cavidades apicais, etc.) foram detectadas em 11,8% dos exames tomográficos. Aspergilose pulmonar foi encontrada em 2,6% dos pacientes e tromboembolismo pulmonar em 6,6%. 44 pacientes (52,3%) receberam prednisona. Em 63,4% a oferta de oxigênio foi suspensa nos primeiros 15 dias após o início da mesma. Encontramos associação entre o padrão tomográfico em vidro fosco e a suspensão precoce da oferta de oxigênio desde o início da administração da prednisona (p = 0,047). Apesar do alto grau de colonização, mesmo naqueles que usaram prednisona, não observamos infecções. Em relação às variáveis respiratórias, só temos dados sobre a presença de dispneia nos primeiros 35 pacientes; destes, 83% apresentavam dispneia na admissão, enquanto apenas 17% a apresentavam na alta (p< 0,0001). Observou-se também diferenças significativas na necessidade de O2 entre a admissão e a alta (p< 0,0001) e no grau de dependência medido pela escala de Barthel, com 55% dos pacientes apresentando dependência total ou grave na admissão e apenas 3,4% na alta. Conclusões: As intervenções realizadas na fase subaguda da doença foram associadas a melhorias significativas nas variáveis de interesse clínico. São necessários mais estudos para definir o papel e o momento exato do início dos corticosteroides e da reabilitação neste grupo de pacientes.

Abstract: Introduction: In patients with severe or critical COVID-19, the use of prednisone and musculoskeletal and respiratory rehabilitation has been described. The role of these interventions and the optimal time for their initiation are not clearly established. This study presents the results of the Rehabilitation Unit of the Banco de Seguro del Estado Hospital, which implemented a comprehensive rehabilitation program and the use of corticosteroids in the subacute stage of patients with severe or critical post-COVID-19, with a systematic approach, working interdisciplinary and centered on the person being treated. Findings at admission, oxygen requirement, Barthel scale, tomographic patterns, use of corticosteroids, their response, and complications are reported. The results of this approach on clinical, respiratory, and functional variables are described. Method: Descriptive, retrospective study of post-COVID-19 patients who completed rehabilitation at the Rehabilitation Unit of the Banco de Seguros del Estado Hospital (URHBSE) in the period April-August 2021. Data obtained from review of medical records, statistical analysis with PRISM (v8.2.1). Results: Eighty-four patients completed the rehabilitation program. Upon admission to the URHBSE, 55% had total or severe dependence on the Barthel scale. Forty-eight percent were unable to walk. Eighty-nine-point two percent required oxygen, with a mean saturation of 90.3 ± 4.8. Twenty-five percent of patients were admitted requiring a reservoir mask. All patients who entered the program were in the subacute phase of the disease (4 to 12 weeks) and received a comprehensive and individualized rehabilitation plan. The objective was to achieve a functional situation similar to what they had before COVID-19. The length of stay at the URHBSE was 23.5 ± 13.8 days. A total of 76 patients (90.5%) underwent high-resolution chest tomography (HRCT), which was pathological in 96.1% of cases. The predominant findings were ground-glass opacity in 49.3% of cases, consolidation in 8.23%, and a fibrosis-like pattern in 30.13%. “Non-typical” post-COVID damage tomographic alterations were detected (pleural effusion, cavitary nodules, apical cavities, etc.) in 11.8% of the tomographies. In 2 patients (2.6%), pulmonary aspergillosis was found, and in 6.6%, pulmonary thromboembolism. Forty-four patients (52.3%) received prednisone. In 63.4% of cases, oxygen supplementation was discontinued within the first 15 days from the start of prednisone. We found an association between the ground-glass opacity tomographic pattern and early discontinuation of oxygen supplementation from the start of prednisone (p = 0.047). Despite the high degree of colonization, we did not observe infections by colonizing microorganisms, even in those who used prednisone. Comparing admission and discharge, statistically significant differences were found in the following parameters: degree of dyspnea, oxygen requirement (only one patient was discharged with oxygen), saturation, degree of instrumentation (tracheostomy, nasogastric tube, etc.), and the Barthel dependency scale. Regarding respiratory variables, we only have data on the presence of dyspnea in the first 35 patients. Of these, 83% had dyspnea at admission, while only 17% had it at discharge (p < 0.0001). There were also significant differences in the oxygen requirement between admission and discharge (p < 0.0001) and in the degree of dependency measured on the Barthel scale. Fifty-five percent of patients had total or severe dependence at admission, compared to only 3.4% at discharge. Conclusions: The interventions carried out in the subacute stage of the disease were associated with significant improvements in clinical variables of interest. More studies are needed to define the role and the exact timing of the initiation of corticosteroids and rehabilitation in this group of patients.

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Resumen Se presenta un modelo emergente de cooperación y comunicación que involucra un conjunto de robots MarxBot. La tarea consiste en recolección de materia prima almacenada y su depósito en la banda de procesamiento, además de la recolección del elemento fabricado y su depósito en una banda de empaquetado. Los robots son controlados mediante redes neuronales artificiales que son optimizadas mediante un algoritmo genético en el simulador robótico conocido como FARSA (framework for autonomous robotics simulation and analysis). Se prueba en un ambiente simulado de grupos homogéneos de robots con comunicación emergente basada en diodos emisores de luz (LED, por sus siglas en inglés), los cuales tienen un mejor rendimiento en la tarea propuesta que un sistema de comunicación con señales preestablecidas y un grupo que no tiene capacidad de comunicación. Esto se debe al nivel de organización provisto por la emergencia de señales que proviene del grupo y de la interacción con el entorno. Esto demuestra que la perspectiva de la robótica evolutiva es aplicable a las necesidades de la Industria 4.0.

Abstract This study introduces an innovative model of cooperation and communication among a collective of Marxbot robots. The primary task involves the retrieval and deposition of raw materials onto a processing band, as well as the collection and placement of finished products onto a packaging band. The robots are controlled using artificial neural networks (ANN), which are optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA) within the framework for autonomous robotics simulation and analysis (FARSA) environment. Our simulations have demonstrated that homogeneous robot groups utilizing emergent communication via light emitting diodes (LED) significantly outperform those with predefined signal systems or no communication capabilities. The superior performance is attributed to the organizational structure that arises from signal emergence within the group dynamics and environmental interactions. These findings emphasize the relevance of evolutionary robotics (ER) principles in meeting the demands of Industry 4.0.

Resumen Un censo aéreo para la identificación y cuantificación de sitios de anidación de águila real fue realizado a través de los sistemas montañosos de la parte central de la península de Baja California, México, del 5 al 8 de abril de 2021. Identificamos un total de 113 nidos y 12 territorios de águila real a través de una trayectoria de muestreo de 1,203 km que abarcó una superficie de 176,000 ha. La mayor abundancia de nidos (n = 57) fue registrada entre las latitudes 29º y 30º N con elevaciones variando entre 600 y 700 m (n = 35) en el Área Natural Protegida Valle de Los Cirios, la cual está principalmente asociada a biotopos de montaña con acantilados pronunciados y amplios valles aluviales que promueven sitios de forrajeo y anidación para esta especie. El número de nidos demostró una relación inversa con la altitud a través de un gradiente latitudinal. Este estudio reporta nuevos sitios de anidación de águila real en la región central peninsular que incluye de norte a sur a las sierras de Matomí, Jaraguay y La Libertad.

Abstract Aerial census for identification and quantification of nesting sites of Golden Eagle was performed through the mountain ranges of the central Baja California Peninsula, Mexico from 5 to 8 April 2021. We identified a total of 113 nests and 12 territories of Golden Eagle on a sampling trajectory of 1,203 km that encompassed a surface of 176,000 ha. The highest abundance of nests (n = 57) was recorded between 29º and 30º N latitudes with elevations ranging between 600 and 700 m (n = 35) in the Valle de Los Cirios Protected Natural Area, which is mainly associated with mountain biotopes with steep cliffs and ample alluvial valleys that promote foraging and nesting sites for this species. The number of nests of Golden Eagle showed an inverse relationship with the altitude along a latitudinal gradient. This study reports new nesting sites of Golden Eagle in the central peninsular region that includes the mountain ranges of Matomí, Jaraguay, and La Libertad.

Resumen Introducción. La tuberculosis multirresistente-resistente a la rifampicina (TB-MDR/RR) es difícil de controlar, tiene una alta morbilidad y mortalidad y exige una intervención prioritaria en salud pública. En Colombia, la TB-MDR/RR se ha ido extendiendo cada año. Antes de la pandemia de COVID-19, en un periodo de 8 años, el número de casos de TB-MDR/RR en Colombia se acercaba a los mil. La identificación oportuna de los diferentes factores de riesgo de TB-MDR/RR contribuirá de manera fundamental al manejo sistemático de la enfermedad. Objetivo. Determinar los factores de riesgo que se asociaron a la presentación de la TB- MDR/RR en Colombia entre 2013 y 2018. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles, para el cual se utilizaron los datos de la vigilancia rutinaria de eventos de TB MDR/RR en el país. Resultados. Los casos de TB MDR se presentaron principalmente en jóvenes, afrodescendientes y varones. De las condiciones clínicas, fueron factores de riesgo las comorbilidades como la desnutrición, la diabetes y el VIH, y la presencia de, al menos, un factor como la farmacodependencia, el consumo de medicamentos inmunosupresores, el ser de raza negra o afro y el vivir en una zona del país de alta carga de tuberculosis. Conclusiones. Además del diagnóstico y la provisión oportuna del tratamiento de la TB MDR, es necesario que los programas de salud pública a nivel local presten especial atención a los pacientes con los factores de riesgo identificados.

Abtract Introduction. Multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) is difficult to control, has high morbidity and mortality, and demands priority public health intervention. In Colombia, MDR/RR-TB has been becoming more widespread annually. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, over an 8-year period, the number of cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Colombia was close to a thousand cases. Timely identification of the different risk factors for MDR/RR-TB will contribute fundamentally to the systematic management. Objective. To determine which risk factors were associated with the presentation of MDR in Colombia between 2013 and 2018. Materials and methods. A retrospective case-control study was carried out, for which the data from the routine surveillance of MDR/events in the country were used. Results. The cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis were mainly in young people, Afrodescendants, and males. Of the clinical conditions, comorbidities such as malnutrition, diabetes, and HIV, presence of at least one factor, such as drug dependence, taking immunosuppressive medications, belonging to the black race, afro, and living in an area of high disease burden were risk factors. Conclusion. In addition to the diagnosis and timely provision of MDR-TB treatment, it is necessary that public health programs at the local level pay special attention to patients with the identified risk factors.

Resumen Los minerales procesados en una planta minero-metalúrgica están sujetos a cambios constantes relacionados con el grado de explotación del yacimiento. Este comportamiento se distingue por el cambio en las especies mineralógicas presentes dentro del mineral que ingresa a la planta de procesamiento de minerales; estos cambios pueden producir deficiencias en el beneficio y la recuperación de metales preciosos. Por tal motivo, este trabajo busca determinar una relación entre las especies presentes y los procesos metalúrgicos como análisis gravimétrico, flotación y lixiviación utilizados para recuperar el oro presente en el yacimiento, con base en la mineragrafía y las pruebas metalúrgicas de los minerales extraídos de las vetas Inkaracay y Mina Sanca 2, yacimientos ubicados en el batolito de Qero. Estas vetas tienen de 15 a 20 cm y de 5 a 8 g/T Au, por esta razón se utilizaron tres mezclas de diferentes proporciones. La caracterización mineral determina la relación mineralógica de las muestras, el estudio microscópico y macroscópico presente en el mineral y las asociaciones mineralógicas en las muestras analizadas permiten relacionarlas con las pruebas metalúrgicas y obtener una recuperación de 95.54 % de oro con 36 % de la veta Inkaracay y 64 % de la veta Mina Sanca 2 usando el proceso de flotación a un tamaño de grano de 85 % -200 m (74 µm).

Abstract Minerals processed in a mining-metallurgical plant are subject to constant change related to the degree of exploitation of the deposit. This behavior is distinguished by the shift in the mineralogical species present within the mineral that enters the processing plant; these changes may produce deficiencies in the beneficiation of the mineral and the recovery of precious metals. For this reason, this work seeks to determine a relationship between the species present and the metallurgical processes such as gravimetric analysis, flotation, and leaching used to recover the gold present in the deposit, based on the mineragraphy and the metallurgical tests of the minerals extracted from the Inkaracay and Mina Sanca 2 veins, deposits located in the Qero's batholith. The veins present in these places have15 to 20 cm and 5 to 8 g/T Au, for this reason, three mixtures of different proportions were used for their analysis. Mineral characterization determines the mineralogical relationship of the samples, the microscopic and macroscopic study present in the mineral body and the mineralogical associations in the analyzed samples, allowing them to be related to the performance of the metallurgical tests thus obtaining a recovery of 95.54 % of gold: 36 % from the Inkaracay vein and 64 % from the Mina Sanca 2 vein using the flotation process at a grain size of 85 % -200 m (74 µm).

Abstract Introduction. The article analyzes the comprehension of narrative texts from a dynamic, complex, and microgenetic developmental perspective. The interest is to highlight the variability of the inferential functioning that emerges in repeated reading situations. Objectives. The objective is to identify the type of inferences and the levels of understanding children reach when they read and discuss different narrative texts. The study aims to establish the variability of individual trajectories of the students depending on the book read and the time in which these trajectories are produced. The study also seeks to identify the relationship between the type of inference evoked and the level of understanding achieved. Methodology. A multiple-case design with microgenetic orientation was used. Five students, three girls and two boys aged between eight and nine years old, participated in the study. Four stories were read, and the participants answered literal, inferential, and critical-intertextual questions. A semi-structured interview was used for each of the four proposed children’s texts. Results. The study obtained 134 statements in 65 speaking turns. The microgenetic trajectory analyses showed that the type of inference, the levels of comprehension, and the variability of individual trajectories fluctuated considerably depending on the book read and the amount of time spent reading. The analyses conducted with space state grids revealed an adaptability of the cognitive functioning of the participants since the type of inferences evoked is modified depending on the story read. Conclusions. Inferences and levels of reading comprehension are complex and recursive processes with high variability, depending on the text read and the time spent reading. No evidence of stable and linear inferential functioning was found. To assess student comprehension, the use of various types of texts and the changes that occur over time must be considered.

Resumo Introdução. A compreensão de textos narrativos é analisada a partir de uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento dinâmica, complexa e microgenética. O interesse é destacar a variabilidade do funcionamento inferencial que emerge em situações de leitura repetida. Objetivos. Propôe-se identificar o tipo de inferências e os níveis de compreensão que as crianças atingem quando leem e discutem diferentes textos narrativos, para estabelecer a variabilidade das trajetórias individuais dos alunos, dependendo do livro lido e do tempo em que são produzidos, e identificar a relação entre o tipo de inferência evocada e o nível de compreensão alcançado. Metodologia. Foi utilizado um desenho de casos múltiplos com orientação microgenética. Participaram cinco alunos, três meninas e dois meninos, com idade entre oito e nove anos; quatro histórias foram lidas e responderam a perguntas literais, inferenciais e crítico-intertextuais. Foi utilizada uma entrevista semiestruturada para cada um dos quatro textos infantis propostos. Resultados. Foram obtidos 134 depoimentos em 65 turnos de fala. As análises de trajetória microgenética mostram que o tipo de inferência, os níveis de compreensão e a variabilidade das trajetórias individuais flutuam consideravelmente, dependendo do livro lido e da quantidade de tempo gasto lendo. As análises realizadas com grades de estados espaciais revelam uma adaptabilidade do funcionamento cognitivo dos participantes, uma vez que o tipo de inferências evocadas é modificado dependendo da história lida. Conclusões. As inferências e os níveis de compreensão leitora são processos complexos e recursivos com alta variabilidade, que dependem do texto lido e do tempo gasto na leitura. Nenhuma evidência de funcionamento inferencial estável e linear é encontrada. Se a compreensão do aluno for avaliada, tanto o uso de vários tipos de textos quanto as mudanças que ocorrem ao longo do tempo devem ser considerados.

Resumen Introducción. Se analiza la comprensión de textos narrativos, desde una perspectiva del desarrollo dinámica, compleja y microgenética. El interés es poner en evidencia la variabilidad del funcionamiento inferencial que emerge en situaciones de lectura reiterada. Objetivos. Se propuso identificar el tipo de inferencias y los niveles de comprensión que alcanza la niñez cuando lee y discute diferentes textos narrativos, establecer la variabilidad de las trayectorias individuales del estudiantado en función del libro leído y del tiempo en el cual son producidas, e identificar la relación entre el tipo de inferencia evocado y el nivel de comprensión alcanzado. Metodología. Se utilizó un diseño de caso múltiple con orientación microgenética. Participó un grupo de cinco estudiantes, tres niñas y dos niños con edades entre los ocho años y nueve años de edad; se leyeron cuatro historias y contestaron preguntas literales, inferenciales y crítico-intertextuales. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada para cada uno de los cuatro textos infantiles propuestos. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 134 enunciados en 65 turnos de palabra; los análisis de trayectorias microgenéticas evidencian que el tipo de inferencia, los niveles de comprensión y la variabilidad de las trayectorias individuales fluctúan notoriamente en función del libro leído y del tiempo de lectura transcurrido. Los análisis realizados con rejillas de estado de espacio dan cuenta de una adaptabilidad del funcionamiento cognitivo de las personas participantes, pues el tipo de inferencias evocado se modifica en función de la historia leída. Conclusiones. Las inferencias y los niveles de comprensión lectora son procesos complejos y recursivos con una alta variabilidad, la cual depende del texto leído y del tiempo transcurrido de lectura; no se encuentra evidencia de un funcionamiento inferencial estable y lineal. Si ha de evaluarse la comprensión del estudiantado, se debe contemplar tanto el uso de diversos tipos de textos como los cambios que se producen en el tiempo.

ABSTRACT Bananas are a fruit in demand in the world and Peru is a participant in the global supply. For banana exports, it is essential to incorporate certifications that support the effort to offer a product that belongs to a sustainable value chain, that meets all international food standards, in addition to having certifications such as GlobalG.A.P. Therefore, the objective of this study is to describe the banana export dynamism in Peru from 2011-2021 in order to consolidate market opening and export promotion policies. An observational-descriptive study with a quantitative approach was conducted, using annual indicators, to identify the Herfindahl-Hischman index. National subheading 0803.90.11.00 was selected for data extraction. As a result, it was obtained that the countries of destination for banana exports were 16 in annual average, having in 2019 the maximum with 22 different destinations and 2011 with only 2; likewise, the big jump occurred in 2018 when there was a growth of 40% going from 14 to 20 following with the same trend in 2019 with a growth of 10%. The conclusions show that the dynamics of the exported banana had a sustainable growth in the early years and consolidated in the middle stage of the period having in the final part a fall in its value and quantity, likewise, the destination markets were concentrated basically in Holland, United States, Panama and Belgium having on average a moderate diversification putting at risk the dependence on these markets.

RESUMEN El banano es un fruto demandado en el mundo y Perú es un participante dentro de la oferta mundial. Para la exportación del banano es fundamental incorporar certificaciones que respalden el esfuerzo por ofrecer un producto que pertenece a una cadena de valor sostenible, que cumple todas las normas alimentarias internacionales, además de poseer certificaciones como GlobalG.A.P. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es describir el dinamismo exportador del banano en Perú desde 2011-2021 para consolidar políticas de apertura de mercado y de promoción de las exportaciones. Se realizó un estudio observacional-descriptivo de enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando indicadores anuales, para identificar el índice de Herfindahl-Hischman. Para la extracción de datos se seleccionó la subpartida nacional 0803.90.11.00. Como resultado se obtuvo que los países de destino de las exportaciones de banano fueron 16 en promedio anual, teniendo en el 2019 el máximo con 22 diferentes destinos y el 2011 con sólo 2; así mismo el gran salto se dio en el 2018 cuando se tuvo un crecimiento del 40% pasando de 14 a 20 siguiendo con la misma tendencia en el 2019 con un crecimiento del 10%. Las conclusiones arrojan que la dinámica del banano exportado tuvo un crecimiento sostenible en los primeros años y se consolidó en la etapa media del periodo teniendo en la parte final una caída en su valor y cantidad, así mismo, los mercados de destino se concentraron básicamente en Holanda, Estados Unidos, Panamá y Bélgica teniendo en promedio una diversificación moderada poniendo en riesgo la dependencia por estos mercados.

RESUMO As bananas são uma fruta muito procurada em todo o mundo e o Peru participa do fornecimento global. Para as exportações de banana, é essencial incorporar certificações que apoiem o esforço de oferecer um produto que pertença a uma cadeia de valor sustentável, que atenda a todos os padrões internacionais de alimentos, além de contar com certificações como a GlobalG.A.P.. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever o dinamismo das exportações de banana no Peru de 2011 a 2021 a fim de consolidar políticas de abertura de mercado e promoção de exportações. Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo observacional-descritivo usando indicadores anuais para identificar o índice Herfindahl-Hischman. A subposição nacional 0803.90.11.00 foi selecionada para a extração de dados. Como resultado, os países de destino das exportações de banana foram em média 16 por ano, com o máximo em 2019 com 22 destinos diferentes e 2011 com apenas 2; da mesma forma, o grande salto ocorreu em 2018, quando houve um crescimento de 40%, passando de 14 para 20, seguindo a mesma tendência em 2019, com um crescimento de 10%. As conclusões mostram que a dinâmica da banana exportada teve um crescimento sustentável nos primeiros anos e se consolidou na fase intermediária do período, tendo na parte final uma queda em valor e quantidade, da mesma forma, os mercados de destino se concentraram basicamente na Holanda, Estados Unidos, Panamá e Bélgica, tendo em média uma diversificação moderada, colocando em risco a dependência desses mercados.

Abstract Objective To assess the prevalence of GERD exclusively by means of multichannel intraluminal impedanciometry associated with pH monitoring (MIIpH) and compare it with respiratory symptoms in children with CF. To compare MIIpH with pHmetry alone to perform GERD diagnosis. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with children diagnosed with CF who underwent MIIpH. Clinical and laboratory markers, including respiratory and digestive symptoms, were used for comparative analyses. High-resolution chest computed tomography was performed on patients with symptoms of chronic lung disease. Severity was classified according to the Bhalla score. Results A total of 29 children < 10 yo (18 girls) were evaluated; 19 of whom with physiological GER and 10 with GERD. Of the children with GERD, seven had predominantly acid GER, two acid+non-acid GER, and one non-acid GER. Three patients had GERD diagnosed only by MIIpH. Bhalla scores ranged from seven to 17.75 with no significant relationship with GERD. The number of pulmonary exacerbations was associated with a decrease in esophageal clearance regardless of the position in pHmetry and MIIpH. Conclusions The prevalence of GERD was 34% in children with CF. There was no association between respiratory disease severity and GER types. MIIpH detected 30% more patients with GERD than pHmetry. (MIIpH diagnosis crosssectional cross sectional markers analyses Highresolution High resolution score 2 1 18 (1 girls evaluated acid+nonacid acidnonacid acid+non non nonacid 1775 17 75 17.7 34 types 30 ( acidnon 177 7 17. 3

Resumen El conocimiento individual y organizacional ha generado un cambio importante en el desarrollo de los procesos empresariales e institucionales, la Gestión del Conocimiento (GC) ha desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo de nuevas metodologías y la implementación de buenas prácticas corporativas. El objetivo de esta investigación es describir los conceptos de gestión de conocimiento y la capacidad de gestión de alianzas según la literatura científica, así como los lineamientos del Ministerio de ciencia, tecnología e innovación. Se utiliza como método de estudio un mapeo sistemático que se caracteriza en proporcionar la exploración de las principales bases de datos científicas como Scopus, Redalyc, SciELO. Concluyendo que existen nuevas estrategias para comprender la gestión de conocimiento y la capacidad de alianzas que articulen los factores claves que contribuyan en modelos administrativos que promulguen el desarrollo del capital intelectual de los individuos y de las organizaciones, así mismo que estos temas son de vital importancia para desarrollar la gestión del conocimiento empresarial y fortalecer los talentos con los que cuentan los individuos.

Abstract Individual and organizational knowledge has generated an important change in the development of business and institutional processes. Knowledge Management (KM) has played an important role in the development of new methodologies and the implementation of good corporate practices. The objective of this research is to describe the concepts of knowledge management and the capacity to manage alliances according to the scientific literature as well as the guidelines of the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation. A literature review in the main scientific databases, such as Scopus, Redalyc, and SciELO, among others, is used as a methodology. Concluding that it is giving way to the ability to manage strategic alliances that talk about key factors that contribute to administrative models that promote the development of the intellectual capital of individuals and organizations, as well as these issues being of vital importance for the development of business knowledge management and making better use of the talents of individuals.

ABSTRACT: Background: The tuberculosis is an infectious disease with high disease burden in Colombia, so medical education is expected to be standard in all regions and medical students have competencies in the operative management of tuberculosis. This study evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices in tuberculosis in medical students in Colombia and related factors. Methods: Questionnaire for the evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and practices in tuberculosis in medical students in Colombia, who were in clinical semesters and were registered at the 2020 annual meeting of the Asociación de Sociedades Científicas de Estudiantes de Medicina de Colombia (ASCEMCOL) to establish the level of knowledge in tuberculosis. Result: The study found that students from regions with a higher burden of disease, such as the Eje Cafetero had higher scores that those from other regions. On the other hand, it was observed that the student´s own experience in tuberculosis screening (tuberculin skin test PPD - Mantoux) and the clinical experience in care patients with tuberculosis are related to the knowledge of the programmatic management of tuberculosis. Conclusions: The study shows a low level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of programmatic management of tuberculosis in medical students in clinical semester in Colombia.

RESUMEN: Introducción: La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa con alta carga de la enfermedad en Colombia, por lo que se espera que la educación médica sea estándar en todas las regiones y los estudiantes de medicina tengan competencias en el manejo operativo de la tuberculosis. Este estudio evaluó los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en tuberculosis en estudiantes de medicina de Colombia y los factores relacionados. Métodos: Cuestionario de evaluación de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en tuberculosis en estudiantes de medicina en Colombia, que cursaban semestre clínico y se encontraban inscritos en la reunión anual 2020 de la Asociación de Sociedades Científicas de Estudiantes de Medicina de Colombia (ASCEMCOL) para esTablecer el nivel de conocimientos en tuberculosis. Resultados: Se evidenció que los estudiantes de regiones con mayor carga de la enfermedad como el Eje Cafetero presenta puntajes más altos de forma diferencial a las otras regiones. Por otra parte, se observó que la experiencia propia del estudiante en el tamizaje para tuberculosis (prueba cutánea de la tuberculina PPD - Mantoux) y la experiencia en la atención de pacientes con tuberculosis en el entorno clínico están relacionadas a los conocimientos del manejo programático de la tuberculosis. Conclusión: El estudio demuestra bajo nivel de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas del manejo programático de la tuberculosis en los estudiantes de medicina que cursaban semestres clínicos en Colombia.

RESUMEN Es posible que el asno criollo colombiano (ACC) se encuentre en peligro de extinción. La alarmante disminución de su inventario está reduciendo la diversidad genética. Así, la caracterización morfológica es un primer paso en futuros planes de conservación, con el objetivo de repoblación; por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar zoométricamente y etnológicamente el ACC, de las cinco subregiones naturales del departamento de Sucre. En 20 machos de cada una de las subregiones naturales del departamento de Sucre (Golfo de Morrosquillo: GM, Montes de María: MM, Mojana: MO, San Jorge: SJ, Sabanas: SA), con edad promedio de 4,7 ± 1,0 años y peso promedio estimado de 126,0 ± 19,4kg, se registraron 28 medidas morfométricas. En el análisis de datos, se consideró la estadística descriptiva, el análisis de varianza entre subregiones, análisis de agrupación jerárquica. También, se estimaron cinco índices etnológicos y cinco índices productivos. La mayoría de las variables zoométricas variaron significativamente entre subregiones, con valores similares a otras razas criollas. El análisis de agrupación jerárquica formó dos grupos con cercanía geográfica. La homogeneidad estructural y la armonía morfoestructural encontrada al interior de las subregiones fue media-baja; sin embargo, al analizar todo el ACC, la homogeneidad y la armonía morfoestructural fue media-alta. Los índices etnológicos clasifican al ACC como longilíneo, hipermétrico, dolicocéfalo y concavilíneo, mientras que los índices productivos indican de un asno proporcionado, de buenos aplomos y de aptitud al trabajo.

ABSTRACT In Colombia, works performed with the colombian creole donkey (CCD) have shown a possible danger of extinction. The above, associate with an alarming decrease in its inventory and a reduction in genetic diversity. Thus, morphological characterization could be the first step for future conservation plans to conduct a repopulation. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize the zoometric and ethnological traits of CCD in five natural subregions of the department of Sucre. 20 males from each of the natural subregions from Sucre (Golfo de Morrosquillo: GM, Montes de María: MM, Mojana: MO, San Jorge: SJ, Sabanas: SA) with an age average of 4.7 ± 1.0 years old and weight estimated between 126.0 ± 19.4 kg were recorded and were submitted to 28 morphometric measurements. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance between subregions, and hierarchical grouping for statistical analysis were performed. Also, five ethnological indices and five productive indices were estimated. The results showed that most of the zoometric variables varied significantly between subregions. The values assessed were similar to other creole donkey breeds. The hierarchical grouping analysis allowed the creation of two groups with geographic proximity. The structural homogeneity and morphostructural harmony found within the subregions were medium-low. However, when analyzing all the CCD measurements together, medium to high morphostructural uniformity and harmony were evidenced. The ethnological indices allow us to classify the CCD as a longlinear, hypermetric, dolichocephalic, and concavilinear animal. In addition, the productive indices indicated that the CCD is a proportionate donkey, with good poise and aptitude for work.