ABSTRACT: Buccal mucosal grafts are versatile in medical practice, documented minimally despite potential in otolaryngology, ophthalmology, dermatology, plastic surgery and urology. They offer advantages such as being hairless, easily obtained, and infection-resistant, with a thin, highly vascularized epithelial layer aiding absorption and reducing contracture risk. Complications from oral donor sites, like pain and sensory changes, are known, relevant in conditions such as Fournier's gangrene, necessitating urgent surgical intervention and often reconstruction. We present a case report of a 45-year-old male with Fournier's gangrene treated jointly by urology and maxillofacial surgery. Buccal mucosal grafts were harvested from the inner cheek mucosa for simultaneous urethral reconstruction. The procedure preserved the parotid duct, obtaining a graft comprising mucosal, submucosal, and glandular tissues, applied to the urethral defect with bovine dermis coverage. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with successful catheter removal in 2 weeks and complete donor site healing in 6 months. Buccal mucosal grafts prove effective in complex reconstruction, offering structural integrity and minimal morbidity. Despite challenges like graft contraction and limited tissue availability in severe cases, buccal mucosal grafts are favored for reliability and patient satisfaction in reconstructive needs, notably urethral reconstruction. The evidence shows a high success rate in most of the uses of buccal mucosal grafts, so it is recommended as an effective and safe graft for extraoral reconstructions, particularly urethral reconstruction, where the Maxillofacial Surgeon is part of the interdisciplinary team. Awareness of potential complications and procedural limitations ensures optimal outcomes and patient care.

RESUMEN: Los injertos de mucosa bucal son versátiles en la práctica médica, documentados mínimamente a pesar de su potencial en otorrinolaringología, oftalmología, dermatología, cirugía plástica y urología. Ofrecen ventajas como la ausencia de vello, facilidad de obtención y resistencia a infecciones, con una capa epitelial delgada y altamente vascularizada que favorece la absorción y reduce el riesgo de contractura. Se conocen complicaciones de los sitios donantes orales, como dolor y cambios sensoriales, que son relevantes en condiciones como la gangrena de Fournier, que requieren intervención quirúrgica urgente y a menudo reconstrucción. Presentamos el reporte de caso de un hombre de 45 años con gangrena de Fournier tratado de manera conjunta por Urología y Cirugía maxilofacial. Se obtuvo injertos de mucosa bucal de la mucosa interna de la mejilla para la reconstrucción uretral simultánea. El procedimiento preservó el conducto parotídeo, obteniendo un injerto que comprendía tejidos mucosos, submucosos y glandulares, aplicado al defecto uretral con cobertura de dermis bovina. La recuperación postoperatoria curso sin complicaciones, con la retirada exitosa del catéter a las 2 semanas y la completa cicatrización del sitio donante en 6 meses. Los injertos de mucosa bucal demuestran ser efectivos en reconstrucciones complejas, ofreciendo integridad estructural y mínima morbilidad. A pesar de los desafíos, como la contracción del injerto y la disponibilidad limitada de tejido en casos severos, los injertos de mucosa bucal son preferidos por su fiabilidad y satisfacción del paciente en necesidades reconstructivas, especialmente en la reconstrucción uretral. La evidencia muestra una alta tasa de éxito en la mayoría de los usos de injertos de mucosa bucal, por lo que se recomienda como un injerto eficaz y seguro para reconstrucciones extraorales, particularmente en la reconstrucción uretral, donde el cirujano maxilofacial forma parte del equipo interdisciplinario. La conciencia sobre las posibles complicaciones y limitaciones del procedimiento asegura resultados óptimos y un adecuado cuidado del paciente.

ABSTRACT: Maxillofacial trauma is one of the fields of surgical activity in our specialty and constitutes a relevant problem in highly complex hospitals, the presence of our specialists being essential within an interdisciplinary team for the resolution of this type of pathology. An adequate management and early treatment is essential from the moment the patient is admitted, without leaving aside the sequelae and the subsequent rehabilitation work for the work and daily reinsertion of the patients. The purpose of this work is to present the experience of the Maxillofacial Surgery team of the Rancagua Hospital in the surgical resolution of 320 maxillofacial fractures with a retrospective review of 5 years. A study was carried out with analysis of the surgical protocols of patients operated on for maxillofacial trauma, in the central pavilion, under general anesthesia, in a period of 5 years. The variables analyzed were diagnosis, age, sex, compromised facial third, type of fracture, approaches used, and type of rigid internal fixation. 368 surgical procedures were performed. The average age of the operated patients was 36 years, with a predominance of the male sex (80.4 %), the middle third was the most affected (49.1 %) followed by fractures of the lower third of the face (35.5 %). It is necessary to develop epidemiological investigations of these pathologies in order to obtain demographic conclusions and contribute to unifying diagnostic and treatment criteria, thus establishing efficient prevention and treatment policies in relation to each service and as a whole at the public health level.

RESUMEN: El trauma maxilofacial es uno de los campos de actividad quirúrgica en nuestra especialidad y constituye un problema relevante en hospitales de alta complejidad, siendo esencial la presencia de nuestros especialistas dentro de un equipo interdisciplinario para la resolución de este tipo de patología. Un manejo adecuado y un tratamiento temprano son esenciales desde el momento en que el paciente es admitido, sin dejar de lado las secuelas y el posterior trabajo de rehabilitación para la reinserción laboral y diaria de los pacientes. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar la experiencia del equipo de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Dr. Franco Ravera Zunino en la resolución quirúrgica de 320 fracturas maxilofaciales con una revisión retrospectiva de 5 años. Se realizó un estudio con análisis de los protocolos quirúrgicos de pacientes operados por trauma maxilofacial, en pabellón central, bajo anestesia general, en un período de 5 años. Las variables analizadas fueron diagnóstico, edad, sexo, tercio facial comprometido, tipo de fractura, enfoques utilizados y tipo de fijación interna rígida. Se realizaron 368 procedimientos quirúrgicos. La edad promedio de los pacientes operados fue de 36 años, con predominio del sexo masculino (80,4 %), el tercio medio fue el más afectado (49,1 %) seguido de las fracturas del tercio inferior de la cara (35,5 %). Es necesario desarrollar investigaciones epidemiológicas de estas patologías para obtener conclusiones demográficas y contribuir a la unificación de criterios diagnósticos y de tratamiento, estableciendo así políticas eficientes de prevención y tratamiento en relación a cada servicio y en conjunto a nivel de salud pública.

ABSTRACT: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare, rapidly progressing, and severe infection of subcutaneous tissues and muscle fascia that can be fatal. It causes rapid tissue necrosis through pathogen-induced vasoconstriction and thrombosis. While commonly found in the torso, abdomen, and limbs, it rarely affects the head and neck. Effective treatment includes early diagnosis, surgery, antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, though mortality remains high. A 40-year-old man with a history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) presented with increased volume, erythema, and cramps in the cervical and upper thoracic area. The main diagnosis was NF, requiring surgical debridement of the affected tissue. Despite therapeutic efforts, the patient succumbed to sepsis and multiple organ failure. NF is a life-threatening infection with a very low incidence but a high mortality rate. Cervical NF often arises from odontogenic infections and is associated with systemic factors like diabetes and obesity. Early diagnosis is challenging, but Computed tomography (CT) and the Laboratory risk indicator score for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) score are essential. Effective treatment includes surgical debridement, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. NF remains a critical condition with high mortality, underscoring the need for early recognition and aggressive treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.

RESUMEN: La fascitis necrosante (FN) es una infección rara, de rápida progresión y grave de los tejidos subcutáneos y la fascia muscular que puede ser fatal. Causa necrosis tisular rápida a través de la vasoconstricción y trombosis inducidas por patógenos. Aunque se encuentra comúnmente en el torso, abdomen y membros, rara vez afecta la cabeza y el cuello. El tratamiento efectivo incluye un diagnóstico temprano, cirugía, antibióticos y terapia de oxígeno hiperbárico, aunque la mortalidad sigue siendo alta. Un hombre de 40 años con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus (DM) no controlada se presentó con aumento de volumen, eritema y calambres en la zona cervical y torácica superior. El diagnóstico principal fue FN, requiriendo desbridamiento quirúrgico del tejido afectado. A pesar de los esfuerzos terapéuticos, el paciente sucumbió a sepsis y falla multiorgánica. La FN es una infección potencialmente mortal con una incidencia muy baja pero una alta tasa de mortalidad. La FN cervical a menudo surge de infecciones odontogénicas y está asociada con factores sistémicos como la diabetes y la obesidad. El diagnóstico temprano es un desafío, pero la tomografía computarizada (TC) y el puntaje de indicadores de riesgo de laboratorio para fascitis necrosante (LRINEC) son esenciales. El tratamiento efectivo incluye desbridamiento quirúrgico, antibióticos de amplio espectro y terapia de oxígeno hiperbárico. La FN sigue siendo una condición crítica con alta mortalidad, lo que subraya la necesidad de un reconocimiento temprano y estrategias de tratamiento agresivas para mejorar los resultados de los pacientes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Brazilian Society of Nephrology estimates that approximately 10 million people in Brazil had chronic kidney disease in 2019. In 2022, 5,303 kidney transplants were performed in the country, with the city of Juiz de Fora standing out as one of the largest reference centers for kidney transplants. Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of urinary tract infections in post-transplant patients, as well as the type of infection. Methods: This is a retrospective quantitative cross-sectional study in which data from the medical records of patients who underwent kidney transplantation from 2019 to 2022 were analyzed. Results: Of a total of 537 kidney transplants performed during this period, 64 urinary tract infections associated with urinary catheters were observed in the first 30 days post-transplantation, with a higher incidence in the first 5 days. Most of the microorganisms observed belong to the human microbiota, indicating that the cause may be related to catheterization, the hospital environment, or the patient. The infections observed are caused by bacteria resistant to the antibiotics trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and Serratia sp. Conclusion: The study indicates that it is necessary to improve the handling of the patients and materials to reduce infections, mainly due to the high degree of antibiotic resistance of the microorganisms observed.

RESUMO Introdução: A Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia estimou que cerca de 10 milhões de pessoas no Brasil tinham doença renal crônica em 2019. Em 2022, 5.303 transplantes renais foram realizados no país, destacando-se o município de Juiz de Fora como um dos maiores centros de referência em transplantes renais. Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a ocorrência de infecções no trato urinário de pacientes pós-transplante, bem como o tipo de infecção. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, quantitativo e retrospectivo, no qual dados dos prontuários dos pacientes que realizaram transplante renal de 2019 a 2022 foram analisados. Resultados: Do total de 537 transplantes renais realizados nesse período, foram observadas 64 infecções do trato urinário associadas ao cateter vesical nos primeiros 30 dias pós-transplante, com maior incidência nos primeiros 5 dias. A maior parte dos microrganismos observados pertence à microbiota humana, indicando que a causa pode estar relacionada ao cateterismo, ao ambiente hospitalar ou ao próprio paciente. As infecções são causadas por bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos trimetoprima e sulfametoxazol, como Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. e Serratia sp. Conclusão: O trabalho aponta que é necessário melhorar a manipulação dos pacientes e materiais, visando reduzir as infecções, principalmente em função do alto grau de resistência a antibióticos dos microrganismos observados.

Abstract The objective of this research is to present practical solutions for improving structural performance of thin-walled conic polygonal monopoles. The analysis encompasses computational simulations, analytical evaluation, and structural verification of reinforcements for openings and longitudinal folded stiffeners of flat walls. A benchmarked solution is derived from a design involving a 20-sided cold-formed steel polygonal section employed to support telecommunication antennas at a height of 40 meters. The structural verification is performed under the influence of wind loads, with particular attention to the commonly reported basic gust wind speed in Brazil. The conducted analysis encompasses: (i) wind-induced static equivalent dynamic behavior, (ii) parametric elastic buckling analysis, (iii) non-linear finite element analysis of reinforced openings, and (iv) direct strength method (DSM) performance evaluation of stiffened polygonal cross-sections. The importance of combining tailored numerical tools such as the finite strip and finite element methods, as well as wind-induced behavior, is demonstrated through the structural analysis results. In essence, the study's findings reveal the previously overlooked local-distortional buckling interaction in current design guidelines. Moreover, the research demonstrates that incorporating reinforcements and longitudinal stiffeners significantly enhances the flexural capacity of slender structures. Notably, the adoption of a single 4-fold (trapezoid) stiffener shape, per polygonal wall, emerges as a promising effective solution for enhancing the overall flexural capacity. Further full scale experimental structural tests and computational fluid dynamics should be considered for advanced structural analysis and improved design.

Methods used to determine pesticide residues in teas typically require several laborious steps for sample preparation before analysis. In this study, a simple method based on solid-liquid extraction with low-temperature partitioning (SLE/LTP) and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was optimized and validated for the determination of pesticide residues (pirimiphos-methyl, flutriafol, cyproconazole, and bifenthrin) in dehydrated green tea leaves. After low-temperature partitioning (LTP), the extract in acetonitrile was subjected to a clean-up step using primary secondary amine (PSA) and octadecylsilane (C18) as sorbents for chlorophyll removal. The optimized SLE/LTP-GC-MS method was validated, and it proved to be effective and selective for extracting pesticides from green tea samples, presenting limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.015 and 0.050 mg kg-1, respectively. Recovery ranged between 81-111%, coefficients of variation were less than 16% and coefficients of determination (R2) were greater than 0.990. The optimized and validated method was applied to green tea and 13 other tea varieties sampled in South and Southeast regions of Brazil. The pesticides under study were detected in some of those samples at values higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed by the European Union. solidliquid solid liquid lowtemperature low temperature SLE/LTP SLELTP SLE LTP (SLE/LTP GCMS GC MS (GC-MS pirimiphosmethyl, pirimiphosmethyl pirimiphos methyl, methyl (pirimiphos-methyl flutriafol cyproconazole bifenthrin leaves LTP, , (LTP) cleanup clean up PSA (PSA C18 C (C18 removal SLE/LTPGCMS SLELTPGCMS LOD (LOD LOQ (LOQ 0015 0 015 0.01 0050 050 0.05 kg1, kg1 kg 1, 1 kg-1 respectively 81111%, 81111 81 111%, 111 81-111% 16 R2 R (R2 0990 990 0.990 Brazil MRLs (MRLs Union (LTP C1 (C1 LTPGCMS 001 01 0.0 005 05 kg- 81111% 8111 8 111% 11 81-111 (R 099 99 0.99 (C 00 0. 811 81-11 09 9 0.9 81-1 81-

Abstract Objective It was to verify the association between the definition of sex of rearing and, clinical and cytogenetic features among patients with genital ambiguity referred without a sex assignment. Methods The sample consisted of 133 patients with genital ambiguity seen at a single reference service. These patients did not have a defined social sex at the first consultation and their etiological diagnosis was obtained during follow-up. Results A total of 133 cases were included, 74 of which were reared as males and 59 as females. No correlation was found between the year of birth and the year of the first consultation with the definition of sex of rearing. However, the definition of sex of rearing was associated with age at the first consultation, severity of genital ambiguity, presence of palpable gonad(s), presence of uterus on ultrasound, karyotype, and diagnosis. Palpable gonad(s), more virilized genitalia, absence of a uterus on ultrasound, 46, XY karyotype, or a karyotype with sex chromosome abnormalities emerged as strong predictors for defining male sex. All 77 (58 %) patients over 18 years old had a gender identity in accordance with the sex of rearing; though 9 of 77 (12 %) had homo or bisexual orientation, especially girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Conclusions Clinical and cytogenetic data were strongly associated with the definition of the sex of rearing of children with genital ambiguity referred to a DSD center without sex assignment. Management in a specialized center allows the establishment of a gender identity in accordance with the sex of rearing. assignment 13 service followup. followup follow up. up follow-up included 7 5 females However gonads, gonads gonad s , gonad(s) ultrasound genitalia 46 58 (5 % 1 12 (1 orientation Hyperplasia gonad(s 4 (

Abstract Objective Evaluate the level of information of pediatricians about the diagnosis and management of cryptorchidism. Method A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a form via the "Google Forms" platform. The study population included pediatricians and pediatric residents associated with the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics. Seven hundred twenty-eight responses were recorded and analyzed using IBM SPSS v21. Results 728 valid responses were obtained. Of these answers, only 20.5 % answered that the physical examination was sufficient for the diagnosis, and 79.4 % responded that they requested ultrasound as the best test to aid in diagnosing cryptorchidism. When questioned about the ideal age for referring a patient with cryptorchidism, the survey recorded 56.3 % of the responses defending the correct age as six months old, 30.2 % shortly after birth, and 13.2 % at two years old. Other topics were addressed in the form, such as the frequency of evaluation of testicular position and investigation for DDS, among others. Still, the answers to these questions were compatible with current manuals and guidelines on cryptorchidism. Conclusion It is evident that the understanding of the professionals consulted about the diagnosis and management of cryptorchidism needs to be updated with the current practices adopted and that pediatricians, in general, must maintain periodic programs on this subject. Therefore, this topic should be part of a continuing education program with pediatric surgery. crosssectional cross sectional Google Forms platform Pediatrics twentyeight twenty eight v21 v 72 obtained 205 20 5 20. 794 79 4 79. 563 56 3 56. old 302 30 2 30. birth 132 13 13. DDS others Still general subject Therefore surgery v2 7 1

Abstract The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a mobile synovial joint that articulates the temporal bone, particularly the articular tubercle and the glenoid fossa, with the condyle of the mandibular bone. Inside it, there is an articular disc that divides the cavity into two compartments, which act as a functional unit. To correctly evaluate the status of the TMJ, it is necessary to know its normal anatomy and function. In addition, one must be familiar with the imaging findings present in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which must be correlated with the physical examination and clinical symptoms, to reach an accurate diagnosis. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a heterogeneous set of pathologies that involve the TMJ complex and adjacent bone and muscular structures. MRI is considered the gold-standard imaging technique to evaluate TMD. This technique provides information on the anatomical and functional characteristics, in addition to adequately characterizing the different pathological processes and the response to treatment.

Resumen La articulación temporomandibular (ATM) es una articulación sinovial móvil que articula el hueso temporal, particularmente el tubérculo articular y la fosa glenoidea, con el cóndilo del hueso mandibular. En su interior existe un disco articular que divide la cavidad en dos compartimentos, los cuales actúan como una unidad funcional. Para evaluar correctamente el estado de la ATM es necesario conocer su anatomía normal y funcionamiento. Además, se debe estar familiarizado con los hallazgos imagenológicos presentes en la resonancia magnética (RM), los cuales deben ser correlacionados con el examen físico y la clínica, para así llegar a un diagnóstico certero. Los trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) son un conjunto heterogéneo de patologías que involucran al complejo de la ATM y las estructuras óseas y musculares adyacentes. La RM se considera la técnica imagenológica de preferencia para evaluar los TTM. Esta proporciona información sobre las características anatómicas y funcionales, además de caracterizar adecuadamente los diferentes procesos patológicos y la respuesta al tratamiento.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to assess the impact of microalgal concentrations in diets on the settlement and metamorphosis stages of pediveliger larvae and spat of Crassostrea gigas oysters. Diets containing microalgal concentrations of 8, 12, and 16×104 cells mL-1 were administered for seven days during the larval settlement phase of pediveliger larvae. In the metamorphosis and postlarval cultivation phases, diets with microalgal concentrations of 8, 16, 24, and 32×104 cells mL-1 and a control group without food were tested for 14 and 21 days, respectively. Growth, yield, and survival were assessed every seven days. The diet comprised 30% Isochrysis galbana and 70% Chaetoceros muelleri microalgae. In the metamorphosis phase, the results revealed no significant differences in larval metamorphosis rate and survival across the tested diets. The concentrations exhibited similar survival in the spat with an initial average shell height of 0.657 ± 0.05 mm, with a significant difference only in growth. In the spat with an initial average shell height of 0.830 ± 0.12 mm, no differences in survival were observed among the tested concentrations. We concluded that diets of 12 and 16×104 cells mL-1 provide high rates of larval metamorphosis and spat yield during the larval settlement and metamorphosis phases. During the spat cultivation phases, diets of 32 and 24×104 cells mL-1 could optimize the cultivation time and yield of C. gigas spat in the laboratory. However, when considering survival alone, no advantage was found in providing a diet with a microalgal concentration above 8×104 cells mL-1 across all C. gigas oyster cultivation phases.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin for the treatment of nosocomial infections in children under 12 years old. Data sources: This is a systematic review in which five randomized clinical trials about the effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin, involving a total of 429 children with nosocomial infections, were evaluated. They were searched in scientific databases: PubMed, Bvs, and SciELO. Summary of findings: The main nosocomial infections that affected children were bacteremia, skin, and soft tissue infections followed by nosocomial pneumonia. Most infections were caused by Gram-positive bacteria, which all studies showed infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains being isolated. Both linezolid and vancomycin showed high therapeutic efficacy against different types of nosocomial infections, ranging from 84.4% to 94% for linezolid and 76.9% to 90% for vancomycin. Patients receiving linezolid had lower rates of rash and red man syndrome compared to those receiving vancomycin. However, despite the adverse reactions, antimicrobials can be safely administered to children to treat nosocomial infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion: Both linezolid and vancomycin showed good efficacy in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria in hospitalized children. However, linezolid stands out regarding its pharmacological safety. Importantly, to strengthen this conclusion, further clinical trials are needed to provide additional evidence. Objective 1 old sources 42 evaluated databases PubMed Bvs SciELO findings bacteremia skin pneumonia Grampositive Gram positive methicillinresistant methicillin S MRSA (MRSA coagulasenegative coagulase negative isolated 844 84 4 84.4 94 769 76 9 76.9 90 However reactions Conclusion safety Importantly conclusion evidence 8 84. 7 76.

SUMMARY: Knowledge of the suboccipital space (OA) is essential for clinicians because its decrease is associated with headache. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the length of the suboccipital space in lateral cephalograms of men and women of different age ranges. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 371 lateral cephalograms were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and the application of Student's t-test and ANOVA were performed to evaluate the association between the suboccipital space with sex and age. The mean distance of the suboccipital space was of 5.62 ± 2.7 mm, being higher in men than women (6.49 ± 2.8 mm and 5.09 ± 2.5 mm respectively, p < 0.001). Regarding age, the distance of the suboccipital space did not show significant variations. The length of the OA between men and women of different age groups also showed no significant differences. There is a great variability in the distance of the suboccipital space, which is observed to be more decreased in women; therefore, an individual analysis by lateral cephalograms is suggested in patients with chronic headaches.

RESUMEN: El conocimiento del espacio suboccipital (OA) es esencial para el clínico debido a que su disminución se asocia a posible causa de cefaleas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las diferencias entre la longitud del espacio suboccipital en telerradiografías laterales entre hombres y mujeres de distintos rangos etarios. En este estudio transversal se analizaron un total de 371 telerradiografías laterales de cráneo. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y la aplicación de prueba T-Student y ANOVA para evaluar la asociación entre el espacio suboccipital con el género y la edad. La distancia media del espacio suboccipital fue de 5.62 ± 2.7 mm, siendo mayor en hombres que en mujeres (6.49 ± 2.8 mm y 5.09 ± 2.5 mm respectivamente, p<0.001). Con respecto a la edad, la distancia del espacio suboccipital no presentó variaciones significativas. La longitud del OA entre los hombres y mujeres de distintos grupos tampoco mostró diferencias significativas. Existe una gran variabilidad en la distancia del espacio suboccipital, el cual se observa más disminuido en mujeres, por lo que se sugiere un análisis individual mediante telerradiografía lateral frente a pacientes con cefaleas.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the use of microalgae meal (Aurantiochytrium sp. and Nannochloropsis spp.) as a substitute for fish oil in the diet of shrimp Penaeus vannamei reared in a clear water system. In the diet of these animals, the concentration of fish oil decreased as microalgae meal was inserted, and these were used in five different substitutions: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The treatments were carried out in triplicate, and after 49 days of cultivation, the zootechnical parameters and the composition of fatty acids in the animals’ muscles were analyzed. In zootechnical performance, the shrimp obtained an average final weight of 16.59 ± 0.3 g, and the growth was approximately 1.89 ± 0.30 g week−1. In addition, feed conversion was, on average, 1.47 ± 0.28, and survival was greater than 97%. However, no significant difference was observed in these parameters. Regardless of the levels of fish oil replacement by microalgae meal, the composition of fatty acids in the shrimp muscle was ensured, as well as their quantity within groups, such as n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, with the results obtained in the present study, it is suggested that it is possible to formulate a high-performance diet without any ingredients of marine origin (fish oil or fish meal), contributing to aquaculture's sustainability.