RESUMO O fenômeno das empresas de plataforma, que começou no norte global, espalhou-se rapidamente pela América Latina, transformando tanto os processos industriais quanto a prestação de serviços. A implementação e implantação do modelo de negócio da plataforma implica novas formas de organização e gestão do trabalho, o que também tem impacto nas dinâmicas e lógicas de organização coletiva dos trabalhadores, que articulam repertórios e estratégias à escala local e global. Neste artigo pretendemos destacar as principais experiências organizacionais e lutas emergentes dos trabalhadores nas plataformas de distribuição e mobilidade na região, no contexto da crise pandémica que acelerou a intensidade da utilização deste tipo de plataforma. Para isso, utilizamos uma abordagem qualitativa, baseada em entrevistas em profundidade com trabalhadores e ativistas (entregadores e motoristas) de diversos países, e na observação de encontros virtuais da rede internacional de trabalhadores de plataforma.

RESUMEN El fenómeno de las empresas de plataformas iniciado en el norte global, se ha expandido rápidamente por América Latina transformando tanto procesos industriales como la provisión de servicios. La implementación y despliegue del modelo de negocios de las plataformas supone nuevas formas de organizar y gestionar el trabajo, lo que impacta también en las dinámicas y lógicas de acción organización colectiva de los trabajadores, quienes articulan repertorios y estrategias a escala local y global. En este trabajo nos proponemos realizar un recorrido por las principales experiencias organizativas y luchas emergentes de trabajadores de plataformas de reparto y movilidad en la región, en el contexto de la crisis pandémica que aceleró la intensidad del uso de este tipo de plataformas. Para ello, utilizamos un abordaje cualitativo, basado en entrevistas en profundidad a trabajadores y activistas (repartidores y choferes) de varios países, y en la observación de encuentros virtuales de la red internacional de trabajadores de plataformas.

ABSTRACT The phenomenon of platform companies, which began in the global north, has spread rapidly throughout Latin America, transforming both industrial processes and the provision of services. The implementation and deployment of the platform business model implies new ways of organizing and managing work, which also has an impact on the dynamics and logics of collective organization of workers, who articulate repertoires and strategies on a local and global scale. In this paper we intend to highlight the main organizational experiences and emerging struggles of workers on distribution and mobility platforms in the region, in the context of the pandemic crisis that accelerated the intensity of the use of this type of platform. To do this, we use a qualitative approach, based on in-depth interviews with workers and activists (delivery workers and drivers) from various countries, and on the observation of virtual meetings of the international network of platform workers.

Resumo O auge das plataformas na América Latina está no centro dos processos industriais e de provisão de serviços nas cidades da região. Os trabalhadores comandados pelas plataformas (motoristas de automóveis, motocicletas, bicicletas etc.) começaram a organizar-se, e suas lógicas tomam repertórios de diferentes países, pelo caráter global desses mesmos processos produtivos, assim como pelo forte peso do trabalho migrante nesses setores de serviços de mensagem, correio ou mobilidade de pessoas. Com base em uma abordagem qualitativa, o artigo trata das principais formas de organização e dos processos de lutas emergentes no novo contexto, que se vê potencializado pela maior intensidade do uso desse tipo de plataformas desde a crise da Covid-19.

Abstract The platforms boom in Latin America is at the current core of the industrial and retail sectors. Platform workers (i.e., drivers, motorcyclists and bikers) started organizing along different repertoires taken from other countries thanks to the global character of productive processes and the weight of migrant labor in services, such as mail, post services, and mobility of people. From a qualitative approach, this article proposes an overview of main organizing experiences and burgeoning struggles in this new context aggravated by the intensification of such platforms within the Covid-19 crisis.

Schizophrenia is a severe chronic disease that affects approximately 1 % of the world's population. Those who suffer this disease have serious deficits in social cognition (DSC), deficits that have been observed in first psychotic episode patients and first-degree relatives. The DSC determine the long-term prognosis in this disease and are susceptible to rehabilitation if they are detected early. Only recent studies have characterized deficits of social cognition in subjects with a high risk of developing chronic psychosis. These subjects present a unique opportunity to modify their social insertion and medical prognosis, as they have not been affected by the chronicity of the disease and present a milder symptomatology than in residual stages. This paper aims to make a review about how the DSC are present in schizophrenia from its prodromal stages and about its importance in the early detection of this disease.

Resumen La esquizofrenia es una enfermedad crónica, severa y que afecta aproximadamente al 1% de la población mundial. Pacientes con esta enfermedad presentan severos déficits en la cognición social (DCS). Estos déficits han sido observados en pacientes de primer episodio y familiares de primer grado. Los DCS determinan el pronóstico a largo plazo en esta enfermedad y son susceptibles de rehabilitación si es que se detectan precozmente. Solo recientemente se han caracterizado los déficits de la cognición social en sujetos de alto riesgo de desarrollar psicosis crónica. Estos sujetos presentan una oportunidad única para modificar la inserción social y modificar el pronóstico, pues no han sido afectados mayormente por la cronicidad de la enfermedad y presentan una sintomatología más leve que en etapas residuales. El presente trabajo pretende realizar una revisión de cómo los DCS están presentes desde etapas prodrómicas de la esquizofrenia y su importancia en la detección precoz de esta enfermedad.

Porcine immature oocyte quality (i.e., that of live oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage) was evaluated according to features of the surrounding cumulus, aiming to establish maturational competence of different subpopulations of such cumulus-oocyte complexes. Six subpopulations were identified: A1 (with a dense cumulus), A2 (with a translucent cumulus), B1 (with the corona radiata), B2 (partly naked oocytes), C (naked oocytes), D (with a dark cumulus). The percent incidence of live oocyte in these subpopulations changed significantly as related to cumulus features, however the occurrence of oocytes in the germinal vesicle stage was lower in class D only. Similar metaphase II rates achieved in A1, A2, B1 and B2 classes after in vitro maturation suggest that the nucleus may in fact mature in vitro, in spite of the different accompanying cumulus features which are typical of these classes. In contrast, a higher cytoplasmic maturation rate obtained in class A1 may indicate a stronger dependence of this variable upon cumulus features than that shown by nuclear maturation. When different types of cumulus expansion after in vitro maturation were considered (i.e., fully expanded cumulus, partly expanded cumulus, and partly naked oocyte), no differences were found in the percent of oocytes reaching metaphase II or cytoplasmic maturation. It is concluded that morphological features of the collected porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (rather than cumulus behavior during culture) may be useful for selection of potentially competent oocytes for in vitro fertilization and embryo production.