Abstract Introduction/Objective: The purpose of the study is to qualitatively evaluate the perception of the use of by-products as an ingredient in food processing and its effect on human health. Methods: The study was descriptive and observational to determine the perception of the use of food by-products (FBP) for food processing and its impact on health, using a questionnaire in Google Forms format. The survey was applied to people in seven municipalities of Nayarit: Acaponeta, Compostela, San Blas, Santiago Ixcuintla, Xalisco, Tecuala and Tepic. Results: 56% of the respondents answered that by-products are feasible for reuse in the development of new food products. Of the volunteers who were in favor, 33% agreed and only 9% strongly agreed. Seeds (42%) and husks (33%) are the main by-products that respondents noted as potential ingredients. The processes where by-products can be implemented the most are fermentation processes (25%), juices or nectars (18%) and bakery products (17%). Conclusions: Perceptions are associated with culture and health, so it is important to analyze the criteria between the relationship with nutritional and functional health attributes so that by-products are accepted in the daily diet.

Background: Obesity (Ob) is a chronic problem that causes health problems mainly in infants. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the nutritional status (NS), eating habits (EH), and physical activity of elementary school children. Materials and methods: Two hundred and twenty-six school children participated, all of whom were fourth grade (78 students), fifth grade (93 students), and sixth grade (55 students) school children of both sexes, aged 9-13 years. Questionnaires were conducted asking about parents' availability to prepare lunch for their children before taking them to school, food preferences at breakfast, children's food preferences within the school, and children's physical activities during and after school. The questionnaire of EH was made to the children expressing itself as the frequency of consumption of the food groups. The food consumption preference index (PI) was determined. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children's was used to estimate the level of physical activity during the school day. Anthropometric parameters were determined to diagnose their NS. Results: About 55% of parents of 4th graders buy food for their children. About 44% of 6th graders are given money to buy them at school. Hamburgers (PI = 6 in 6th), fried foods (PI = 9 in 4th; PI = 6 in 5th and 6th), pizza (PI = 9 in 5th y 6th), cookies (PI = 9 in 4th y 5th), and soft drinks (PI = 9 in 4th and 6th; PI = 6 in 5th) are foods most often eaten inside the school. Physical activity decreases as the school grade increases. Fourth prefer to play bring it (41%) and have fun in some kind of sport (35%); while 5th prefer to sit (26%) or to talk and walk (28%). There is a high prevalence of Ob in all three grades assessed (71% 4°, 69% 5°, and 78% 6°). Conclusions: School children have moderate and low levels of physical activity during school hours and junk food is prevalent in school schedules.

Abstract The sauces in Mexican cuisine are considered as a fundamental complement for all dishes. In this work, four types of Mexican sauces (SM) were prepared: raw red sauce (SRCr), cooked red sauce (SRC), raw green sauce (SVCr), and cooked green sauce (SVC). The bioaccessibility percentage (% BA) and release rate of the phenolic compounds (CF) present in the SM was evaluated. CF released from the SM were identified and quantified by HPLC-MS in different stages of an in vitro digestion model. The % BA was ranged from 50% for the SRCr up to 62% for the SRC, similar values were obtained for SVC and SVCr. In the intestinal fraction, compounds such as, catechin and gallocatequin gallate were identified in the four types of SM. The highest PC release rate was 3.70 mg GAE/min in the SRC and 2.16 mg GAE/min in the SVC. These results suggest a rapid release of the CF in both red sauces, however, this does not affect the final CF release. Evaluation % BA of CF from different foods allows us to know how many and which are the PC that can be potentially bioavailable in the body.

Resumen Las salsas en la cocina mexicana son consideradas un complemento fundamental de todos los platillos. En este trabajo se prepararon cuatro tipos de salsas mexicanas (SM): salsa roja cruda (SRCr), salsa roja cocinada (SRC), salsa verde cruda (SVCr) y salsa verde cocinada (SVC), se evaluó el porcentaje de bioaccesibilidad (%BA) y la velocidad de liberación de los compuestos fenólicos (CF) presentes en las SM. Se identificaron y cuantificaron por HPLC-MS los CF liberados de las SM en las diferentes etapas de un modelo de digestión in vitro. El %BA fue del 50% para la SRCr y hasta 62% para la SRC, valores semejantes presentaron la SVC y la SVCr. En la fracción intestinal se identificaron compuestos como catequina y galocatequín galato en los cuatro tipos de SM. La velocidad de liberación de los CF más alta fue de 3.70 mg EAG/min en la SRC y 2.16 mg EAG/min en la SVC. Los resultados sugieren una rápida liberación de los CF en ambas salsas rojas, sin embargo, esto no afecta la liberación final de los CF. Evaluar la BA de los CF de diferentes alimentos permite conocer cuántos y cuáles son los CF que potencialmente pueden estar biodisponibles en el organismo.

Resumen La lumbalgia es una sensación de dolor y malestar por debajo de la zona lumbar, ocasionando una discapacidad parcial o total. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de lumbalgia en estudiantes universitarios de Tepic Nayarit México. Se eligieron estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Nutrición y Fisioterapia, participando 90 los cuales 45 de cada profesión, quienes llenaron un cuestionario Nórdico de Kuorinka sobre padecimiento de lumbalgia relacionados con el tiempo que se encontraban en la escuela y sus actividades fuera de ella. El dolor de espalda prevaleció en los estudiantes de Nutrición (77.77%). La mala postura se adopta comúnmente en las clases. El 31.11% de los estudiantes de nutrición usan el respaldo de la butaca de manera ocasional y el 44.22% los de Fisioterapia lo utilizan de manera constante y ocasional. El 42.22% de los estudiantes tienen una posición normal al momento de escribir y el 33.33% en apoyo. Las posturas fueron un factor determinante para padecer el dolor lumbar en los estudiantes de ambas licenciaturas. La percepción dolorosa en la zona lumbar se debió por la malas medidas ergonomícas del mobiliario y las butacas no se contaban adaptadas a la complexión de la mayoría de los estudiantes.

Abstract Low back pain is a sensation of pain and discomfort below the lumbar area. This pain is caused by various factors causing a partial or total disability. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of low back pain in university students of Tepic Nayarit Mexico. It presents a study of prevalence of low back pain in students of the Nutrition physiotherapy. 90 students participated, 45 of each profession, who, after obtaining their informed consent, completed a questionnaire on the condition of low back pain related to the time found in the school and its activities outside it, based on the Kuorinka Nordic Questionnaire. Back pain prevailed in nutrition degree students (77.77%). Bad posture is commonly adopted in classes. The 31.11% of the nutrition degree students use the seat back occasionally, while the 44.22% of physiotherapy degree use it in a constant and occasional way. The 42.22% of students have a normal position at the time of writing and 33.33% in support. The postures were a determining factor for suffering lumbar pain. The students of the Nutrition degree and the Physiotherapy degree were prone to suffer it and most of them had a painful perception in the lumbar area, by the bad measures ergonomics of the furniture in the university and because they were not. They had seats adapted to the complexion, stature and manner of writing of most students.

ABSTRACT Knowing the type of gene action that controls agronomic traits is essential for the planning and development of a maize genetic improvement program. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic components of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects (ER) involved in the expression of agronomic traits in a set of S3 maize lines. F1 crosses and their progenitors were evaluated at two planting dates: March 18 and May 28, 2014. The following agronomic traits were recorded: plant height, days to male and female flowering, days to physiological maturity, general appearance of the plant, crop yield and some of its components. Statistical differences were found between genotypes for all the traits in the two planting dates. Regarding the effects of GCA and SCA, significant differences were found for all the traits, with a predominance of GCA on SCA for days to male and female flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height and yield. However, the most important component regarding general appearance of the plant and crop yield was SCA. The ER were significant in plant height, days to female flowering and general appearance of the plant. TNM-5 and TNM-4 lines showed high GCA in yield and its components, and greater precocity. In crosses with high and positive estimators in all the traits evaluated, lines with high ACG estimators and with low and negative effects intervene.

RESUMEN El conocimiento del tipo de acción génica que controla los caracteres agronómicos es básico para la planeación y desarrollo de un programa de mejoramiento genético de maíz. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la aptitud combinatoria general (ACG), aptitud combinatoria específica (ACE) y los efectos recíprocos (ER) involucrados en la expresión de caracteres agronómicos de líneas S3 de maíz. Las líneas y sus cruzas F1 fueron evaluadas en dos fechas de siembra: 18 de marzo y 28 de mayo de 2014, donde se registraron los siguientes caracteres agronómicos: altura de planta, días a floración masculina y femenina, días a madurez fisiológica, aspecto general de planta, rendimiento de campo y algunos de sus componentes. Se encontró significancia entre genotipos y entre fechas de siembra para todos los caracteres evaluados. Con relación a los efectos de ACG y ACE, se encontraron diferencias significativas para todos los caracteres, con predominio de ACG sobre ACE para días a floración masculina y femenina, días a madurez fisiológica, altura de planta y componentes de rendimiento, pero en aspecto general de planta y rendimiento de campo el componente más importante fue la ACE. Los ER fueron significativos en altura de planta, días a floración femenina y aspecto general de planta. Las líneas TNM-5 y TNM-4 mostraron alta ACG en rendimiento y sus componentes y mayor precocidad. En las cruzas con estimadores altos y positivos en todas las características registradas, intervienen líneas con estimadores altos de ACG y con efectos bajos y negativos.

Resumo: Introdução: Ao medir o espessamento do diafragma e a mudança da espessura na exalação e inalação da mesma, pode ser usado como uma medida para prever o sucesso ou a falha da extubação. Avaliou-se a fração de espessamento do diafragma (FED) por meio de ultra-som em doentes na terapia intensiva e se comparou com o índice de respiração superficial e rápida (IRRS). Métodos: Os 65 pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva foram recrutados no departamento de medicina crítica do Centro Médico ABC em um período de 9 meses, agosto de 2015 abril de 2016. A FED foi medida na zona de aposição do diafragma ao tórax, em ambos hemitórax, usando um transdutor de ultra-som de 4 MHz e realizou-se por um radiologista em todos os doentes, sem saber as patologias do paciente. Os pacientes recrutados foram submetidos a teste de respiração espontânea (TRE) quando os seguintes critérios foram reunidos: FiO2 < 50%, PEEP ≤ 5 cmH2O, PaO2/FiO2 > 200, frequência respiratória < 30 por minuto, afebril, neurologicamente alerta e sem suporte hemodinâmico de vasopressores. Calculou-se a percentagem de alteração na FED, sendo o final da inspiração e o final da expiração entre o final da expiração, em pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva em modo ventilação de pressão suporte com progressão ventilatória com fins de extubação. A extubação bem sucedida foi definida como espontâneos de respiração > 48 horas sem suporte ventilatório após a remoção do tubo endotraqueal. Resultados: Dos 65 pacientes recrutados, 23 (35.4%) mulheres e 42 (64.6%) homens, índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 25.83 (± SD 4.19) todos foram extubados no modo ventilação de pressão suporte. A frequência de falha na extubação foi de 21.5% e mortalidade de 24.6%. As variáveis associadas ao fracasso foram valores de corte da FED direito 25.9%, FED 23.1% esquerdo. Tempo de ventilação mecânica em dias com uma mediana de 4 (IQR 3-6) vs. 8.5 (IQR 7-11), p < 0.001 e VRS com 68.2 ± 9.6 vs 53.9 ± vs 11.1, p < 0.001. Conclusões: As medições da espessura diafragmática por ultra-som tanto de RSV como o tempo de ventilação mecânica é um parâmetro útil para prever o sucesso ou a falha da extubação. Este estudo demonstra que não há relação entre pacientes com EPOC, IMC, idade e falha na extubação. A extubação é um procedimento conjunto e entre mais parâmetros para extubação menor o risco de apresentar falha.

bstract: Introduction: By measuring diaphragmatic thickening and thickness change in expiration and inspiration, it can be used as a measure to predict the success or failure of extubation. The fraction of diaphragmatic thickness (FDT) was assessed by ultrasound in intensive care patients. Methods: 65 patients with invasive mechanical ventilation were recruited prospectively at the Department of Critical Care Medicine ABC Medical Center. The FDT was measured in the area of apposition of the diaphragm to the chest in both hemithorax, using an ultrasound transducer of 4 MHz. Patients underwent a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) when they met all the following criteria are: FiO2 < 50%, PEEP ≤ 5 cmH2O, PaO2/FiO2 > 200, respiratory rate < 30 per minute, absence of fever, neurologically alert and without hemodynamic vasopressor support. The percentage change in FDT was calculated between the end of expiration and end of inspiration in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation with pressure support ventilation mode, all patients with ventilatory progression purposes extubation. A successful extubation was defined as spontaneous breathing > 48 hours without ventilatory support after removal of the endotracheal tube. Results: We included data obtained from 65 patients, 23 (35.4%) women and 42 (64.6%) men, mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25.83 (SD ± 4.19). The frequency of extubation failure was 21.5%, and mortality 24.6%. The variables associated with failure were cut-off values of DTF right 25.9%, DTF 23.1% left. Time of mechanical ventilation in days with a median of 4 (RIQ 3-6) versus 8.5 (RIQ 7-11), p <0.001 and RSBI with 68.2 ± 9.6 versus 53.9 ± 11.1, p < 0.001. The variables obtained from USG measurements were as follows: right thickness at end expiration (RTEEx) 0.28 ± .05 cm, right thickness at end inspiration (RTEIs) 0.21 ± .05 cm, right diaphragmal thickness (RDTi) 0.76 ± 0.11 cm, right diaphragmatic fraction index (RDFi) 23.1 ± 10.7%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 92 and 64%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.79 for DTF. Conclusions: Diaphragmatic thickness measurements by ultrasound can be a useful parameter to predict the success or failure of extubation during ventilatory progression in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. Rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) with a mean of 57.0 ± 12.3 points. This study demonstrates that there is no relation between failure to extubation with COPD, BMI and age. Extubation is a joint procedure and the more parameters for extubation, the lower the risk of failure.

Resumen: Introducción: La medición del engrosamiento diafragmático y el cambio de grosor en espiración e inspiración del mismo pueden utilizarse para predecir el éxito o fracaso en la extubación. Se evaluó la fracción de grosor diafragmático (FGD) por ultrasonido en pacientes de terapia intensiva y se comparó con índice de ventilación rápida superficial (VRS). Métodos: Los 65 pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva fueron reclutados prospectivamente en el Departamento de Medicina Crítica del Centro Médico ABC en un periodo de nueve meses, de agosto de 2015 a abril de 2016. La FGD se midió en la zona de aposición del diafragma al tórax en ambos hemitórax, utilizando un transductor de ultrasonido 4 MHz y el médico radiólogo realizó el procedimiento en todos los pacientes sin conocimiento de patologías. Los pacientes reclutados fueron sometidos a una prueba de respiración espontánea (PRE) cuando se reunieron los siguientes criterios: FiO2 <50%, la PEEP ≤ 5 cm de H2O, PaO2/FiO2 > 200, frecuencia respiratoria < 30 por minuto, ausencia de fiebre, neurológicamente alerta y sin el apoyo hemodinámico de vasopresores. Se calculó el porcentaje de cambio en FGD, siendo el final de la inspiración y el final de la espiración entre el final de la espiración en pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad de ventilación presión soporte con progresión ventilatoria con fines de extubación. El éxito en la extubación se definió como respiración espontánea > 48 horas sin soporte ventilatorio después del retiro de tubo endotraqueal. Resultados: De los 65 pacientes reclutados, 23 (35.4%) fueron mujeres y 42 (64.6%) hombres, índice de masa corporal (IMC), de 25.83 (DE ± 4.19) todos fueron extubados en modalidad de ventilación presión soporte. La frecuencia de falla en la extubación fue de 21.5% y la mortalidad de 24.6%. Las variables asociadas a fracaso fueron valores de corte de FGD derecho 25.9%, FGD 23.1% izquierdo. Tiempo de ventilación mecánica en días con mediana de 4 (RIQ 3-6) versus 8.5 (RIQ 7-11), p < 0.001 y VRS con 68.2 ± 9.6 versus 53.9 ± 11.1, p < 0.001. Las variables obtenidas a partir de las mediciones USG fueron las siguientes: grosor diafragmático derecho al final de la espiración (RTEEx) 0.28 ± 0.05 cm, grosor diafragmático derecho al final de la inspiración (RTEI) 0.21 ± 0.05 cm, índice de grosor diafragmático derecho (RDTi) 0.76 ± 0.11 cm, índice de fracción diafragmática derecha (RDFi) 23.1 ± 10.7%. El valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo fueron de 92 y 64%, respectivamente. El área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0.79 para FGD. Conclusiones: Las mediciones de grosor diafragmático por ultrasonido tanto VRS como de tiempo de ventilación mecánica son un parámetro útil para predecir el éxito o el fracaso de la extubación. Índice de ventilación rápida superficial (VRS) con una media de 57.0 ± 12.3 puntos. Este estudio demuestra que no hay relación entre falla a la extubación con EPOC, IMC y edad. La extubación es un procedimiento conjunto y entre más parámetros para extubación menor riesgo de presentar falla.

Abstract: In Mexico and in the world, the incorporation of the scientific community (among them ecologists) to the generation of knowledge that contributes to solving the serious environmental problems, and advancing towards the sustainability, requires a different research vision. Moreover, innovative tools are needed to couple the work of the scientific community with the rest of the society. Ecologists are challenged to become innovators and creators of new models, collaborative processes, methods and research tools, basic and applied, in topics such as agriculture, forestry, livestock and the use of natural resources. To meet this challenge, ecologists in Mexico need to amalgamate their work with other academic and non-academic actors to jointly promote environmental improvement processes with social benefits. This contribution examines challenges and perspectives of ecotechnological innovation in Mexico. We suggest to foster the research work in this field in laboratories without walls, in which flexible groups of actors design, test, and evaluate ecotechnological innovations that respond to specific local and regional socio-ecological and environmental problems.

Resumen: En México y en el mundo, la incorporación de la comunidad científica (entre ellos los ecólogos) a la generación de conocimientos que coadyuven a solucionar los graves problemas ambientales, y avanzar hacia la sustentabilidad, requiere de una visión diferente en la investigación. Más aún, se requiere de herramientas novedosas para acoplar el trabajo de la comunidad científica con el resto de la sociedad. Los ecólogos tienen el reto de volverse innovadores y creadores de nuevos modelos, procesos de colaboración, métodos y herramientas de investigación, básica y aplicada, en temas como la agricultura, la forestería, la ganadería y el uso de los recursos naturales. Para enfrentar este reto, los ecólogos en México necesitan amalgamar su quehacer con el de otros actores académicos y no académicos para impulsar en conjunto procesos de mejoramiento ambiental con beneficios sociales. En esta contribución se revisan retos y perspectivas que se tienen en México en el campo de innovación ecotecnológica. Se propone fomentar el trabajo de investigación en laboratorios sin muros, en los cuales grupos flexibles de actores diseñen, prueben y evalúen innovaciones tecnológicas que respondan a problemáticas ambientales y socioecológicas locales y regionales específicas.

Abstract Fourteen adult mongrel dogs (5 intact and 9 neutered) comprising seven males and seven females were used to evaluate change in levels of alveolar crestal bone after implanting two types of dental abutments. Implants were surgically placed in both mandibular fourth premolar zones and restored with conventional (CONV) and platform switching (PFS) abutments. Both abutments were evaluated in each dog. The study lasted 180 days; restoration was performed at Day 60 postsurgical-placed implants and alveolar crestal bone levels was evaluated on Days 0, 30, 60, and 90 post-restoration (cemented crown) through indirect measurement using a digital X-ray sensor. Experimental data were analysed using a completely randomized design: the experimental unit was the dog (random effect), the treatment was the abutment type (fixed effect), and crestal bone level of each implant side (mesial and distal) was the observation. In addition, the gonadal integrity (intact and neutered) and the gender (male and female) were included in the statistical analysis to evaluate their role on the magnitude of changes (interactions) on alveolar crestal bone levels. The average of crestal bone loss was 0.400 ± 0.186 mm. In general, dogs with CONV had a greater (27.3%, P < 0.05) crestal bone loss than dogs with PFS. Intact dogs that received PFS had minor (P < .01) bone loss than dogs receiving CONV, but in neutered dogs, abutment type had no effect (P = 0.98) on crestal bone loss level; therefore, an interaction (P < 0.01) between type of abutment and gonadal conditions was detected. There was no interaction (P > 0.77) between gender and abutment type. Similarly, as a sole factor of variation, gender had no effect (P = 0.26) on crestal bone level responses to abutment type (-0.401 vs -0.385 mm for males and females, respectively). Regardless of the type of abutment, males and females had a similar (P = .65) crestal bone loss (-0.405 vs. -0.393), while neutered dogs showed a greater (30.8%, P < 0.01) crestal bone loss compared with intact dogs. In conclusion, dogs with PFS showed less crestal bone loss than CONV; however, regardless of gender, this response only was maintained in intact dogs; therefore the gonadal condition has an effect on the magnitude of changes of the alveolar crestal bone levels in their response to abutment type in dogs with dental implants.

Resumen Catorce perros mestizos adultos (5 intactos y 9 esterilizados), compuestos por siete machos y siete hembras fueron utilizadas para evaluar el efecto de dos tipos de aditamentos protésicos de implantes dentales sobre el nivel de la cresta ósea alveolar. Los implantes dentales fueron colocados quirúrgicamente en zonas de cuartos premolares inferiores y restaurados con aditamentos protésicos convencionales (CONV) y de cambio de plataforma (PFS). Ambos aditamentos protésicos fueron evaluados en cada perro. El estudio duró 180 días, en los que se realizó la restauración al día 60 post-quirúrgicamente colocados los implantes, la evaluación del nivel de la cresta ósea alveolar se realizó en los días 0, 30, 60 y 90 después de la restauración (corona cementada) a través de medición indirecta utilizando un sensor radiográfico digital. Los datos experimentales se analizaron mediante un diseño completamente al azar, la unidad experimental fue el perro (efecto aleatorio), el tratamiento era el tipo de pilar protésico (efectos fijos), y el nivel de la cresta ósea de cada lado del implante (mesial y distal) fue la observación. Además, factores como la condición gonadal (intactos y castrados) y el género (masculino y femenino) se incluyeron en el análisis estadístico para evaluar su papel en la magnitud de los cambios (interacciones) en los niveles de cresta ósea alveolar. El promedio de pérdida de hueso crestal fue 0.400 ± 0.186 mm. En general, los perros con CONV tuvieron una mayor pérdida de la cresta ósea que los perros con PFS. En los perros intactos que recibieron PFS se observó una menor pérdida ósea, pero en perros castrados, el tipo de aditamento no tuvo efecto (P = 0,98) en el nivel de pérdida de la cresta ósea; por lo tanto, se detectó una interacción (P <0,01) entre el tipo de aditamento y la condición gonadal. No hubo interacción (P> 0.77) entre el género y el tipo de aditamento, de manera similar, analizado como único factor de variación, el género no tuvo efecto (P = 0,26) en las respuestas del nivel de la cresta ósea al tipo de pilar protésico (-0.401vs. -0.385 mm, para macho y hembras respectivamente). Sin importar el tipo de pilar protésico, tanto machos como hembras mostraron pérdidas similares (-0.405 vs. -0.393, P>0.65), mientras que los perros castrados mostraron una mayor (30,8%, P <0,01) pérdida ósea crestal comparado con perros intactos. En conclusión, los perros con PFS mostraron una menor pérdida ósea crestal que áquellos que recibieron CONV; sin embargo, independientemente del género, esta respuesta sólo se mantuvo en perros intactos, por lo tanto, la condición gonadal tiene un efecto sobre la magnitud de los cambios de los niveles de hueso crestal alveolares como respuesta al tipo de aditamento protésico en perros con implantes dentales.

Considering the extensive use of hot peppers and spicy sauces in the Mexican cuisine, in the present paper, three widely consumed Mexican condiments (mole sauce, achiote, and pasilla hot pepper) were analyzed for their total phenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, antioxidant activity, and protective effect against lipid oxidation in chopped pork meat. All samples were extracted first with methanol and then with acetone, and the extracts were compared. Pasilla pepper showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content in both solvents, followed by mole and achiote. Achiote showed the highest proanthocyanidin concentration. All samples showed high antioxidant activity, and good correlations with phenolic compounds and flavonoids, while no correlation was observed in the case of condensed tannins. Mole sauce methanolic extract showed the highest inhibition of pork meat oxidation, followed by pasilla pepper, and finally achiote paste extracts. These results suggest that these condiments are useful to prevent meat lipid oxidation during storage.

Spices are aromatic plants that have been widely used in Mexico to preserve or seasoning different foods, but have also been used as herbal remedies to cure some diseases. These culinary and medicinal properties of spices have been attributed to several food components, including phytochemicals. Among them, polyphenolic compounds have been extensively studied for their effect against several chronic and degenerative diseases, probably due to their antioxidant activity. The study of the antioxidant capacity of Mexican spices may lead to new research on the potential benefits of these spices on human health. This paper analyzes the main studies on the potential beneficial effects of traditional Mexican spices on human health.

Las especias son plantas aromáticas que han sido utilizadas ampliamente en México para preservar o sazonar diversos alimentos, aunque también se han usado como remedios herbolarios para curar algunas enfermedades. Las propiedades culinarias y medicinales de las especias han sido atribuidas a diversos componentes, entre ellos los fitoquímicos. De estos últimos, los compuestos polifenólicos han sido ampliamente estudiados por el efecto contra enfermedades crónico degenerativas que se les atribuye, posiblemente por su capacidad antioxidante. El estudio de la capacidad antioxidante de las especias mexicanas abre puertas a nuevas investigaciones sobre los posibles beneficios de estas especias en la salud humana. El presente trabajo presenta las principales investigaciones sobre los potenciales efectos beneficiosos de las especias tradicionales mexicanas en la salud humana.

La cultura es entendida como un constructo multidimensional que abarca facetas que van desde expresiones artísticas y espirituales hasta valores intelectuales y afectivos que distinguen a una comunidad de otra. Su interpretación ha sido un factor de especial importancia en los últimos años en el escenario mundial para el entendimiento de las relaciones y los fenómenos sociales. Por ello requiere de un modelo que indique las dimensiones que la conforman y que permiten abordar su estudio de forma cuantitativa, para dar soporte a las descripciones cualitativas ampliamente realizadas. Igualmente es necesario agregar a esta interpretación un elemento que surge de reconocer la notable influencia de la información en la sociedad globalizada, de evidenciar el acelerado avance de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) y la creciente dependencia que está creando la humanidad con ellas. Este trabajo presenta un recuento de algunos de los modelos utilizados para la cuantificación de la cultura, con el objetivo de dar soporte a una arquitectura de gobierno electrónico orientado al ciudadano (G2C), basada en estrategias de creación y refinamiento de cultura, mediante el comportamiento ciudadano derivado de criterios de aceptación tecnológica.

Culture is understood as a multidimensional construct which includes facets of artistic and spiritual expressions and intellectual and emotional values as well. The interpretation of culture has been an important factor in recent years to understand the relationships and the phenomena of social issues. This interpretation requires a model which implies the dimensions that make up the culture in order to facilitate their quantitative study and to support the popular qualitative descriptions. It is necessary to consider also the recognition of the remarkable influence of the information in the globalized society and the rapid advancement of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the increasing dependence of humanity on it. This work presents a recount of some of the models used for culture quantification, with the aim of giving support to an electronic government's architecture (Government to Citizens relationship), based on culture creation and refinement processes by means of the derived citizens behavior from technological acceptance approaches.

A cultura é entendida como um conceito multidimensional abrangendo aspectos que vão desde expressões artísticas e espirituais até os valores intelectuais e afetivos que distinguem uma comunidade de outra. Sua interpretação foi um fator particularmente importante nos últimos anos no cenário mundial para a compreensão das relações e fenômenos sociais. Portanto, exige de um modelo que indique as dimensões que a constituem e que permitem enfrentar seu estudo de forma quantitativa, para apoiar as descrições qualitativas amplamente realizadas. Também é necessário adicionar um elemento a essa interpretação proveniente do reconhecimento da influência significativa da informação na sociedade globalizada, de demonstrar a rápida evolução das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) e a dependência crescente que a humanidade está criando com elas. Este trabalho apresenta um resumo de alguns dos modelos usados para a quantificação da cultura, a fim de apoiar uma arquitetura de governo eletrônico orientado para o cidadão (G2C) com base em estratégias de criação e refinamento da cultura, através do comportamento dos cidadãos derivado de critérios de aceitação tecnológica.

More than two thousand years of historical exploitation dominate the native ore area in San Joaquin, Querétaro. Azogues and Ranas-San Joaquín (>300 mg kg-1), as well as Calabacillas-Santa Rita and La Lana (30.1-300 mg kg-1) were identified as the most contaminated soil areas with Hg contents above the permissible limits by NOM and WHO. Soils provide maize plant (Zea mays) with a significant amount of total mercury through translocation mechanisms (0.2-8.7 mg kg-1 in roots and 0.2-8.2 mg kg-1 in stem and leaf); in grain, the mercury amount is between 0.04 to 0.87 mg kg-1 (0.5 mg k-1g is the maximum concentration allowed). In the insoluble fraction of rain water, the average was 67.47 μ L-1, and 36.49 μ L-1 in the soluble fraction. The daily average of Hg vapor was 67 ng m-3 during 38 days of analysis, with a range of 40 to 100 ng m-3 showing a high difference on mercury volatilization. Soils, sediments and cinnabar tailings are the sources providing Hg to the plant maize through translocation mechanisms and through particulate material that is carried to the atmosphere by the wind and forward redistributed. The Hg vapor concentrations were above the permissible threshold. This behavior of variables involved in this study shows that San Joaquín's human population is exposed to a Hg concentration that is variable and above the permissible limits, which might pose a high risk for human health and the environment.

La región minera de San Joaquín, Querétaro, México, tiene un historial de más de dos mil años de explotación. En ella se identificaron cuatro áreas con contenidos de Hg en suelos por arriba de lo permitido por la NOM y la WHO: Azogues y Ranas-San Joaquín (>300 mg kg-1) y Calabacillas-Santa Rita y La Lana (30.1-300 mg kg-1). Los suelos de estas áreas proporcionan al maíz (Zea mays), cantidades significativas de Hg total a través de mecanismos de traslocación (0.2-8.7 mg kg¹ en raíces y 0.28.2 mg kg-1 en tallo y hoja); en grano, las cantidades oscilan entre 0.04-0.87 mg kg-1 (0.5 mg kg-1 es el máximo permitido). En la fracción insoluble del agua de lluvia, la concentración promedio fue de 67.47 μ L-1; en la fracción soluble se tuvo un promedio de 36.49 μ L-1. El promedio diario de vapor de Hg fue de 67 ng m-3 durante los 38 días de lectura, con un intervalo de 40 a 100 ng m-3, lo que demuestra una gran diferencia en la cantidad de volatilización del Hg. Los suelos, sedimentos y terreros de cinabrio, constituyen la fuente que provee de Hg al maíz a través de mecanismos de traslocación y material particulado hacia la atmósfera arrastrado por el viento y redepositado a sotavento. Las lecturas que se obtuvieron de vapor de Hg resultaron más altas de lo recomendable. Los resultados obtenidos en el sistema estudiado, denotan concentraciones por arriba del límite permisible. La población de San Joaquín está expuesta a una concentración de mercurio que es variable y por arriba de lo permitido, lo que puede tener serias consecuencias en la salud humana y el posible impacto en el medio ambiente.