ABSTRACT Background: In Latin America, Chagas disease is endemic, with a high prevalence in rural indigenous communities and an increasing prevalence in urban areas owing to migration from rural areas with active vector transmission. This study aimed to assess differences in the prevalence of Chagas disease in urban and rural moqoit communities, one of the main ethnic indigenous groups in the south of Gran Chaco. Methods: A seroprevalence study was conducted in six moqoit populations in the Santa Fe province, Argentina. The variables studied were serology results for Chagas disease, residents of urban or rural areas, age, and sex. Results: The results showed that 9.26% of the 702 volunteers evaluated and 18.32% of the 131women of childbearing potential were seropositive. According to the calculated prevalence ratio, the prevalence of Chagas disease in urban communities was6.41 (95% confidence inverval: 3.73-11.02) times higher than that in rural communities: 21.59% in urban communities vs. 3.37%in rural communities. Conclusions: The seroprevalence found in the moqoit community was higher than the estimated level for the general population of the same region, with a greater impact in urban areas than in rural areas. The urbanization of groups of people with poor socio-sanitary conditions in the second half of the 20th century could have caused this higher seroprevalence of Chagas disease.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chagas disease is one of the main public health problems in Latin America. The deficiency in the training of health professionals is a factor that contributes to its persistence and hinders its prevention and control. Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge about the different aspects of Chagas disease, with which graduate complete the Nursing major in an endemic region with controlled vector transmission. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out, using an anonymous and voluntary survey about different aspects of Chagas disease, conducted on 133 students of the last academic year at the School of Nursing of Santa Fe, Argentina, in 2015. We calculated the mean, the minimum and maximum values for quantitative variables, and the absolute and relative frequencies for qualitative ones. Results: All students agreed to participate in the survey (133/133). The average age was 28 years. 83.5% were women and 16.5% were men. 82.7% identified the vectors and 100% knew the transmission way, 7.5% knew other transmission routes. 92.5% recognized the vector risk area, but they minimized the prevalence in the country and outside the vector risk area. Their knowledge about clinical aspects and treatment were 38.3% and 27.1%, respectively. Conclusions: Nursing students are trained to prevent vector-borne Chagas disease, but knowledge in other aspects must be strengthened to help control the endemic disease.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad de Chagas es uno de principales problemas de Salud Pública de Latinoamérica. La deficiencia en la formación de los profesionales de la salud es un factor que contribuye a su persistencia y dificulta su prevención y control. Objetivos: Valorar el nivel de conocimientos sobre los distintos aspectos de la enfermedad de Chagas, con que se gradúan en enfermería en una región endémica con transmisión vectorial controlada. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, mediante una encuesta anónima y voluntaria sobre diferentes aspectos del Chagas, a 133 estudiantes del último año de la Escuela de Enfermería de Santa Fe, Argentina, en el año 2015. Se calcularon la media, valores mínimos y máximos para las variables cuantitativas, y frecuencias absolutas y relativas para las cualitativas. Resultados: Todos los alumnos aceptaron participar de la encuesta (133/133). El promedio de edad fue de 28 años. El 83,5 % fueron mujeres y el 16,5 % varones. El 82,7 % identificaron a los vectores y 100 % conocieron como transmiten, 7,5 % conocieron otras vías de transmisión. El 92,5 % reconoció el área de riesgo vectorial, pero minimizaron la prevalencia en el país y fuera del área de riesgo vectorial. Los conocimientos sobre clínica y tratamiento fueron 38,3 % y 27,1 % respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de enfermería se encuentran capacitados para la prevención de la Enfermedad de Chagas por vía vectorial, pero se deben reforzar los conocimientos en otros aspectos para colaborar en el control de la endemia.

Many patients with Chagas disease live in remote communities that lack both equipment and trained personnel to perform a diagnosis by conventional serology (CS). Thus, reliable tests suitable for use under difficult conditions are required. In this study, we evaluated the ability of personnel with and without laboratory skills to perform immunochromatographic (IC) tests to detect Chagas disease at a primary health care centre (PHCC). We examined whole blood samples from 241 patients and serum samples from 238 patients. Then, we calculated the percentage of overall agreement (POA) between the two groups of operators for the sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp) and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values of IC tests compared to CS tests. We also evaluated the level of agreement between ELISAs and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) tests. The readings of the IC test results showed 100% agreement (POA = 1). The IC test on whole blood showed the following values: S = 87.3%; Sp = 98.8%; PPV = 96.9% and NPV = 95.9%. Additionally, the IC test on serum displayed the following results: S = 95.7%; Sp = 100%; PPV = 100% and NPV = 98.2%. Using whole blood, the agreement with ELISA was 96.3% and the agreement with IHA was 94.1%. Using serum, the agreement with ELISA was 97.8% and the agreement with IHA was 96.6%. The IC test performance with serum samples was excellent and demonstrated its usefulness in a PHCC with minimal equipment. If the IC test S value and NPV with whole blood are improved, then this test could also be used in areas lacking laboratories or specialised personnel.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a infecgáo chagásica em criangas de 1 a 15 anos que moram em zona de risco vetorial ou com antecedentes de migragáo na provincia de Santa Fe, estimar a/as via/s mais provável/veis de infecgáo e comparar prevalencia com trabalhos anteriores. Foi realizado um estudo soroepidemiológico em escolas nos distritos Garabato, Fortin Olmos e Gato Colorado e na escola da comunidade Com Caia no departamento La Capital. Os soropositivos foram entrevistados para determinar as prováveis vias da infecgáo. A prevalencia atual foi comparada com a do último controle em cada distrito. Náo foram encontrados soropositivos em Com Caia (prevalencia 0%, 0/130). A prevalencia em Garabato foi 1,0% (6/604), Fortin Olmos 1,9% (13/688), Gato Colorado 3,0% (12/399). Diminuiu a respeito dos últimos estudos: Garabato 11,2% (ano 2000), Fortin Olmos 14,6% (2004), Gato Colorado 6,3% (2006). A via de infecgáo que se suspeita como sendo a mais frequente é a congenita, seguida pela vetorial. Concluise que, apesar da diminuigáo da prevalencia, devem continuar sendo realizadas agoes de controle, principalmente por vias vetorial e congenita.

The aim of the present study was to diagnose Chagas infection in children 1 to 15 years of age living in a risk area or with migrant background in Santa Fe province, to estimate the most probable way of infection and to compare the prevalence with previous works. A seroepidemiological study was conducted in schools in the districts Garabato, Fortin Olmos and Gato Colorado and the community Com Caia in La Capital Department. An inquiry was conducted in positive patients to determine the most probable way of infection. The current prevalence was compared with the last control in each district. No seropositive were found in Com Caia (prevalence 0%, 0/130). In Garabato the prevalence was 1.0% (6/604), Fortin Olmos 1.9% (13/688), Gato Colorado 3.0% (12/399). It decreased in comparison with the latest study: Garabato 11.2% (2000), Fortin Olmos 14.6% (2004), Gato Colorado 6.3% (2006). The most suspected way of infection was congenital, followed by vector one. We conclude that, although the prevalence decreased, it must be continued mainly vector and congenital controls actions.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar infección chagásica en niños de 1 a 15 años que residen en zona de riesgo vectorial o con antecedentes migratorios en la provincia de Santa Fe, estimar la/s vía/s más probable/s de infección y comparar la prevalencia con trabajos anteriores. Se realizó un estudio seroepidemiológico en escuelas de los Distritos Garabato, Fortín Olmos y Gato Colorado y la escuela de la comunidad Com Caia del Departamento La Capital. A los seropositivos se les realizó una encuesta para determinar las probables vías de infección. Se comparó la prevalencia actual con la del último control de cada distrito. No se hallaron seropositivos en Com Caia (prevalencia 0%, 0/130). La prevalencia en Garabato fue 1,0% (6/604), Fortín Olmos 1,9% (13/688), Gato Colorado 3,0% (12/399). Disminuyó respecto de los últimos estudios: Garabato 11,2% (año 2000), Fortín Olmos 14,6% (2004), Gato Colorado 6,3% (2006). La vía de infección que se sospecha más frecuente es la congènita, seguida por la vectorial. Se concluye que, a pesar de la disminución de la prevalencia, se deben continuar las acciones de control, principalmente por vías vectorial y congènita.