Descreve-se um eletrodo de carbono modificado com fosfato de cobre (II) imobilizado em uma resina de poliéster (Cu3(PO4)2-Poly) para a determinação de rutina em amostras farmacêuticas por voltametria de onda quadrada. O eletrodo modificado permite a determinação de rutina em potencial (0.20 V vs Ag / AgCl (3,0 mol L-1 KCl)) menor que o observado em um eletrodo não modificado. Verificou-se que a corrente de pico foi linear com a concentração de rutina na faixa de 9,9 × 10-8 a 2,5 × 10-6 mol L-1, com um limite de detecção de 1,2 × 10-8 mol L¹. A resposta do eletrodo foi estável, sem variação significativa dentro de várias horas de operação contínua. A morfologia da superfície do eletrodo modificado foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e pelo sistema de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDX). Os resultados obtidos foram precisos e exatos. Ademais, estes resultados estão de acordo com aqueles obtidos pelo método cromatográfico a um nível de confiança de 95%.

A carbon composite electrode modified with copper (II) phosphate immobilized in a polyester resin (Cu3(PO4)2-Poly) for the determination of rutin in pharmaceutical samples by square-wave voltammetry is described herein. The modified electrode allows the determination of rutin at a potential (0.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3.0 mol L-1 KCl)) lower than that observed at an unmodified electrode. The peak current was found to be linear to the rutin concentration in the range from 9.9 × 10-8 to 2.5 × 10-6 mol L-1, with a detection limit of 1.2×10-8 mol L-1. The response of the electrode was stable, with no variation in baseline levels within several hours of continuous operation. The surface morphology of the modified electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) system. The results obtained are precise and accurate. In addition, these results are in agreement with those obtained by the chromatographic method at a 95% confidence level.

The construction of a low cost mini sensor containing a bismuth-film electrode (BiFE), as work electrode, a silver electrode as pseudo reference electrode, and copper as counter electrode is proposed. The application of this mini sensor using a low cost electrochemical cell for in loco voltammetric determinations of inorganic and organic analytes is also described.

A suitable fow-injection method for the analysis of commercial solutions of hydrogen peroxide is described. A Nafon-coated glassy carbon electrode, modifed by deposition of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuCHF), is employed as an amperometric sensor. The method allows the analysis of 45 samples per hour, with peroxide concentrations in the range of 1.25 -10.0 mM, with relative standard deviations smaller than 1%.

A brief discussion about the hydrogen peroxide importance and its determination is presented. It was emphasized some consideration of the H2O2 as reagent (separated or combined), uses and methods of analysis (techniques, detection limits, linear response intervals, sensor specifications). Moreover, it was presented several applications, such as in environmental, pharmaceutical, medicine and food samples.

Chemically modified electrodes based on hexacyanometalate films are presented as a tool in analytical chemistry. Use of amperometric sensors and/or biosensors based on the metal-hexacyanoferrate films is a tendency. This article reviews some applications of these films for analytical determination of both inorganic (e.g. As3+, S2O3(2-)) and organic (e.g. cysteine, hydrazine, ascorbic acid, gluthatione, glucose, etc.) compounds.

Um sistema de análises químicas por injeção em fluxo empregando uma mini-coluna de AgCl(s) é proposto para a determinação de nitrogênio total em plantas por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama. O método se baseia na remoção de íons Ag+ por amônia com formação do complexo diamino argentato(I) e posterior direcionamento da amostra a um espectrômetro de absorção atômica onde prata é monitorada. Nitrogênio foi determinado em sete amostras de referência (três replicatas) com precisão e exatidão comparáveis às do procedimento condutimétrico. O sistema é estável, apresentando apenas pequenas variações em sensibilidade (< 2 %) durante períodos de operação de 4 horas. A velocidade analítica é de aproximadamente 100 h-1 e a repetibilidade das medidas é satisfatória (desvio padrão relativo em geral < 0,02).

A flow-injection system with a AgCl(s) mini-column is proposed for the determination of total nitrogen in plant digests by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The method is based on Ag+ removal by ammonia through the formation of the diammine argentate(I) complex and further monitoring of the released Ag+. Nitrogen was determined in seven reference samples, in three replicates, with precision and accuracy comparable to the conductimetric procedure. The system is robust, and only slight sensitivity variations (< 2 %) have been noted during extended (4 h) operating periods. Sampling rate is about 100 h-1 and measurement repeatability is fair (relative standard deviation usually < 0.02).

A brief discussion of the non-chromatographic continuous separation techniques is presented emphasizing the pervaporation process. It makes interesting choices for implementing various preliminary operations of the analytical process in order to accommodate the raw sample to the measuring instrument. Discussions include the perceived advantages and disadvantages, the underlying principles of pervaporation process, the flexible module and fields of application.