Resumen La fotosensibilización hepatógena en bovinos puede ser provocada por diversas causas, entre ellas, como consecuencia del daño que provoca Fasciola hepatica a nivel hepatocelular. La fotodermatitis de origen hepatógeno es uno de los signos clínicos que se puede observar en cuadros de fasciolasis crónica, debido en su capacidad de producir fibrosis hepática y colangitis con estasis biliar. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir dos brotes de fotosensibilización hepatógena en bovinos en los departamentos de Tacuarembó y Soriano (Uruguay). La enfermedad afectó a un lote de vacas Hereford y cruza, y a un lote de vaquillonas cruzas. En ambos brotes los animales pastoreaban en campos forestales húmedos. Los principales signos clínicos observados fueron pérdida de peso, costras y peladuras en morro, fotofobia, sialorrea y corrimientos oculares. Se realizaron necropsias visualizando como hallazgos macroscópicos relevantes dermatitis necrótica bilateral de los párpados, úlceras en cara ventral de lengua. En hígado se observó engrosamiento de la cápsula de Glisson, fibrosis difusa y colangitis crónica con calcificación de los canalículos biliares. Al examen histopatológico se destacó como principal lesión, fibrosis hepática y obstrucción canalicular con presencia de Fasciola hepatica. En base a los signos clínicos, hallazgos macro y microscópicos, la fotosensibilización observada en los animales de ambos brotes estuvo directamente relacionada con las alteraciones hepáticas crónicas causadas por F. hepatica.

Summary Bovine hepatogenic photosensitization can be caused by several causes, such as hepatocellular damage due to by Fasciola hepatica. Hepatogenic photodermatitis is one of the clinical signs that can be observed in chronic fasciolasis, caused by hepatic fibrosis and cholangitis with bile stasis. The objective of this work was to describe two outbreaks of hepathogenic photosensitization in cattle in the counties of Tacuarembó and Soriano (Uruguay). The disease affected a herd of Hereford and crossbreed cows and a herd of crossbreed heifers. In both outbreaks the animals grazed in damp forest fields. The main clinical signs observed were weight loss, scabs and peeling on the snout, photophobia, hypersalivation and ocular bleeding. In all necropsies performed, the relevant macroscopic findings were bilateral necrotic dermatitis of the eyelids, ulcers on the ventral surface of the tongue. In the liver, there was thickening of the Glisson's capsule, diffuse fibrosis, and chronic cholangitis with calcification of the bile canaliculi. Histopathologically the main lesion was liver fibrosis and canalicular obstruction with the presence of F. hepatica. Based on the clinical signs, macro and microscopic findings, the photosensitization observed in the animals of both outbreaks was directly related to the chronic liver alterations caused by F. hepatica.

Resumen La rangeliosis canina es una enfermedad causada por el protozoario Rangelia vitalii y transmitida por garrapatas. Afecta caninos domésticos y silvestres, provocando un cuadro de anemia hemolítica y trombocitopenia. En Uruguay ha sido reportada en los Departamentos de Artigas, Salto y Treinta y Tres. El presente trabajo describe un foco de rangeliosis canina en el litoral oeste del Uruguay, diagnosticado mediante estudios epidemiológicos, clínicos, hematológicos, anatomopatológicos y técnicas moleculares (PCR/secuenciación). El estudio se basó en 9 casos de perros raza Griffon Fauve de Bretagne provenientes de un predio rural próximo a Quebracho, Departamento de Paysandú. De los animales ocho murieron y uno respondió al tratamiento. Los principales signos clínicos fueron apatía, ictericia, fiebre, diarrea con sangre y sangrado por narinas y punta de orejas. Hematológicamente se constató anemia, trombocitopenia y leucocitosis. Los hallazgos macroscópicos se caracterizaron por palidez, ictericia generalizada, esplenomegalia, linfoadenomegalia y hepatomegalia. Al examen histopatológico se destacó: nefritis intersticial con degeneración y necrosis tubular, miocarditis, necrosis hepática centrolobulillar. Congestión y edema pulmonar, linfoadenitis, y en bazo infiltrado inflamatorio difuso perivascular de tipo mononuclear. En diversos órganos se visualizaron zoítos de R. vitalii intracitoplasmáticas en las células endoteliales. En algunos animales así como en los caniles de los perros se constató presencia de Amblyomma aureolatum. De dos casos se extrajo ADN de sangre y mediante PCR se amplificó un fragmento del gen 18s ARN ribosomal de Piroplasmas. La secuencia obtenida fue comparada con secuencias registradas en el GenBank utilizando la herramienta BLAST. El resultado reveló una homología entre 99-100% con R. vitalii.

Summary Canine rangeliosis is a disease caused by the protozoan Rangelia vitalii and transmitted by ticks. It affects domestic and wild canines, causing hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. In Uruguay it has been reported in the following counties: Artigas, Salto and Treinta y Tres. The present study describes a canine rangeliosis outbreak in the northwest littoral of Uruguay, diagnosed by epidemiological, clinical, hematological, anatomopathological and molecular techniques (PCR / sequencing). The study was based on 9 cases of dogs, Fawn Brittany Griffon breed,used for hunting; from a farm near Quebracho, Paysandú County. Eight animals died and one responded to the treatment. The main clinical signs were apathy, jaundice, fever, bloody diarrhea and bleeding from nostrils and tips of the ears. The hematological findings were anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis. Main macroscopic lesions were characterized by paleness, generalized jaundice, splenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. The principal histopathological lesions were interstitial nephritis with tubular degeneration and necrosis, myocarditis, centrolobulillar hepatic necrosis, edematous and congestive lung, lymphoadenitis and perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltration in spleen. In several organs were observed R. vitalii zoites inside the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. In some animals and as well as in dog kennels were present Amblyomma aureolatum. DNA was extracted from blood of two cases and a fragment of the 18s ribosomal RNA gene of Piroplasm was amplified by PCR. The sequence obtained was compared to the sequences registered in the GenBank using the BLAST tool. The result showed a homology between 99-100% with R. vitalii.

Resumen: Coenurosis es la enfermedad causada por Coenurus cerebralis, forma larvaria de Taenia multiceps. Afecta a rumiantes, equinos, suinos y humanos provocando sintomatología nerviosa. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir un foco de coenurosis en bovinos en Uruguay, diagnosticado mediante estudios anatomopatológicos y técnicas moleculares (PCR/secuenciación). Se realizó la necropsia de dos vaquillonas Hereford (Caso A y B) de 2-3 años que presentaban desmejoramiento progresivo, ataxia, torneo y desviación de la cabeza. Macroscópicamente, se observó la presencia de una vesícula quística en el hemisferio cerebral izquierdo del caso A, la cual se rompió espontáneamente al extraer el encéfalo del cráneo. En el caso B, se extrajo del hemisferio cerebral derecho una vesícula completa, de color transparente con escólices blanquecinos en su interior. Al examen histopatológico del sistema nervioso central se observó reacción inflamatoria en el tejido adyacente a la ubicación de los quistes constituida por macrófagos, eosinófilos, linfocitos y células gigantes. La vesícula del caso B fue diseccionada y se utilizó un trozo para la extracción de ADN. Mediante PCR se amplificó un fragmento del gen nad1. La secuencia obtenida fue comparada con las secuencias registradas en el GenBank utilizando la herramienta BLAST. El resultado reveló una homología de 99% con T. multiceps. Por lo tanto, este trabajo confirma que la coenurosis bovina se encuentra presente Uruguay.

Summary: Coenurosis is a disease caused by Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage of Taenia multiceps. Ruminants, equids, swine and even humans can be affected developing neurological symptoms. This work reports C. cerebralis infection diagnosed by macroscopic and histologic lesions and molecular tools (PCR/sequencing) in two heifers in Uruguay.Two 2-3 years old Hereford heifers were necropsied (case A and B). Both animals presented progressive deterioration, ataxia, circling and head deviation. Grossly, in case A, a cystic vesicle protruding from the left hemisphere was observed. The vesicle was broken spontaneously while the encephalon was retrieved from the cranial cavity. On case B, the whole cystic vesicle was retrieved from the right hemisphere. Through the translucent wall´svesicle was possible to visualize whitish scolices attached to the inner layer. Histopathology of the central nervous system revealedan inflammatory reaction on the cyst adjacent tissue, characterized by the presence of macrophages, eosinophils, lymphocytes and giant cells. The vesicle of case B was dissected and a small piece was used for DNA extraction. By PCR, a fragment of nad1 gene was amplified and sent for direct sequencing. The obtained sequence was compared with the available sequences registered on GenBank using the BLAST tool. The result revealed a 99% homology with sequences registered as T. multiceps. Therefore, this work confirmed that bovine coenurosis is present in Uruguay.

Descreve-se um surto de intoxicação por organoclorados (Endosulfan) em bovinos ocorrido em abril de 2009, em uma propriedade de recria de bezerros localizada no departamento de Paisandú, Uruguai. O quadro clínico foi observado um dia depois de haver ocorrido na propriedade, uma descarga acidental de 700 litros de um pesticida formulado em solução a base de água mais endosulfan e cipermetrina por dano em um avião pulverizador. A morbidade foi de 7,7% e mortalidade de 6,0%. Os sinais clínicos se caracterizaram por salivação, ataxia, hipersensibilidade, tremores musculares, movimentos de pedalagem, ranger de dentes, excitação, convulsão, decúbito e morte. Na necropsia dos animais e ao exame histopatológico não se observaram lesões. Na mesma propriedade foi observada, também, mortalidade de peixes em um arroio próximo ao local onde o pesticida foi derramado. Amostras de gordura, fígado e conteúdo ruminal de bovinos mortos e de peixes foram analisadas pela técnica de cromatografia gasosa sendo detectada a presença de endosulfan e/ou seus metabólitos em quantidades de 0,16-3,7mg/kg, superiores aos níveis de referência aceitáveis de 0,05-0,2mg/kg, confirmando-se a ocorrência da intoxicação por este organoclorado.

An outbreak of organochlorine (endosulfan) poisoning in cattle registered in April 2009 on a farm for calf rearing is reported. Cattle showed neurological symptoms one day after an accidental discharge of a crop duster releasing 700 liter of pesticide with a water-based solution of endosulfan and cypermethrin had occurred. The morbidity was 7.7% and the mortality 6.0%. The symptoms in the cattle were sialorrhea, ataxia, hypersensitivity, muscle twitching, pedaling, teeth grinding, excitability, convulsions, recumbency and death. At necropsy of the animals and histopathological examination non significant lesions were found. There was also a significant mortality of fish in the gorge of the affected paddock. Through gas chromatography the presence of endosulfan and/or its metabolite above references levels was identified in samples of fat, liver and rumen contents of affected animals, as well as in fish and water collected, what confirmed the organochlorine poisoning.