ABSTRACT This study aims to generate the diagnosis and spatial variability maps of soil fertility attributes, as well as teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) production through geostatistics. The study was conducted on a commercial farm in the municipality of Capitão Poço, state of Pará, Brazil. Soil and yield data were collected from 155 sampled georeferenced points and 143 were used in the study (after outlier removal). The collected soil samples were submitted to laboratory analysis to obtain the values of the following variables: pH, organic matter (OM), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), available phosphorus (P), aluminum (Al), Base Sum (BS), cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0 (T), effective cation exchange capacity (t), base saturation (V%) and aluminum saturation (m %). Thereafter a diagnosis, linear correlation univariate and geostatistical analysis were applied in the resulting data. The univariate statistics showed that normal distribution is not required when evaluating spatial variability of chemical and production variables. Soil fertility diagnosis showed K, OM and P as the most limiting parameters in the commercial teak plot and the importance to fertilize forest areas. Positive correlation was found between P, OM, K with volume per tree. All soil fertility and teak volume variables showed spatial dependence, which enabled the production of spatial variability maps. The variability maps showed to be used complementary with univariate statistics to enable more precise interventions in a teak production area, as it showed the shortage of K in the area and the relation of P and volume per tree.

Resumo Por conta do aumento da demanda nacional e internacional, o cultivo do açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) tem-se expandido para áreas de terra firme no Brasil. Muitas destas áreas apresentam baixa fertilidade do solo, onde o boro (B) é um dos nutrientes mais limitantes. O objetivo foi avaliar a produtividade de frutos frescos de açaizeiros submetidos a doses de B em plantio fertirrigado, no município de Tomé-Açu, nordeste paraense, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos: controle e adição de 20; 40 e 60 g touceira-1 de B. Após 17 meses, foram coletados os cachos de frutos frescos e a estimada produção por hectare. Foi realizada uma análise econômica considerando os custos de adubação e a produção de frutos. As produtividades obtidas nos tratamentos estão acima da média do município de Tomé-Açu. O teor estimado de B foliar, que proporcionou a maior produtividade, foi igual a 14,9 mg kg-1, para uma produtividade de 5.479 kg ha-1 ano-1¸ enquanto o teor crítico correspondeu a 13,2 mg kg-1. A maior produtividade de frutos frescos de açaí foi atingida com a dose de 20 g touceira-1 de B, a qual proporcionou ganho líquido de 42%.

Abstract Due to the increasing national and international demand, the cultivation of açaí palm trees (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) has expanded to upland areas in Brazil. Most of these areas present low natural soil fertility, in which boron (B) is one of the most limiting nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of fresh fruits of fertigated açaí trees submitted to doses of B. The study was carried out in Tomé-Açu, northeastern Pará, Brazil. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four treatments: control and addition of 20, 40 and 60 g of B clump-1. After 17 months, bunches of fresh fruits were collected and the production per hectare was estimated. An economic analysis was carried out considering the costs of fertilization and fruit production. The productivities obtained in the treatments were considered above the average of the municipality of Tomé-Açu. The estimated content of leaf B that provided the highest productivity was 14.9 mg kg-1, for a yield of 5479 kg ha-1 year-1¸ while the critical content corresponded to 13.2 mg kg-1. The highest productivity of fresh açaí fruits was achieved with the dose of 20 g of B clump-1, which provided a net gain of 42%.

ABSTRACT The oil palm crop has expanded significantly in the state of Pará, which has not been followed in a proportional manner by studies aiming at increasing yield through plant nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate general and specific norms of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) for genetic materials of oil palm (African and interspecific hybrid) at two ages (young and adult plants) and evaluate possible deficiencies in fertilization and soil correction practices. The DRIS norms were composed of means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation of bivariate, specific, and general relationships among nutrients of 144 leaf samples. The DRIS norms specific for genetic material did not differ from the general norms; however, a large number of differences were found between specific bivariate relationships for age groups, among themselves, and in relation to the general norms. The regression analysis between the nutritional balance index and yield were better explained when age groups were discriminated. In the young plants, the number of cases of stands with deficiencies followed the order Ca > Fe > B > S > Mn > K > Mg = Cu > Zn > N > P; and for adults, this order was Ca > Mn > Zn > Fe > S = B > N = Cu > K > Mg > P. The DRIS norms can be utilized in diagnostics regardless of genetic material; however, they must be specified for the age of the plant. Most of the stands showed deficiency in Ca and micronutrients, coinciding with the least used nutrients in oil palm crops in the state of Pará, as well as emphasizing the need for soil liming.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar níveis críticos e faixas de suficiência de nutrientes para a palma-de-óleo (Elaeis spp.), a partir de métodos de avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas. Utilizaram-se os métodos chance matemática (ChM), sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação (DRIS) e diagnose da composição nutricional (CND), além da avaliação do nível crítico obtido pela distribuição normal reduzida (DNR) em dados de produtividade e do teor de nutrientes de 144 amostras foliares de plantios no Pará. As regressões dos índices DRIS e CND com os teores foliares foram todas significativas, e o menor coeficiente de determinação foi encontrado para N. Os intervalos das faixas de suficiência obtidos com os métodos ChM, DRIS e CND nos talhões nutricionalmente equilibrados foram, em geral, mais estreitos do que os reportados na literatura, com poucos diagnósticos concordantes, sobretudo para K. Os níveis críticos obtidos pela DNR situaram-se dentro do intervalo das faixas nutricionais obtidas com os outros métodos. Os métodos ChM, DRIS, CND e DNR são adequados para a obtenção de valores de referência nutricionais e indicaram N, Ca, S, Mn e Zn como os nutrientes com maior frequência de deficiência nos talhões de palma-de-óleo avaliados.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine critical levels and nutrient sufficiency ranges for oil palm (Elaeis spp.), using methods for assessing the nutritional status of the plants. The methods of mathematical chance (ChM), diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS), and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND), besides the critical level obtained by the reduced normal distribution (DNR), were used in productivity data and in nutrient content of 144 leaf samples of oil palm plantations in the state of Pará, Brazil. The regressions of the DRIS and CND indexes with leaf nutrient contents were all significant, and the lowest coefficient of determination was found for N. The sufficiency range intervals obtained with the ChM, DRIS, and CND methods in the nutritionally balanced stands were, in general, narrower than the ones reported in the literature, with few concordant diagnostics, mainly for K. The critical levels obtained with DNR were within the nutritional range intervals obtained with the other methods. ChM, DRIS, CND, and DNR are suited methods for obtaining nutritional reference values, and they indicated N, Ca, S, Mn, and Zn as the nutrients with the highest frequency of deficiency in the evaluated oil palm orchards.

O cultivo da pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) tem aumentado em função da crescente demanda por seus produtos, entretanto são reduzidos os estudos, bem como o conhecimento sobre as exigências de nutrientes da espécie. O objetivo foi avaliar os sintomas de deficiência nutricional, a produção de matéria seca, o teor e o acúmulo de nutrientes em mudas de pupunheira, em razão da omissão de macronutrientes e Na. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação utilizando mudas em vasos distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados. Os tratamentos foram: solução nutritiva completa; omissão de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S e Na. As omissões promoveram alterações morfológicas na parte aérea e nas raízes caracterizadas por sintomas visuais facilmente interpretáveis. Os elementos N, P e K foram os mais limitantes, já S e Na os menos limitantes à produção de matéria seca das folhas, caule, raízes, parte aérea e total da planta. A relação da matéria seca da parte aérea/raiz foi K>Mg>Ca =P e P=completo=S=Na>N, e o crescimento relativo foi decrescente no sentido Completo>Na>S>Ca>Mg>K>P>N. Os teores e acúmulos de nutrientes seguiram a ordem predominante N>K>Ca>P>Mg>S>Na. As omissões causaram sintomas típicos aos observados em outras espécies. A matéria seca e o crescimento relativo foram mais limitados pelo N, P e K, sendo que o K, Mg, Ca e P restringiram mais as raízes, enquanto os outros nutrientes limitaram mais a parte aérea. A ausência de Na reduziu o crescimento relativo em 10,6%, o que demonstra a importância do elemento para a pupunheira. Os nutrientes em maiores quantidades na espécie foram o N, K e Ca.

The peach palm (Bactrisgasipaes Kunth) cultivation has increased according to increasing demand of its products; however there are few studies, as well as knowledge about nutritional requirement of this specie. The objective was to evaluate the nutritional symptoms deficiencies, dry matter production, nutrient content and accumulation in peach palm seedlings, according to macronutrients and Na omission. The experiment was realized in greenhouse in randomized blocks design. The treatments were: complete nutrient solution; omission of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Na. The omissions promoted morphological alterations in shoots and roots characterized by visual symptoms easily interpretable. The elements N, P and K were the most limiting and the S and Na were the least limiting to leaves, stem, roots, shoots and total dry matter. The shoot/root relationship was K>Mg>Ca=P and P=complete=S=Na>N and the relative growth was complete>Na>S>Ca>Mg>K>P>N. The nutrient contents and accumulations follow mainly the sequence N>K>Ca>P>Mg>S>Na. The omissions caused symptoms typical to those observed in other species. The dry matter and relative growth were most limiting by N, P and K. The K, Mg, Ca and P were most limiting to roots and others nutrients were most limiting to shoots. The Na was important to peach palm, in the absence of Na of growth on reduced 10.6%. The nutrients in higher amounts in the specie are N, K and Ca.

O uso do pH SMP na estimativa da acidez potencial (H + Al) apresenta maior praticidade em relação ao método do acetato de cálcio 0,5 mol L-1 para laboratórios de rotina. Objetivou-se com este trabalho ajustar uma equação para estimar H + Al, a partir dos valores de pH SMP de solos do Estado do Pará. Foram utilizadas 177 amostras de solo das várias regiões do estado, em que se realizaram as determinações de pH SMP, em solução de CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1, e H + Al, em acetato de cálcio 0,5 mol L-1; os resultados foram relacionados por análise de regressão. A equação H + Al = 77.77 + 20.61 SMP pH - 1.435 SMP pH² (R² = 0,90) foi a que melhor expressou os valores H +Al em cmol c dm-3. Quando se utilizaram os valores de pH SMP em equações de outras regiões ou estados brasileiros, ocorreu subestimativa ou superestimava dos valores de H + Al. A acidez potencial pode ser estimada pelo método do pH SMP em solos paraenses.

The use of SMP pH to estimate the potential acidity (H + Al) is more practical than the method of 0.5 mol L-1 calcium acetate for routine laboratory analyses. The objective was to fit an equation to estimate the H + Al from SMP pH values of soils of the State of Pará. From various regions of the state, 177 soil samples were collected, in which the SMP pH was determined in 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 solution and H + Al in 0.5 mol L-1 calcium acetate and the results were related by regression analysis. The equation H + Al = 77.77 + 20.61 SMP pH - 1.435 SMP pH² (R² = 0.90) expressed the H + Al values (in cmol c dm-3) best. When the SMP pH values were used in equations referring to other regions or states in Brazil, the H +Al values were over- or underestimated. The potential acidity in soils of Pará can be estimated by the method of SMP pH.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial, nutrição e fertilidade do solo em plantio de clones de eucalipto no nordeste do Pará. Os tratamentos constaram de cinco clones (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla - 03 e 09, E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis - 32, E. grandis x E. pellita - 07 e E. camaldulensis - 11), dispostos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Cinco meses após plantio foram avaliadas a altura e sobrevivência das plantas. Aos 18 meses, além dessas variáveis, foram avaliados o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), a fertilidade do solo (profundidades 0-10 e 10-20 cm) e os nutrientes foliares. A altura e o DAP das árvores não variaram entre clones nas épocas de avaliação. Houve diferença na porcentagem de sobrevivência apenas aos 18 meses, sendo do clone 07 a menor média apresentada. Na camada de 0-10 cm foram observados os menores valores de K trocável no solo sob os clones 09 e 07, nas parcelas deste último foram observado também a menor CTC. Na camada de 10-20 cm, o menor valor de N no solo esteve sob o clone 32, enquanto que o K e Ca trocáveis foram encontrados em maiores quantidades sob o clone 03. De maneira geral, foram observadas as maiores concentrações de todos os nutrientes, com exceção do N, nas folhas dos clones 11 e 32. Desta forma, os clones apresentaram respostas nutricionais diferentes na área de estudo, assim como o solo sob cada material genético apresentou valores variados de fertilidade. Essas variações, entretanto, pouco foram observadas no desenvolvimento inicial das árvores.

The objective of this research was to determine the initial growth, nutrition and soil fertility of Eucalyptus plantation in Moju, northeast city of Para State, Brazil. The treatments used were five clones (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla - 03 e 09, E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis - 32, E. grandis x E. pellita - 07 e E. camaldulensis - 11), organized in a randomized blocks design with four replications. Five months after planting, the height and survival percentage of plants were measured. At 18 months, besides these variables, diameter, soil fertility at the 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth and plant mineral nutrition were evaluated. The height and diameter did not vary among clones at evaluated times. There was difference in survival percentage just at 18 months, when the 07 clone showed the lower average. At the 0-10 cm soil depth, the lowest K exchangeable was observed under the 09 and 07 clones, the clone 07 also presented the lowest soil CEC. In 10-20 cm depth, the lowest value of N was observed in 32 clone, while the K and Ca were observed in highest levels in 03 clone. In general, higher macro and micronutrients leaves contents were found in the 11 and 32 clones, exception N. The clones presented different nutritional responses over the researched area, as well as the soil fertility under each clone presented varied values. Such variations, however, were little observed in the tree initial growth.