Neuropathic pain is a condition with varying origins, including reduced dietary micronutrient intake. Phytate is a polyphosphate found in seeds and grains that can act as an antinutrient due to the ability of sequester essential divalent metals. Here we tested whether moderate dietary phytate intake could alter nociceptive pain. We subjected weaning mice to a chow supplemented with 1% phytate for eight weeks. Body weight gain, glycemic responses, food ingestion, water ingestion, and liver and adipose tissue weights were not altered compared to controls. We observed a decreased mechanical allodynia threshold in the intervention group, although there were no changes in heat- or cold-induced pain. Animals consuming phytate showed reduced spinal cord tumor necrosis factor (TNF), indicating altered inflammatory process. These data provide evidence for a subclinical induction of mechanical allodynia that is independent of phytate consumption in animals with otherwise normal phenotypic pattern.

A doença seca-da-mangueira é causada pelo fungo Ceratocystis spp., que provoca a morte de mangueiras em diversos estados brasileiros. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência de variedades de mangueira, utilizadas como porta-enxertos, em condições de campo e casa de vegetação. Variedades poliembriônicas de mangueira foram testadas para resistência a Ceratocystis spp.pelo método de inoculação do fungo via solo, em casa de vegetação. As plantas sobreviventes foram plantadas como pé-franco na Estação Experimental de Pindorama (IAC), e as consideradas promissoras foram multiplicadas por enxertia em diversos porta-enxertos. Após 17 anos do plantio, avaliou-se o número de plantas mortas e verificou-se que, para o porta-enxerto Manila , considerado resistente, todas as plantas estavam vivas, enquanto Coquinho, considerado suscetível, apresentou 58,3% de plantas mortas. Dois isolados de C. mangicola M. van Wyk and M.J. Wingf. foram utilizados para avaliar a resistência das variedades de mangueira, em casa de vegetação. O patógeno foi cultivado em meio de cultura BDA e transferido para o meio líquido BD. Foram realizadas oito inoculações sucessivas, com intervalo mínimo de 30 dias. As avaliações foram realizadas pelas porcentagens de plantas mortas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com 15 variedades e quatro repetições. O método de inoculação via rega de solo, com 5 mL de inóculo à concentração de 10(6) esporos . mL-1 foi eficiente para selecionar porta-enxertos de mangueira resistentes a C. mangicola. As variedades Vitória, IAC 112, Dura e Bocado mostraram ser resistentes ao isolado de C. mangicola neste experimento. A variedade Juliana apresentou o mesmo nível de suscetibilidade da variedade Coquinho. Recomenda-se evitar essas duas variedades para uso como porta-enxertos em áreas onde ocorre a doença.

The mango wilt is a disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis spp., causing the death of mango trees in several Brazilian States. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the survival of varieties used as rootstocks under field and greenhouse conditions. Poliembrionic varieties were tested for resistance to Ceratocystis spp., with the inoculation method of the fungus in the soil in greenhouse. The surviving plants were planted in the Experimental Station of Pindorama and those considered promising were multiplied by grafting utilizing different rootstocks. After 17 years of the planting, an inventory of dead plants was made in the area. The rootstock Manila considered resistant to Ceratocystis had zero deaths and the rootstock Coquinho considered susceptible had 58.3% deaths. Two isolates of C. mangicola M. van Wyk and M.J. Wingf. were used to evaluate the varietal resistance in the greenhouse. The pathogen was cultivated in PDA medium and transferred for the liquid medium. Eight inoculations were accomplished with minimum 30 days interval using 5mL of the suspension. Dead plants were evaluated periodically. The experimental design used was completely randomized blocks, with 15 varieties and 4 replications. The method of inoculation with fungus suspension irrigated in the soil with 10(6) spores . mL-1 concentration confirmed to be efficient to select resistant rootstocks. The varieties Vitória, IAC 112, Dura and Bocado showed resistance to the isolates used in the experiment. The variety Juliana presented the same high degree of susceptibility of the variety Coquinho, both should be avoided in areas where the disease occurs.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade dos inseticidas utilizados na cultura do milho sobre Doru lineare. Foi avaliada a seletividade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura do milho para D. lineare, seguindo metodologia proposta pela IOBC/WPRS em condições de laboratório. Adultos foram expostos aos resíduos dos inseticidas por meio de contato com placas de vidros e pelo consumo de ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda contaminados com os inseticidas. A porcentagem de mortalidade dos insetos em contato residual foi utilizada para classificar os inseticidas como inócuo (< 30%), levemente nocivo (30-79%), moderadamente nocivo (80-99%) e nocivo (> 99%). A mortalidade de adultos após consumo de ovos contaminados foi comparada com a testemunha. Para adultos deD. lineare mediante contato residual, nas 360 HAIE (horas após o início da exposição), os inseticidas Decis 25 EC, Dimilin, Engeo Pleno, Karate Zeon 250 CS, Lorsban 480 BR, Match EC, Neem Azal e Sevin 480 SC foram nocivos ao predador. Certero, Fastac 100 SC e Tracer foram moderadamente nocivos. Intrepid 240 SC e Mimic 240 SC foram inócuos. A mortalidade de adultos após o consumo de ovos contaminados foi significativa para os inseticidas Certero, Dimilin, Tracer, Engeo Pleno, Lorsban 480 BR, Sevin 480 SC.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of insecticides used in the corn crop to Doru lineare (Eschscholtz, 1822) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), following methodology suggested by IOBC/WPRS, under laboratory conditions. Adult insects were placed on glass plates or fed on Spodoptera frugiperda eggs, both containing previously sprayed insecticide residues. The adult mortality by the residual contact was used to classify insecticides as harmless (< 30%), slightly harmful (30-79%), moderately harmful (80-99%) and harmful (> 99%). The adult mortality due to consumption of the contaminated eggs was compared to the control. For adults ofD. linearein residual contact after 360 HASE (hours after start of exposure) the insecticides Decis 25 EC, Dimilin, Engeo Pleno, Karate Zeon 250 CS, Lorsban 480 BR, Match EC, Neem Azal and Sevin 480 SC were harmful. Certero, Fastac 100 SC and Tracer were moderately harmful. Intrepid 240 SC and Mimic 240 SC were slightly harmful. The mortality of adults after consumption of contaminated eggs was noteworthy for the insecticides Certero, Dimilin, Tracer, Engeo Pleno, Lorsban 480 BR and Sevin 480 SC.

(-)-∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC), a psychoactive component of marijuana, has been reported to induce oxidative damage in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we administered ∆9-THC to healthy C57BL/6J mice aged 15 weeks in order to determine its effect on hepatic redox state. Mice were divided into 3 groups: ∆9-THC (N = 10), treated with 10 mg/kg body weight ∆9-THC daily; VCtrl (N = 10), treated with vehicle [1:1:18, cremophor EL® (polyoxyl 35 castor oil)/ethanol/saline]; Ctrl (N = 10), treated with saline. Animals were injected ip twice a day with 5 mg/kg body weight for 10 days. Lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and DNA oxidation were used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. The endogenous antioxidant defenses analyzed were glutathione (GSH) levels as well as enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver homogenates. The levels of mRNA of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 were also monitored. Treatment with ∆9-THC did not produce significant changes in oxidative stress markers or in mRNA levels of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the liver of mice, but attenuated the increase in the selenium-dependent GPx activity (Δ9-THC: 8%; VCtrl: 23% increase) and the GSH/oxidized GSH ratio (Δ9-THC: 61%; VCtrl: 96% increase), caused by treatment with the vehicle. Δ9-THC administration did not show any harmful effects on lipid peroxidation, protein carboxylation or DNA oxidation in the healthy liver of mice but attenuated unexpected effects produced by the vehicle containing ethanol/cremophor EL®.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade de inseticidas usados na cultura do milho para o controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) sobre ninfas de primeiro ínstar e ovos do predador Doru lineare (Scudder, 1876) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Para os bioensaios foi utilizada a metodologia padronizada da IOBC/WPRS, em condições de laboratório, com temperatura de 25 ± 1º C, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14 horas. No bioensaio com ninfas para contato residual, a aplicação dos inseticidas foi realizada com um equipamento pressurizado a CO2, pressão de 50 psi. Para aplicação dos inseticidas sobre os ovos foi utilizada torre de Potter, com pressão de 10 psi. Em ambas as formas de aplicação o depósito foi de 1,75 ± 0,25 mg de calda cm-2 conforme metodologia da IOBC/WPRS. A mortalidade de ninfas foi utilizada para classificar os inseticidas como inócuo (< 30%), levemente nocivo (30-79%), moderadamente nocivo (80-99%) e nocivo (> 99%). Os dados de viabilidade de ovos e sobrevivência de ninfas que eclodiram deles foram comparados com os dados das testemunhas positiva (Sevin 480 SC) e negativa (água). Certero, Dimilin, Engeo Pleno, Karate Zeon 250 SC, Lorsban 480 BR, Match EC e Sevin 480 SC reduziram a viabilidade de ovos. A sobrevivência de ninfas provenientes dos ovos tratados teve redução para os inseticidas: Decis 25 EC, Dimilin, Engeo Pleno, Karate Zeon 250 CS, Lorsban 480 BR e Sevin 480 SC. Para ninfas de D. lineare em contato residual, todos os inseticidas foram nocivos em 96 horas após a exposição.

ABSTRACT The goal of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of insecticides used in corn crops for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on first-instar nymphs and eggs of the earwig Doru lineare. For the bioassays the standardized methodology of IOBC/WPRS was used in terms of temperature (25 ± 1º C), relative humidity (70 ± 15%) and photophase (14 hours). In the bioassay with nymphs for residual contact, the applications of insecticides was conducted with equipment pressurized by CO2 to 50 psi. For applications of insecticides on eggs, a Potter’s tower was used, with pressure of 10 psi. In both forms of spraying the deposit was 1.75±0.25 mg cm-2 of aqueous solution in accordance with the IOBC/WPRS methodology. The mortality of nymphs was used to classify insecticides as harmless (< 30%), slightly harmful (30-79%), moderately harmful (80-99%) and harmful (> 99%). Viability of eggs and survival of hatched nymphs were both evaluated by comparing with the positive (Sevin 480 SC) and negative (water) controls. The viability of eggs was reduced by Certero, Dimilin, Engeo Pleno, Karate Zeon 250 SC, Lorsban 480 BR, Match EC and Sevin 480 SC. The survival of nymphs from treated eggs was reduced by the insecticides Decis EC, Dimilin, Engeo Pleno, Karate Zeon 250 CS, Lorsban 480 BR and Sevin 480 SC. For nymphs of D. lineare in residual contact, all the insecticides were harmful.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is important in calcification and its expression seems to be associated with the inflammatory process. We investigated the in vitro acute effects of compounds used for the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases on total ALP activity from male Wistar rat heart homogenate. ALP activity was determined by quantifying, at 410 nm, the p-nitrophenol released from p-nitrophenylphosphate (substrate in Tris buffer, pH 10.4). Using specific inhibitors of ALP activity and the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we showed that the rat heart had high ALP activity (31.73 ± 3.43 nmol p-nitrophenol·mg protein-1·min-1): mainly tissue-nonspecific ALP but also tissue-specific intestinal ALP type II. Both ALP isoenzymes presented myocardial localization (striated pattern) by immunofluorescence. ALP was inhibited a) strongly by 0.5 mM levamisole, 2 mM theophylline and 2 mM aspirin (91, 77 and 84%, respectively) and b) less strongly by 2 mM L-phenylalanine, 100 mL polyphenol-rich beverages and 0.5 mM progesterone (24, 21 to 29 and 11%, respectively). β-estradiol and caffeine (0.5 and 2 mM) had no effect; 0.5 mM simvastatin and 2 mM atenolol activated ALP (32 and 36%, respectively). Propranolol (2 mM) tended to activate ALP activity and corticosterone activated (18%) and inhibited (13%) (0.5 and 2 mM, respectively). We report, for the first time, that the rat heart expresses intestinal ALP type II and has high total ALP activity. ALP activity was inhibited by compounds used in the prevention of cardiovascular pathology. ALP manipulation in vivo may constitute an additional target for intervention in cardiovascular diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the success of treatment with periurethral collagen injections in patients suffering from stress urinary incontinence (SUI) with bladder neck hypermobility and intrinsic sphincter deficiency MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty women suffering from (SUI) were selected and divided into GI (consisting of 13 women with SUI and bladder neck hypermobility) and GII (consisting of 27 women with SUI and intrinsic sphincter deficiency). Periurethral collagen was injected followed by a subjective evaluation (the need for urinary protectors) and an objective evaluation through urodynamic study before and after the treatment RESULTS: It was noticed that after 9 months there was a decrease in the need of urinary protectors in the two groups. It was observed through the urodynamic study that either cure or improvement was achieved in 46% in GI and 40.7% in GII. There was a significant increase in the leak pressure in GII. Moreover, there was a decrease in the volume of urine leak in the two groups, being the results in GII statistically significant CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the periurethral collagen injection is useful for the treatment of the SUI. The results in hypermobility are similar to those in intrinsic sphincter deficiency. In fact, it is a very simple out patient's procedure, with little side effects.

Instalaram-se, em 2004 e 2005, dois ensaios de campo (Évora e Alvalade), em solos diferentes, com mobilização convencional e a cultura de milho-grão regada com sistema gota-a-gota, em fonte tripla linear. Neste sistema existem 3 fontes: água salina, água de rega e solução fertilizante, de modo a obter dois gradientes, um de salinidade (adição de NaCl), e outro de fertilizante (adição de solução azotada). Pretende-se avaliar o efeito da interacção da aplicação da água da rega salina e da fertilização azotada, sem deixar de se conseguir níveis de produção aceitáveis. Cada área experimental integrava 4 grupos (I a IV), com três repetições, tendo-se utilizado um gradiente decrescente de fertilizante do Grupo I para o IV, sem solução azotada neste último grupo. Dentro de cada grupo estabeleceram-se 4 modalidades de salinidade em 2004 e apenas 3 em 2005, através da distribuição de diferentes quantidades de água salina ao longo das linhas da cultura. O conjunto de gotejadores debitava 18 L/h em cada ponto de rega e cada metro linear de cultura de milho. Nos dois anos em estudo, as regas com as soluções salina e azotada decorreram de Junho a Setembro, com frequência trissemanal no início, passando a diária. Nos dois anos monitorizou-se a solução do solo (condutividade eléctrica, teores em catiões solúveis e nitratos) às profundidades de 20, 40 e 60 cm. Recolheram-se amostras de solo antes, durante e no fim dos ciclos de rega, nos 4 Grupos a 3 profundidades (0-20 cm; 20-40 cm; 40-60 cm), para determinação de vários parâmetros do solo, entre os quais a condutividade eléctrica do extracto de saturação do solo. Avaliou-se a produtividade do milho-grão nas diferentes modalidades e determinaram-se funções de produção e as curvas de resposta em função das quantidades totais de sais e de fertilizante azotado aplicados nos dois anos do ensaio (R²=0.62 n=55). Os resultados apontam para um efeito positivo da salinidade da água de rega, para aplicações de N inferiores a 4.83 g m-2. Este efeito benéfico da salinidade da água de rega, quando ocorre carência de fertilização azotada, pode ser explicado pela substituição, ou troca, no complexo coloidal do solo do ião NH4+, lá existente, pelo ião Na+, da água de rega, ficando o primeiro disponível para a planta. Apresentam-se ainda resultados que mostram as tendências da evolução da salinidade do solo e da produtividade do milho em função dos tratamentos aplicados.

Two experimental fields in Herdade da Mitra and Alvalade do Sado, were installed in different soils, using conventional field operations. The crop was Zea Mays irrigated with a triple emitter source irrigation system. In this layout scheme there are 3 sources of water with different water quality: salty water (water source with NaCl dissolved), irrigation water+fertilizer (water source with NH4NO3 added) and irrigation water only (fresh water). With the layout it is intended to obtain two gradients: one with different levels of salinity and another with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, in order to be able to observe the responses of soil and culture to different levels of salinity and fertilizer. The objective of this work is to evaluate if different irrigation water salinity levels can be compensated by nitrogen, and still be able to achieve acceptable crop production levels even with low quality irrigation water. In the process soil solution (EC, soluble cations and nitrates) was monitored in the groups, at 20, 40 and 60 cm depth. At the beginning, at the middle and at the end of the irrigation periods, soil samples were also collected at the four Groups and 3 depths (020cm; 20-40cm; 40-60cm) to measure soil parameters like the electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract. Maize harvest was done in a way to evaluate the different production in the various treatments and the paper shows results related with the impact of treatments on the soil solution and crop production, and reveals tendencies of the soil salinity progression in time and the productivity of maize. Multiple regression analysis was done relating yields with the total amount of salts and nitrogen applied in the two years of the experiments (R²=0.62, n=55). The production functions obtained point to a positive effect of salinity up to nitrogen content less than 4.83 g m-2. This useful effect of irrigation water salinity during nitrogen scarceness could be due to the replacement, and consequent availability for the crop, of the ion NH4+, adsorbed in the soil exchange complex, by the ion Na+.

Neste trabalho experimental procedeu-se à medição da espessura e à caracterização histológica de lesões ateroscleróticas, em suínos de raça Alentejana, procurando-se estabelecer uma relação entre estas e os valores dos parâmetros sanguíneos associados ao desenvolvimento deste processo patológico. As concentrações plasmáticas de triacilgliceróis, fosfolípidos, colesterol total, colesterol livre, LDLc e HDLc foram determinadas por métodos enzimáticos. Foram também feitas análises histopatológicas a amostras da artéria coronária esquerda. Os animais foram divididos em 2 grupos de 6 indivíduos cada: Grupo I, com elevada colesterolémia (4,25 mmol/L) e Grupo II, com níveis normais (2,53 mmol/L). Os valores do ganho médio diário (GMD) dos dois grupos foram semelhantes. Os animais do Grupo I apresentaram valores significativamente mais elevados (P=0,001) para: colesterol total, colesterol livre, colesterol esterificado e LDLc. A área de lesão foi significativamente superior (P=0,05) no Grupo I. Verificou-se uma relação linear entre a área de lesão (fases iniciais do tipo I e II) e os teores plasmáticos de colesterol total, de LDLc e de colesterol livre, o que sugere a influência destes parâmetros na dimensão da área de lesão. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem que os suínos de raça Alentejana podem desenvolver lesões ateroscleróticas ao longo do seu ciclo de vida, tal como o observado em humanos e outras raças de suínos. Estas lesões estão associadas a hipercolesterolemia que poderão ser devidas a mutações genéticas em apolipoproteínas, sistemas enzimáticos ou receptores. São necessários estudos futuros, quer a nível histológico quer a nível de biologia molecular, para um maior aprofundamento do conhecimento das lesões ateroscleróticas em suínos de raça Alentejana.

The present study aimed to assess the histopathological characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in Alentejano pigs, and to evaluate the relationship between several blood parameters and lesions development. Histomorphometric determinations of atherosclerotic lesions were performed on the left coronary artery and plasmatic levels of triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and of total, free, LDL and HDL cholesterol were measured by enzymatic methods. Pigs were assigned to two groups (n=6): Group I, with hypercholesterolemic pigs (4,25 mmol/L), and Group II, with normocholesterolemic ones (2,53 mmol/L). Average daily gain was similar in both groups. Plasmatic levels of total, free, esterified and LDL cholesterol were significantly higher (P=0,001) in Group I. The atherosclerotic lesion area was significantly higher (P=0,05) in the same group. Linear correlations between atherosclerotic lesion area (in initial Phases I and II) and plasmatic levels of total, free and LDL cholesterol were observed. The results of this study suggest that the Alentejano pig, like humans and other swine, may develop atherosclerotic lesions during its life cycle. Such lesions, associated with hypercholesterolemia, may be due to genetic mutations in apolipoproteins, lipid enzymes or receptor genes. Further studies on molecular genetics and on hysthopathology of this type of atherosclerostic lesion, in Alentejano pigs are required.