Objective: Internalizing problems disproportionately affect females in adolescence and adulthood, but research at earlier ages is limited due to a focus on disruptive behaviors. Our study addresses this gap by exploring the structure of internalizing problems and gender differences in Brazilian preschoolers. Methods: We analyzed data from the Child Behavioral Checklist 1.5-5 (CBCL 1.5-5) as administered in the Preschool Mental Health Study (PreK Survey), involving 1,292 children aged 4 to 5 in Embu das Artes, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Confirmatory factor analysis and comparisons of means explored internalizing problems and gender variations. Results: A two-factor model best fit both internalizing and externalizing problems. A hierarchical model with four factors (emotionally reactive, anxiety/depression, somatic complaints, and withdrawn) best fit internalizing problems, achieving partial invariance between boys and girls. Boys scored higher in the withdrawn syndrome, while girls scored higher in the somatic complaint syndrome. Conclusion: Preschoolers’ internalizing problems warrant attention beyond their link to externalizing problems. While the overall construct is similar in boys and girls, divergent syndrome scores indicate potential distinct risk patterns requiring further exploration.

Abstract Objective Lifestyle Medicine comprises six domains: diet, substance use, physical activity, stress management, social connection, and sleep. The comprehensive assessment of lifestyle is challenging, but the Short Multidimensional Inventory on Lifestyle Evaluation (SMILE) was developed to fill out this gap. In this paper, we describe the development and the psychometric properties (internal consistency, concurrent and convergent validity) of a shorter version of the SMILE among university students. Methods Data from a cross-sectional study including 369 students from 10 Brazilian universities were used. Considering a theoretical nomological net, we performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to obtain the most parsimonious, interpretable, and good-fitting model. Results The final model was called U-SMILE, comprised 24 items, and presented acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.73, McDonald's ω = 0.79). To evaluate the concurrent validity of the U-SMILE, we compared it to the original SMILE and found a high correlation between the instruments (Spearman's r = 0.94). Furthermore, we evaluated convergent validity by examining the U-SMILE correlation with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (Spearman's r = −0.517), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7) (Spearman's r = −0.356), two validated instruments to screen for depression and anxiety, respectively. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the U-SMILE is a valid instrument for assessing lifestyle among university students. We recommend that the use of U-SMILE to evaluate overall lifestyle scores rather than individual domain scores. Finally, we discuss the importance of clarifying the definitions of lifestyle and related constructs in future research.

Abstract In Peru, in recent years, the gastronomic boom has stood out globally, which has increased the production of edible oil in the oil industries, generating too much bleaching land. This study investigated anthocyanins in relation to nutrients, stomata density and yield of purple lettuce nourished with bleaching soil-based compost. The objective was to analyze the concentration of anthocyanins as a function of nutrients, stomata density and yield of purple lettuce nourished with such compost. It is based on a methodology applied with an experimental approach; for which the statistical model of the Completely Randomized Block Design was used, consisting of 3 blocks and 5 treatments which were T1 with 0, T2 with 6, T3 with 8, T4 with 10 and T5 with 12 t/ha of compost based on bleaching soil and the doses were applied 15 days after transplanting. Total plant length, plant height, plant weight, commercial yield, and equatorial diameter were evaluated. Additionally, the concentration of nutrients in leaves (Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), anthocyanin, stomatal density, and profitability. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 32 cm, plant height with 27 cm, plant weight with 200.27 g, commercial yield with 23.57 t/ha and equatorial diameter with 16.17 cm. Total nitrogen supply was 255.1 kg/ha. Nutrient concentrations in leaves were phosphorus, sulfur, molybdenum, manganese, copper, zinc and boron. Stomata density in leaves with 118 stomata/mm2. Profitability with 129% and anthocyanin concentration in T2 leaves with 89.25 mg/100g. It is concluded that adequate anthocyanin concentration in T5, with 62.86 mg/100 g, influenced the concentration of most nutrients and greater density of stomata in the leaves, acting as a defense mechanism against nutritional and environmental stress, obtaining higher yields, 30% higher compared to the control.

Resumo No Peru, nos últimos anos, o boom gastronômico se destacou globalmente, o que aumentou a produção de óleo comestível nas indústrias oleaginosas, gerando um grande volume de terra branqueadora. Este estudo investigou as antocianinas em relação aos nutrientes, à densidade estomática e à produtividade da alface-roxa cultivada com composto à base de terra branqueadora. O objetivo foi analisar a concentração de antocianinas em função dos nutrientes, da densidade estomática e da produtividade da alface-roxa nutrida com esse tipo de composto. A pesquisa baseia-se em uma metodologia aplicada com abordagem experimental, utilizando o modelo estatístico de Delineamento em Blocos Casualizados, composto por 3 blocos e 5 tratamentos, sendo T1 com 0 t/ha, T2 com 6 t/ha, T3 com 8 t/ha, T4 com 10 t/ha e T5 com 12 t/ha de composto à base de solo branqueador, e as doses foram aplicadas 15 dias após o transplante. Foram avaliados o comprimento total da planta, a altura da planta, o peso da planta, a produtividade comercial e o diâmetro equatorial. Adicionalmente, a concentração de nutrientes nas folhas (nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, molibdênio, ferro, manganês, cobre, zinco, boro, cloretos e sódio), antocianina, densidade estomática e lucratividade. Os resultados determinaram que T5 se destacou em comprimento total de planta com 32 cm, altura de planta com 27 cm, peso de planta com 200,27 g, produtividade comercial com 23,57 t/ha e diâmetro equatorial com 16,17 cm. O suprimento total de nitrogênio foi de 255,1 kg/ha. As concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas foram fósforo, enxofre, molibdênio, manganês, cobre, zinco e boro. Densidade estomática nas folhas com 118 estômatos/mm2. Lucratividade com 129% e concentração de antocianina nas folhas T2 com 89,25 mg/100g. Conclui-se que a concentração adequada de antocianinas no T5, com 62,86 mg/100 g, influenciou na concentração da maioria dos nutrientes e na maior densidade de estômatos nas folhas, atuando como mecanismo de defesa contra o estresse nutricional e ambiental, obtendo maiores rendimentos, 30% superiores em relação ao controle.

BACKGROUND Dermatomycoses are caused by various fungi, including dermatophytes and Candida species, which are the most prevalent in isolated or associated forms. A great number of virulence factors expressed by these fungi are important for infection, and biofilm formation leads to the persistence of these infections. OBJECTIVES This work aimed to evaluate the dynamics of Candida albicans filamentation genes in biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. METHODS The effect of the supernatants on the biofilms was assessed by XTT reduction assay, confocal microscopy, and gene expression profile analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). FINDINGS The supernatants did not reduce the metabolic activities or damage the topography of the monospecies biofilms but caused a reduction in their thickness. The filamentation of C. albicans was inhibited when both fungi were cultivated directly. The filamentation genes studied (CPH1, HWP1, and EFG1) were negatively modulated in C. albicans. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the antagonistic relationship shown by T. rubrum against C. albicans may be attributed to alterations of C. albicans filamentous genes.

ABSTRACT: Candida albicans is a dimorphic, yeast- like fungus, commensal of the human microbiota found on the oropharyngeal surface. The objective of this study was to analyze the literature regarding Candida albicans from the dental point of view, epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune response, and treatment. An information search was carried out in the PubMed database using the terms “Candida albicans”, in combination with “oral epidemiology”, “pathogenesis”, “immune response”, “oral candidiasis” and “treatment”. Epidemiology- In Mexico, it was reported that a group of 60 children with HIV/AIDS and another group of 55 children with malnutrition showed the highest frequency of Candida spp with 51.7% and 38.2% respectively. Oral candidiasis occurs especially inpatients with malignant neoplasms and undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with an incidence of 7 % to 52 % and associated with the use of dental prostheses in 15% to 70% of people. Oral candidiasis - Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis is the most common form of oral candidiasis. Factors such as xerostomia, smoking, oral prostheses, dental caries, diabetes, and cancer treatment accelerate the process of oral candidiasis formation. Pathogenesis- Candida albicans virulence factors such as adhesins, morphogenetic conversion and enzyme secretion can cause disease; Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide secreted by Candida albicans hyphae. Immune response- As part of innate immunity in mucosa, epithelial cells mount complex immune responses that discriminate between commensal and pathogenic microbes, including C. albicans. Treatment- Candida albicans has shown resistance to azoles. Evaluating the pathogenesis and immunity of Candida albicans in the oral mucosa will help develop effective preventive and therapeutic strategies against oral candidiasis.

RESUMEN: Candida albicans es un hongo dimórfico, levaduriforme, comensal de la microbiota humana que se encuentra en la superficie orofaríngea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la literatura acerca de Candida albicans desde el punto de vista odontológico, epidemiología, patogénesis, respuesta inmune y tratamiento. Se realizó una búsqueda de información en la base de datos de PubMed empleando los términos “Candida albicans”, en combinación con “oral epidemiology”, “pathogenesis”, “immune response”, “oral candidiasis” y “treatment”. Epidemiología- En México, se reportó que un grupo de 60 niños con VIH/sida y otro grupo de 55 niños con desnutrición, mostraron la frecuencia más alta de Candida spp con un 51,7 % y 38,2 %, respectivamente. La candidiasis oral se presenta especialmente en pacientes con neoplasias malignas y sometidos a quimioterapia y/o radioterapia con una incidencia del 7 % al 52 % y asociada al uso de protésis dental en un 15 % a 70 % de las personas. Candidiasis oral- La candidiasis pseudomembranosa aguda es la forma más común de candidiasis oral, factores como la xerostomía, tabaquismo, prótesis orales, caries dental, diabetes y el tratamiento de cáncer aceleran el proceso de la formación de candidiasis oral. Patogénesis- Los factores de virulencia de Candida albicans como las adhesinas, la conversión morfogenética y la secreción de enzimas son capaces de causar enfermedad; la candidalisina es un péptido citolítico secretado por hifas de Candida albicans. Respuesta inmune- Como parte de la inmunidad innata en las mucosas, las células epiteliales elaboran respuestas inmunitarias complejas que discriminan entre los microbios comensales y patógenos, incluido el Candida albicans. Tratamiento- Candida albicans ha mostrado resistencia a los azoles. Evaluar la patogénesis e inmunidad de Candida albicans en la mucosa oral ayudará a desarrollar estrategias preventivas y terapéuticas efectivas contra la candidiasis oral.

Resumen Introducción : La región selar es un sitio infrecuente de metástasis, encontrándose en el 1% de las cirugías hipofisarias. Los tumores primarios más habituales son mama y pulmón. En general son diagnosticadas en pa cientes con enfermedad avanzada, aunque pueden ser el debut de la enfermedad oncológica. Métodos : Análisis retrospectivo de las características clínicas, bioquímicas, radiológicas de pacientes con me tástasis selares o hipofisarias (MS) durante el periodo 2009-2020. Resultados : Se reportaron 18 casos de pacientes, 11 de ellos con confirmación histológica. La mediana de edad fue 53 años (rango: 35-75), 53% hombres. La loca lización del tumor primario fue: 8 pulmón, 6 mama, 1 carcinoma folicular de tiroides, 1 linfoma Hodgkin y 2 carcinomas renales de células claras. La media de tiem po entre el diagnóstico del tumor primario y la aparición de la MS -en los casos de presentación metacrónica- fue 108 meses (rango: 11-180). En 8 pacientes (44.4%), el diagnóstico de la neoplasia primaria se hizo a partir del hallazgo de la masa selar. Diabetes insípida, hipopitui tarismo, trastornos visuales, oftalmoplejía y cefalea se presentaron en el 78, 77, 61, 39 y 39%, respectivamente. Quince pacientes presentaron masas con extensión su pra/paraselar; y 3 lesión limitada a la hipófisis y tallo. Fueron operados 11/18 por vía transesfenoidal, para diagnóstico y/o descompresión. Fallecieron 17, con una mediana de sobrevida de 6 meses (1- 36). Discusión : La sospecha de MS debe estar presente ante una masa selar y supraselar con captación difusa del gadolinio, diabetes insípida, hipopituitarismo y/o disfunción visual, aun en pacientes sin antecedentes oncológicos.

Abstract Introduction : Sellar metastases (SM) are rare mani festations of malignancy. Breast and lung cancer are the most common primary tumors. Most cases are di agnosed in patients with advanced malignant disease; however, symptoms of pituitary involvement can pre cede the diagnosis of the primary tumor. Methods : Retrospective analysis of symptoms at presentation, hormonal, radiological and histological findings, management, and outcome of patients with SM from 2009 to 2020. Results : Eighteen patients´cases were included, 11 with histological confirmation. Median (m) age was 53 years (range 35-75), 53% male. Primary malignant tu mors: 8 lungs, 6 breast, 1 follicular thyroid carcinoma, 1 Hodgkin lymphoma, and 2 clear cell renal carcinomas. The m time between the diagnosis of the primary neo plasm and the occurrence of the SM was 108 months (range: 11-180). In 8 patients the diagnosis of the primary neoplasm was made after the finding of the symptom atic sellar mass. Insipidus diabetes, adenohypophysis deficit, visual disorders, headache, and cranial nerve deficits were evident in 78, 77, 61, 39 and 39% of the cases, respectively. Fifteen patients harbored supra / parasellar masses, in three a lesion was limited to the pituitary gland, and stalk. Eleven out of 18 (61.1%) of the patients were operated on by the trans-sphenoidal approach, for diagnostic and / or decompressive pur poses. Eighteen died, with a median survival time of 6 months (1-36). Discussion : In the presence of a pituitary lesion with diffuse gadolinium uptake, associated with insipidus diabetes and / or visual disorder SM should be suspected even in patients without a history of oncological disease.

ABSTRACT Liver transplantation (LT) is a cost-effective therapy for advanced liver disease. Although LT significantly improves long-term survival, it requires strict control of immunosuppressants and their potential complications. Several available immunosuppressive drugs include glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate, mTOR inhibitors, and anti-CD25 antibodies. These drugs act particularly in T lymphocytes, depleting them, deviating their traffic, or blocking their response pathways. The main complications after LT include renal failure and infectious, immunological, biliary, vascular adverse events, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases, especially during the first months. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause infections in these patients. Prophylaxis against Herpes simplex virus, Varicella zoster virus, Cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Candida spp., and Aspergillus spp. should be considered according to the presence of risk factors. Among immunological complications, acute cellular rejection is common (30% of LT) but usually responds to immunosuppressive escalation. Also, chronic rejection appears in 3-17% of LT, but only half of the recipients respond to increased immunosuppressants. Appropriate treatment of the underlying etiology is essential, especially in autoimmune diseases, hepatitis B and C virus infection. Lifestyle changes must be encouraged in all patients, and alcohol consumption avoided (especially in alcohol use disorder). Due to the increased risk of cancer, neoplasms must be actively monitored, as well as osteoporosis and other metabolic disorders such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

RESUMEN El trasplante hepático (TH) es una terapia costo-efectiva para el tratamiento de las enfermedades hepáticas avanzadas. Aunque el TH mejora significativamente la supervivencia a largo plazo, requiere de un control estricto de la inmunosupresión y de las potenciales complicaciones. Entre los fármacos inmunosupresores destacan los corticoides, inhibidores de calcineurina, micofenolato, inhibidores de mTOR y los anticuerpos anti CD-25. Estos fármacos actúan especialmente sobre los linfocitos T, agotándolos, desviando su tráfico o bloqueando sus vías de respuesta. Las principales complicaciones post TH pueden ser renales, infecciosas, inmunológicas, biliares, vasculares, metabólicas, cardiovasculares y neoplásicas, especialmente los primeros meses post trasplante. Las infecciones son frecuentes y pueden ser causadas por bacterias, virus y hongos. Se debe considerar la profilaxis contra virus Herpes Simple, virus Varicela zoster, Citomegalovirus, Pneumocistys jirovecii, Candida spp. y Aspergillus spp. según la presencia de factores de riesgo. Entre las complicaciones inmunológicas, el rechazo celular agudo es frecuente (30% de los TH), pero habitualmente responde al tratamiento inmunosupresor. Asimismo, el rechazo crónico se presenta en el 3-17% de los TH y solo la mitad responde al incremento de inmunosupresión. El control de las etiologías de base es fundamental, especialmente en enfermedades autoinmunes e infecciones por virus hepatitis B y C. Se deben promover cambios de estilo de vida en todos los pacientes y evitar el consumo de alcohol (especialmente en trastorno por consumo de alcohol). Debido al mayor riesgo de cáncer, se debe vigilar activamente la aparición de neoplasias, así como de osteoporosis y otros trastornos metabólicos, en particular diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular.

Abstract Background Alcohol, a widely abused drug, significantly diminishes life quality, causing chronic diseases and psychiatric issues, with severe health, societal, and economic repercussions. Previously, we demonstrated that non-voluntary alcohol consumption increases the opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels in astrocytes from adolescent rats. However, whether ethanol directly affects astroglial hemichannels and, if so, how this impacts the function and survival of astrocytes remains to be elucidated. Results Clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol boost the opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels in mouse cortical astrocytes, resulting in the release of ATP and glutamate. The activation of these large-pore channels is dependent on Toll-like receptor 4, P2X7 receptors, IL-1β and TNF-α signaling, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Notably, the ethanol-induced opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels leads to alterations in cytokine secretion, NO production, gliotransmitter release, and astrocyte reactivity, ultimately impacting survival. Conclusion Our study reveals a new mechanism by which ethanol impairs astrocyte function, involving the sequential stimulation of inflammatory pathways that further increase the opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels. We hypothesize that targeting astroglial hemichannels could be a promising pharmacological approach to preserve astrocyte function and synaptic plasticity during the progression of various alcohol use disorders.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the response of Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone to fertilization by nutrient extraction rate, residual height and defoliation timing in the Colombian high tropics. Materials and Methods: Two residual heights (6 and 12 cm) and four fertilization doses were evaluated in plots that were cut with four, five or six live leaves. Agronomic response was evaluated during one year and chemical composition during the months of highest and lowest rainfall. The information was analyzed using a spatially and temporally divided-plot design with three replications. Results: The growth of C. clandestinus was superior when harvested with five leaves and 6-cm residual height in the dry season, and six leaves and 6 cm residual height or five leaves and 12 cm residual height in the rainy season. The nutritional quality of C. clandestinus was higher when it was harvested with greater residual height or when doses of 648 kg N/ha and 114 kg P/ha were used. In addition, it was higher when the plant showed four live leaves in the dry season, but similar in the rainy season. Conclusion: The moment to obtain the maximum growth rate of C. clandestinus depends on the time and residual height of harvest. In addition, higher efficiency is achieved in this forage when edaphic fertilization is applied during the rainy season.

Resumen Objetivo : Evaluar la respuesta de Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone a la fertilización mediante la tasa de extracción de nutrientes, la altura residual y el momento de defoliación en el trópico alto colombiano. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron dos alturas residuales (6 y 12 cm) y cuatro dosis de fertilización en parcelas que se cortaron con cuatro, cinco o seis hojas vivas. La respuesta agronómica se evaluó durante un año y la composición química durante los meses de mayor y menor precipitación. La información se analizó mediante un diseño de parcelas divididas en el espacio y el tiempo, con tres repeticiones. Resultados: El crecimiento de C. clandestinus fue superior cuando se cosechó con cinco hojas y altura residual de 6 cm, en la época seca, y seis hojas y 6 cm de altura residual o cinco hojas y 12 cm de altura residual, en la época de lluvias. La calidad nutricional de C. clandestinus fue mayor cuando se cosechó con mayor altura residual o se utilizó dosis de 648 kg de N/ha y 114 kg de P/ha. Además, fue superior cuando la planta presentó cuatro hojas vivas en la época seca, pero similar en la época de lluvias. Conclusión: El momento para obtener la máxima tasa de crecimiento de C. clandestinus depende de la época y la altura residual de la cosecha. Además, se logra mayor eficiencia en este forraje cuando la fertilización edáfica se aplica durante la época de lluvia.

The graphene oxide (GO)-silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) hybrid material (GO-AgNPs) has garnered significant interest due to its ability to combine the unique properties of GO and AgNPs, showing promise applications in biomedicine, nanocomposites, biosensors, and antimicrobial materials. However, further investigation is needed to understand the nanobio-interactions and toxicity of GO-AgNPs nanohybrid. Assessing the toxicity of GO-AgNPs on red blood cells (hemolysis) and its interactions with blood biomolecules (biocorona formation) is mandatory for biomedical applications and safety evaluation of this material. In this work, we investigate the biocorona formation associated with GO-AgNPs after interaction with human plasma and hemolysate biomolecules linked to its hemolytic effects. Both GO and GO-AgNPs exhibited a dose-dependent hemolytic effect, with GO-AgNPs showing three times greater hemolysis than GO. Nonetheless, biocorona formation fully mitigated the hemolytic effect of both materials, however, morphological damages in red blood cells may occur yet. Our findings show that biocorona formation dramatically changes the surface chemistry, colloidal behavior and toxicity of this hybrid material. Finally, this work contributes to understanding how graphene-silver nanoparticles interact with blood components to design strategies to minimize toxicity risks and enhance their applications in biomedicine and nanobiotechnology.

Abstract The field of neuromodulation has evolved significantly over the past decade. Developments include novel indications and innovations of hardware, software, and stimulation techniques leading to an expansion in scope and role of these techniques as powerful therapeutic interventions. In this review, which is the second part of an effort to document and integrate the basic fundamentals and recent successful developments in the field, we will focus on classic paradigms for electrode placement as well as new exploratory targets, mechanisms of neuromodulation using this technique and new developments, including focused ultrasound driven ablative procedures.

Resumo O campo da neuromodulação evoluiu significativamente na última década. Esse progresso inclui novas indicações e inovações de hardware, software e técnicas de estimulação, levando a uma expansão das áreas clínicas cobertas e no papel dessas técnicas como intervenções terapêuticas eficazes. Nesta revisão, que é a segunda parte de um esforço para documentar e integrar os fundamentos básicos e os desenvolvimentos recentes e bem-sucedidos no campo, vamos nos concentrar em paradigmas clássicos para colocação de eletrodos, bem como em novos alvos exploratórios, mecanismos de neuromodulação usados por esta técnica e novos desenvolvimentos, incluindo procedimentos ablativos orientados por ultrassom focalizado.

Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is recognized as an established therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) and other movement disorders in the light of the developments seen over the past three decades. Long-term efficacy is established for PD with documented improvement in the cardinal motor symptoms of PD and levodopa-induced complications, such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Timing of patient selection is crucial to obtain optimal benefits from DBS therapy, before PD complications become irreversible. The objective of this first part review is to examine the fundamental concepts of DBS for PD in clinical practice, discussing the historical aspects, patient selection, potential effects of DBS on motor and non-motor symptoms, and the practical management of patients after surgery.

Resumo Nas últimas três décadas, a estimulação cerebral profunda (ECP) se tornou um tratamento bem estabelecido para doença de Parkinson (DP) e outros transtornos do movimento. A eficácia a longo prazo na DP foi bem documentada para a melhora dos sintomas motores cardinais da DP e das complicações induzidas pelo uso do levodopa, como as flutuações motoras e as discinesias. O momento da seleção do paciente é crucial para se obter os benefícios ideais da ECP, antes que as complicações da DP se tornem irreversíveis. O objetivo desta primeira parte da revisão é examinar os conceitos fundamentais da ECP na prática clínica, discutindo os aspectos históricos, a seleção de pacientes, os potenciais efeitos da ECP nos sintomas motores e não motores da doença e o manejo prático dos pacientes após a cirurgia.

Abstract Germ cell transplantation in fish is a promising technique for surrogate broodstock parents with broader application in aquaculture and conserving endangered and valuable genetic resources. Herein, we describe the establishment of an intrapapillary xenogeneic transplant of germ cells from sexually mature goldfish (C. auratus) males into common carp (C. carpio) males cytoablated with a thermochemical treatment (two doses of busulfan at 40 mg/kg at 35°C). To analyze the presence and development of donor germ cells in recipient testes, donor germ cells were labeled with PKH26, a fluorescent cell membrane dye, before transplantation. Our results demonstrated that thermochemical treatment caused effective spermatogenesis suppression and pronounced germ cell loss. Moreover, transplanted spermatogonial cells were able to colonize the recipients’ testes, resume spermatogenesis, and generate spermatozoa within eight weeks after germ cell transplantation. These findings suggested that recipient testes provided suitable conditions for the survival, colonization, proliferation, and differentiation of donor spermatogonia from a related species. This study indicated that recipients’ testes exhibited a high degree of plasticity to accept and support xenogeneic donor germ cells, which were able to form sperm in a short time frame. This approach has significant implications for assisted animal reproduction, biotechnology, conservation, and the production of valuable genetic resources and endangered fish species.

Resumen Introducción. En el manejo integrado de enfermedades es importante incorporar elementos como umbrales de daño económico, monitoreo y sistemas de pronóstico de riesgo, los cuales constituyen herramientas para definir estrategias de control de las mismas. Objetivo. Desarrollar un modelo predictivo de la severidad del tizón foliar por Cercospora (TFC), mediante variables meteorológicas para el norte de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Materiales y métodos. Se contó con datos de incidencia y severidad del TFC correspondientes a cinco ciclos productivos de soja (2013-2017) en Pergamino, Buenos Aires, relevados en distintos estados reproductivos R1 a R7. La variable dependiente fue la probabilidad de ocurrencia de niveles categorizados de la tasa de incremento (TI) de la severidad del TFC causado por C. kikuchii. Se registró diariamente la temperatura máxima y mínima, la precipitación y la humedad relativa. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación no paramétrico de Kendall Tau-b entre los niveles categorizados binariamente de TI de la severidad del TFC y las variables meteorológicas. Resultados. Las variables meteorológicas con mayor correlación en relación a la TI del TFC fueron aquellas relacionadas con la humedad relativa (Días con humedad relativa (HR)>76 % (DHR), días con temperatura máxima (Tmax) <28 °C temperatura mínima (Tmin) >15 °C y HR >76 % (DHRT), días con Tmax <28 °C, Tmin >15 °C, lluvias >0,5 mm y HR >75 %(MOJro)). La inclusión de una variable térmica (en los días donde Tmax <28 °C GDTmax: Σtemperatura máxima-28 ºC) resultó importante para el ajuste del modelo predictivo. Conclusión. Se pudo desarrollar un modelo de predicción de la severidad del TFC que incluyó dos variables meteorológicas, una relacionada con los días de humedad relativa y otra térmica relacionada con un límite de temperatura máxima para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Para validar y robustecer el modelo propuesto es necesario contar con más datos de severidad a través de los años.

Abstract Introduction. In the integrated management of diseases, it is important to incorporate elements such as economic damage thresholds, monitoring, and risk forecasting systems, which constitute tools to define d control strategies. Objective. To develop a predictive model of the severity of Cercospora leaf blight (TFC) using meteorological variables in the northern region of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Materials and methods. Data on the incidence and severity of TFC corresponding to five soybean production cycles (2013-2017) in Pergamino, Buenos Aires, at different reproductive stages (R1 to R7) were available. The dependent variable was the probability of occurrences of categorized levels of the rate of increase (TI) in TFC severity caused by C. kikuchii. Daily maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity were recorded. The non-parametric Kendall Tau-b correlation coefficient was calculated between the binary categorized levels of TI in TFC severity and meteorological variables. Results. Meteorological variables with the highest correlation in relation to TFC TI were those related to relative humidity (Days with relative humidity (HR) >76 % (DHR), days with maximum temperature (Tmax) <28 °C, minimum temperature (Tmin) >15 °C, and HR >76 % (DHRT), days with Tmax <28 °C, Tmin >15 °C, rainfall >0.5 mm, and HR >75 %(MOJro)). The inclusion of a thermal variable (on days where Tmax <28 °C, GDTmax: ∑maximum temperature-28 °C) was important for the adjustment of the predictive model. Conclusion. A predictive model for TFC severity was developed, which included two meteorological variables, one related to days of relative humidity and another thermal related to a maximum temperature threshold for disease development. To validate and strengthen the proposed model, it is necessary to have more severity data over the years.

RESUMEN Introducción: la preeclampsia (PE) es la principal causa de morbimortalidad materno-fetal en nuestro país. Alteraciones hemodinámicas precoces durante el embarazo podrían predecir la evolución a PE. El machine learning (ML) permite el hallazgo de patrones ocultos que podrían detectar precozmente el desarrollo de PE. Objetivos: desarrollar un árbol de clasificación con variables de hemodinamia no invasiva para predecir precozmente desarrollo de PE. Material y métodos: estudio observacional prospectivo con embarazadas de alto riesgo (n=1155) derivadas del servicio de Obstetricia desde enero 2016 a octubre 2022 para el muestreo de entrenamiento por ML con árbol de clasificación j48. Se seleccionaron 112 embarazadas entre semanas 10 a 16, sin tratamiento farmacológico y que completaron el seguimiento con el término de su embarazo con evento final combinado (PE): preeclampsia, eclampsia y síndrome HELLP. Se evaluaron simultáneamente con cardiografía de impedancia y velocidad de onda del pulso y con monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterial de 24 hs (MAPA). Resultados: presentaron PE 17 pacientes (15,18%). Se generó un árbol de clasificación predictivo con las siguientes variables: índice de complacencia arterial (ICA), índice cardíaco (IC), índice de trabajo sistólico (ITS), cociente de tiempos eyectivos (CTE), índice de Heather (IH). Se clasificaron correctamente el 93,75%; coeficiente Kappa 0,70, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) 0,94 y negativo (VPN) 0,35. Precisión 0,94, área bajo la curva ROC 0,93. Conclusión: las variables ICA, IC, ITS, CTE e IH predijeron en nuestra muestra el desarrollo de PE con excelente discriminación y precisión, de forma precoz, no invasiva, segura y con bajo costo.

ABSTRACT Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is the main cause of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality in our country. Early hemodynamic changes during pregnancy could predict progression to PE. Machine learning (ML) enables the discovery of hidden patterns that could early detect PE development. Objectives: The aim of this study was to build a classification tree with non-invasive hemodynamic variables for the early prediction of PE occurrence. Results: Seventeen patients (15.18%) presented PE. A predictive classification tree was generated with arterial compliance index (ACI), cardiac index (CI), cardiac work index (CWI), ejective time ratio (ETR), and Heather index (HI). A total of 93.75% patients were correctly classified (Kappa 0.70, positive predictive value 0.94 and negative predictive value 0.35; accuracy 0.94, and area under the ROC curve 0.93). Conclusion: ACI, CI, CWI, ETR and HI variables predicted the early development of PE in our sample with excellent discrimination and accuracy, non-invasively, safely and at low cost.