Abstract Bioleaching of mining-metallurgical waste to remove heavy metals is a topic of great importance in environmental, public health, and secondary recovery fields. Heavy metals, due to their harmful effects on health, pose a latent risk when dispersed in the environment, primarily in water and soil, at elevated concentrations. In this study, a microbial consortium of acidophilic-mesophilic microorganisms was cultivated from natural biomass resulting from mineral oxidation processes. These microorganisms were then applied in the bioleaching process of mining-metallurgical waste originating from an area with high levels of heavy metal contamination and a producer of mining-metallurgical waste. The process was carried out in two phases: initially in agitated flasks with 50 grams of waste for 15 days, followed by scaling up to 640 grams in 8.3 liters. This scaling-up was performed with agitation at 85 rpm and a controlled temperature between 20 and 33 °C for 30 days, simulating an experimental-scale reactor. Successful copper and iron solubilization from the waste was achieved, with a removal of 63.27% in copper, 16.19% in iron, and 58.82% in arsenic, assessed through concentration measurements before and after bioleaching. The reduction in contaminant concentration underscores the potential of this bioleaching process to mitigate pollution and revalorize metals present in the waste. These findings guide research towards more environmentally friendly methods. The application of bioleaching not only provides environmental benefits but also lays the groundwork for action in favor of public health. Reducing the presence of heavy metals in waste significantly contributes to the protection of ecosystems and the health of communities near mining-metallurgical waste disposal sites.

Resumen La biolixiviación de residuos minero-metalúrgicos para la remoción de metales pesados es un tema de gran relevancia en los campos ambiental, de salud pública y recuperación secundaria. Los metales pesados representan un riesgo latente para la salud cuando se dispersan en el ambiente, especialmente en el agua y el suelo, en concentraciones elevadas. En este estudio, se cultivó un conglomerado microbiano de microorganismos acidófilos-mesófilos obtenidos de biomasa natural generada por la oxidación de minerales. Estos microorganismos se aplicaron en el proceso de biolixiviación de residuos minero-metalúrgicos provenientes de una zona con altos niveles de contaminación por metales pesados y productora de residuos minero-metalúrgicos. El proceso se dividió en dos fases: una inicial en matraces agitados con 50 gramos de residuos durante 15 días, seguida de un escalamiento a 640 gramos en 8,3 litros. Este último se llevó a cabo con agitación a 85 rpm y una temperatura controlada entre 20 y 33 °C durante 30 días, simulando así un reactor a escala experimental. Los resultados destacan la solubilización exitosa de cobre y hierro de los residuos, con una remoción del 63.27% en cobre, 16.19% en hierro y 58.82% en arsénico, evaluados mediante mediciones de concentraciones antes y después de la biolixiviación. La reducción en la concentración de contaminantes subraya el potencial de este proceso para mitigar la contaminación y revalorizar los metales presentes en los residuos. Estos hallazgos orientan la investigación hacia métodos más sostenibles para el ambiente. La aplicación de la biolixiviación no solo brinda beneficios ambientales, sino que también establece una base para acciones en favor de la salud pública. La disminución de la presencia de metales pesados en los residuos contribuye significativamente a la protección de los ecosistemas y la salud de las comunidades cercanas a los sitios de disposición de residuos minero-metalúrgicos.

Resumen. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de cuatro extractos metanólicos de plantas del Semidesierto del Noreste Mexicano: Rhus muelleri, R. virens, Flourensia microphylla y F. retinophylla, como bioestimulantes de crecimiento, rendimiento y calidad de fruto en pimiento morrón, comparados con los biorreguladores ácido gieberélico, ácido indolacético y 6-bencilaminopurina. Las dosis utilizadas de extractos y biorreguladores fueron de 75 mg L-1, aplicándose al trasplante y, a los 33 y 46 días después del trasplante (DDT). Además, los extractos también se aplicaron a los 17 y 96 DDT. Las variables evaluadas en las plantas fueron crecimiento longitudinal y diámetro de tallo, materia seca total, longitud y volumen de raíz, número de frutos y rendimiento. En los frutos se evaluaron peso, diámetros longitudinal y ecuatorial, volumen, firmeza, acidez titulable, sólidos solubles totales (SST), contenido de fenoles totales, antocianinas, licopeno y vitamina C; así como peso seco de semillas. El experimento se estableció bajo un diseño completamente al azar con ocho tratamientos y 12 repeticiones. El extracto de F. retinophylla promovió mayor peso de frutos por planta (212.9 g), volumen de fruto (404.2 cm3) y rendimiento (1.57 kg planta-1). Además, en frutos se observaron incrementos en contenido de vitamina C (100.1 mg 100 g-1) y SST (8.6 °Brix) con F. microphylla y R. muelleri, respectivamente. Los resultados fueron estadísticamente iguales o superiores a los de los biorreguladores. En general, los extractos promovieron mayor crecimiento, rendimiento y calidad de fruto de pimiento morrón var. Cannon, que los biorreguladores.

Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of four methanolic plant extracts from the Northeast Mexican Semidesert: Rhus muelleri, R. virens, Flourensia microphylla and F. retinophylla, as biostimulants for growth, yield and fruit quality in bell pepper; compared with the bioregulators gibberellic acid, indoleacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine. The dose utilized of extracts and bioregulators was 75 mg L-1, applying them at transplant and, at 33 and 46 days after transplant (DAT). Besides, the extracts were also applied at 17 and 96 DAT. The evaluated variables in plants were longitudinal growth and stem diameter, total dry matter, root length and volume, number of fruits and yield. In fruits were evaluated weight, longitudinal and equatorial diameters, volume, firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolic content, anthocyanins, lycopene and vitamin C; as well as dry weight of seeds. The experiment was established under a completely randomized design with eight treatments and 12 repetitions. The F. retinophylla extract promoted higher fruit weight per plant (212.9 g), fruit volume (404.2 cm3) and yield (1.57 kg plant-1). Moreover, in fruits were observed increments on vitamin C content (100.1 mg 100 g-1) and TSS (8.6 °Brix) with F microphylla and R. muelleri, respectively. These results were statistically equals or superior to those of bioregulators. In general, the extracts promoted a higher growth, yield and fruit quality of bell pepper var. Cannon, than the bioregulators.

Resumen En este artículo de caso clínico, presentamos como el Farmacéutico Comunitario podría integrar durante la práctica farmacéutica asistencial los Servicios de Atención Farmacéutica orientados a evaluar y mejorar los resultados de medicamentos en salud. El Servicio Seguimiento Farmacoterapéutico que tiene como objetivo la detección de Problemas Relacionados con los Medicamentos, para la prevención y resolución de Resultados Negativos asociados a la Medicación, permite generar datos relacionados con la Farmacovigilancia; de seguridad y efectividad de los medicamentos a través de la notificación de sospechas de reacciones adversas. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con una erupción cutánea persistente, en el que se despliega un enfoque colaborativo entre el farmacéutico, el médico y el propio paciente para abordar una posible causa subyacente e intervenir ejecutando cambios terapéuticos adecuados.

Abstract In this article of a clinical case, we show how could the Community Pharmacist incorporate during the pharmaceutical assistance practice the Pharmaceutical Care Services focused on evaluate and improve the results of the medications on the health. The Pharmacotherapeutical Follow-up Service which has the objective of detect the Medication Related Problems to prevent and solve the Negative Results related to Medication (1), allow to generate data linked to the Pharmacovigilance, the security and effectiveness of medications through the notification of suspicions of adverse reactions. We show the case of a patient with a persistent skin rash. It is developed a collaborative approach among the pharmacist, the doctor and the patient to deal with a possible underlying cause and take action doing suitable therapeutic changes.

RESUMO A percepção e compreensão dos conceitos de entorno e meio é essencial para a formação docente na Educação Infantil. Por meio de um estudo de caso, entre os anos de 2016-2020, apresentam-se indícios de uma distorção da compreensão de ambos os conceitos. Para isso, utilizaram-se como ferramenta de investigação a análise das representações e sua breve explicação, a partir de uma amostra de 377 estudantes de 4º ano de Educação Infantil. Os resultados evidenciam uma concepção de entorno como “meio social próximo” e como “meio local concreto”, predominantemente. No caso do conceito de meio, são recorrentes as representações como “meio ambiente (natural) e distante” e como “meio local em geral”. Dessa maneira, se manifestam carências relacionadas com a percepção interdisciplinar e os processos de glocalização que podem contribuir para uma formação docente transformadora.

ABSTRACT The perception and understanding of the environment and milieu concepts is essential in Early Childhood teacher training. Through a case study, based on a sample of 377 4th Grade Early Childhood Education students for the period 2016-2020, results indicate a distortion in the understanding of both concepts. Using the pictorial representations and its brief explanation as a research tool, results also show a predominant teaching vision of the environment as “close social milieu” and as “close and concrete local milieu”. In the case of the milieu, there are many representations such as “natural milieu and distant” and “general local milieu”. In this way, deficiencies related to interdisciplinary perception and glocalization processes are manifested, while a lack of these deficiencies could contribute to transform teacher training.

RESUMEN La percepción y comprensión de los conceptos de entorno y medio es esencial en la formación docente de Educación Infantil. A través de un estudio de casos, entre los años 2016-2020, se aportan indicios de una distorsión en la comprensión de ambos conceptos. Para ello, se ha utilizado como herramienta de investigación el análisis de las representaciones pictóricas, y su breve explicación, a partir de una muestra de 377 estudiantes de 4º Grado de Educación Infantil. Los resultados evidencian una predominante visión docente del entorno como: “medio social cercano” y como “medio local cercano y concreto”. En el caso del medio abundan las representaciones como “medio ambiente (natural) y lejano” y como “medio local general”. De esta manera, se manifiestan carencias relacionadas con la percepción interdisciplinar y los procesos de glocalización que puedan contribuir a una formación docente transformadora.

Abstract Skilled academic writing in young university students is a seldom explored topic. This study generates an approach to the profile of journalism students with this skill, based on their common personal and writing characteristics, situated in the environmental and intrapersonal catalysts of the Gagné Differentiated Model of Giftedness and Talent, as well as some resources of the development process of this model. The study was conducted with a multiple case study design, with six students from the Journalism program. The results show several coincidences in the characteristics of the environmental and intrapersonal catalysts, such as high academic performance, participation in writing contests, absence of studying patterns, low sociability, the influence of teachers triggering reading and writing interest and of peers who motivate and give feedback, and practically no family tradition of reading and writing. The students perceive themselves as possessing fine motor skills, being perfectionist and persistent, and regarding respect as a core value. We concluded that these coincidences in the cases are useful for the construction of a first approach to a profile of Journalism students skilled in academic writing.

Resumen El talento en la escritura académica de jóvenes universitarios es un tema poco explorado. Este estudio genera un acercamiento al perfil de estudiantes de Periodismo con dicho talento, basado en sus características comunes personales y de escritura, situado en los catalizadores ambientales e intrapersonales del Modelo Diferenciado de Dotación y Talento de Gagné, así como en algunos recursos del proceso de su desarrollo. Se llevó a cabo con un diseño de estudio de casos múltiple, con seis estudiantes del Programa de Periodismo. Los resultados arrojan varias coincidencias en las características de los catalizadores ambientales e intrapersonales, como alto desempeño académico, participación en concursos de redacción, ausencia de patrones para estudiar, poca sociabilidad, presencia de profesores detonantes del interés en la lectura y la redacción, pares retroalimentadores y motivantes, y prácticamente nula tradición lectora y escritural en la familia; los estudiantes se perciben como hábiles en motricidad fina, perfeccionistas, perseverantes y con el respeto como valor central. Se concluye que esas coincidencias en los casos son útiles para la construcción de una primera aproximación a un perfil de estudiantes de Periodismo con talento en la escritura académica.

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Abstract Introduction. Decent work is not only a concept that has become increasingly entrenched as part of the problem of employment and its characteristics but has become part of it because by lacking these conditions employment may have views of precariousness as argued by the ILO (International Labour Organization). Outsourcing in both Colombia and Mexico is a practice that has grown as a model of procurement, with benefits in terms of lower labour costs for businesses, as well as a competitive advantage, because through it greater specialization can be achieved to improve business productivity, however, it is also problematic to the extent that it upsets traditional industrial relations, which makes it relevant to ask about how job outsourcing is or does not undermine what the ILO has defined as decent work. Objective. Determine the implications of outsourcing on decent work. Materials and Methods. In this quantitative investigation, we have given ourselves to the task, through the application to outsourced workers (of Entities of Medellin in Colombia and Michoacán in Mexico) of a structured instrument based on dimensions with the approach that several authors consider in relation to the measurement of decent work, to find out whether the characteristics under which this contract is given, provide the necessary variables to be considered as decent employment. The study defined 9 dimensions and 36 items for determining the implications of outsourcing or outsourcing on decent work, in accordance with the guidelines presented by ILO, a base of 435 respondents who fulfill the paraments was worked on to achieve reliability in the data validated with the Cronbach Alpha statistic and the suitability of the structure of the correlation matrix was verified with the adequacy test of the measure of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's sphericity test. Results. The study found that, of the nine dimensions analyzed, seven of them are correlated with decent work, on the dimensions of work reconciliation with family life and the safe working environment there is no impact on the study carried out. According to the results, the ease presented for the attainment of work in an outsourced manner is concluded, being the employment opportunity that responds to the ILO's approaches in the sense that decent work promotes opportunities for equality for all. Conclusions. The results obtained show among other points the fact that in the absence of this type of hiring the employee feels that there is an opportunity to be employed, however, the characteristics of this employment lack in some sense some qualities of decent work.

Resumo Introdução: O trabalho decente não é apenas um conceito que se tornou cada vez mais enraizado como parte do problema do emprego e suas características, mas tornou-se parte dele porque, por falta dessas condições, o emprego pode ter visões de precariedade, como argumenta a OIT (Organização Internacional do Trabalho). A terceirização tanto na Colômbia quanto no México é uma prática que tem crescido como modelo de aquisição, com benefícios em termos de menores custos de mão-de-obra para as empresas, bem como uma vantagem competitiva, pois através dela uma maior especialização pode ser alcançada para melhorar a produtividade dos negócios, no entanto, também é problemático na medida em que perturba as relações industriais tradicionais, o que torna relevante perguntar sobre como a terceirização de empregos é ou não minar o que a OIT definiu como trabalho decente. Objetivo: Determine as implicações da terceirização em trabalho decente. Materiais e Métodos: Nesta investigação quantitativa, nós entregamos à tarefa, através da aplicação aos trabalhadores terceirizados (de Entidades de Medellín na Colômbia e Michoacán no México) de um instrumento estruturado baseado em dimensões com a abordagem que vários autores consideram em relação à medição do trabalho decente, para descobrir-se as características sob as quais este contrato é dado, fornece as variáveis necessárias para ser considerado como emprego decente. O estudo definiu 9 dimensões e 36 itens para determinar as implicações da terceirização ou terceirização do trabalho decente, de acordo com as diretrizes apresentadas pela OIT, uma base de 435 entrevistados que cumprem os paramentos foi trabalhada para alcançar confiabilidade nos dados validados com a estatística Alfa de Cronbach e a adequação da estrutura da matriz de correlação foi verificada com o teste de adequação da medida de o teste de esferolidade de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin e Bartlett. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos mostram, entre outros pontos, o fato de que na ausência desse tipo de contratação o empregado sente que há uma oportunidade de ser empregado, porém, as características desse emprego carecem, em certo sentido, de algumas qualidades de trabalho decente.

Resumen La diarrea viral bovina (DVB) es una patología infecciosa generada por un pestivirus de distribución mundial, causante de problemas reproductivos y pérdidas económicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue establecer la positividad al virus de diarrea viral bovina (vDVB) en vacas del municipio de Tuta (Boyacá, Colombia), y analizar los grupos etarios, raciales y las variables reproductivas y de manejo como posibles factores de riesgo. Se tomaron 374 muestras de sangre, a las cuales se les realizó la prueba ELISA indirecta, implementando el kit Serelisa® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking; los datos se procesaron con EpiInfo®. Se encontró una seroprevalencia del 41,7 %. Los cruces raciales y los bovinos >4 años presentaron la seroprevalencia más alta. Los animales >4 años (p= 0,0000001922) presentaron asociación estadística con la presencia de la enfermedad, y se consideró factor de riesgo para vDVB. Se deben establecer programas de control y prevención que dificulten su diseminación en la zona.

Abstract Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an infectious pathology generated by a pestivirus of worldwide distribution, which causes reproductive problems and economic losses. The objective of this study was to establish bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) positivity in cows from the municipality of Tuta (Boyacá, Colombia), and to analyze age and racial groups and reproductive and management variables as possible risk factors. A total of 374 blood samples were taken and the indirect ELISA test was performed using the Serelisa® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking kit; the data were processed with EpiInfo®. A seroprevalence of 41.7% was found. Crossbreds and cattle >4 years had the highest seroprevalence. Animals >4 years old (p= 0.0000001922) were statistically associated with the presence of the disease and were considered a risk factor for BVDV. Control and prevention programs should be established to hinder its dissemination in the area.

Resumen Se realizó una comparación del desempeño de los métodos rápidos de detección de antígenos para el diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 Veritor System de Becton Dickinson y Panbio de Abbott versus una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con retrotranscripción en tiempo real (RT-PCR) de Roche en un triage de demanda espontánea de pacientes febriles de un hospital público, para la detección de COVID-19. Se procesaron 36 hisopados de pacientes sospechosos por los tres métodos. La concordancia entre ambos métodos con la RT-PCR fue del 97%. La sensibilidad de los métodos de detección de antígenos versus la RT-PCR fue del 83% y la especificidad fue del 100%. El valor predictivo positivo (VPP) fue del 100% y el valor predictivo negativo (VPN) fue del 97%. La muestra que resultó discordante presentó un ciclo umbral (Ct) de 29,8. El método para detección de antígenos tuvo un desempeño aceptable, incluso con resultados de sensibilidad mayores que los declarados por los fabricantes (84% para el Veritor System y 93,3% para el Panbio).

Abstract A comparison of the performance of the rapid antigen detection methods for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Veritor System from Becton Dickinson and Panbio from Abbott versus a real-time polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription (RT-PCR) Roche in a spontaneous demand triage of febrile patients of a public hospital was made, for the detection of COVID-19. Thirty six swabs from suspected patients were processed by the three methods. The concordance between both methods with RT-PCR real time was 97%. The sensitivity of the antigen detection methods versus RT-PCR real time was 83% and specificity was 100%. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 100% and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 97%. The sample that was discordant presented a threshold point (Ct) of 29.8. The method for antigen detection resulted in an acceptable performance, even with S results higher than those declared by the manufacturers (84% for the Veritor System and 93.3% for the Panbio).

Resumo Uma comparação do desempenho dos métodos rápidos de detecção de antígenos para o diagnóstico deSARS-CoV-2 Veritor System de Becton Dickinson e Panbio de Abbott versus uma reação em cadeia da polimerasecom transcrição reversa em tempo real (RT-PCR) da Roche em uma triagem de demanda espontâneade pacientes febris de um hospital público, para a detecção de COVID-19. Foram processadas 36 amostrasde esfregaços de pacientes suspeitos pelos três métodos e a concordância entre os dois métodos com aRT-PCR foi de 97%. A sensibilidade dos métodos de detecção de antigenos versus a RT-PCR foi de 83% ea especificidade de 100%. O valor preditivo positivo (VPP) foi de 100% e o valor preditivo negativo (VPN)foi de 97%. A amostra que resultou discordante apresentou um ciclo limiar (Ct) de 29,8. O método paradetecção de antígenos teve um desempenho aceitável, mesmo com resultados de sensibilidade superioresaos declarados pelos fabricantes (84% para o Veritor System e 93,3% para o Panbio).

ABSTRACT Subgroup Discovery is a Data Mining task to identify descriptions of subsets of a data set that show an interesting behavior with respect to certain interestingness criteria. A major problem that affect the comprehensibility of the results is the redundancy feature. Dependencies between the non-target attributes lead to large numbers of variations of a particular subgroup. Since many descriptions can have a similar coverage of the given data. In this work a new algorithm for the description induction of not overlapped subgroups (DINOS) is proposed. This algorithms is able to automatically determine the intervals for the numerical attributes of a data set. The experimental study shows that DINOS obtains subgroups with high quality that improves the results reported in the literatura.

RESUMEN El descubrimiento de subgrupos es una tarea de la Minería de Datos que tiene como objetivo identificar subconjuntos de ejemplos con un comportamiento inusual con respecto a una característica de interés. Un problema que puede afectar la comprensibilidad de los modelos obtenidos por los métodos de descubrimiento de subgrupos, es la redundancia. En este artículo se presenta DINOS, un algoritmo para la extracción de subgrupos no redundantes y con alta inusualidad en forma de reglas cuantitativas. Para ello se emplea un algoritmo genético multiobjetivo que permite optimizar inusualidad, sensibilidad, confianza y comprensibilidad, mientras realiza un aprendizaje evolutivo de los intervalos de los atributos que intervienen en las reglas de subgrupos. Además, este algoritmo emplea criterios para determinar redundancia basados en cobertura y los intervalos de confianza del oddratio, para filtrar los subgrupos redundantes. Un estudio experimental basado pruebas no paramétricas y una comparación pareada con los modelos obtenido por varios algoritmos del estado del arte demuestra la novedad y validez de la propuesta. Los resultados muestran que DINOS obtiene los mejores valores en las métricas estudiadas entre los algoritmos involucrados en el estudio.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine and correlate the bone mineral density (BMD) and the biochemical markers of bone metabolism in adults 30 to 40 years old from Lima, Perú, in year 2018. Methods. A total of 84 women and 53 men, 30 to 40 years old from Lima, Perú, were submmited to a descriptive, transversal study. They did not have symptoms nor treatment for bone metabolic diseases. Information about their present health state, personal and familiar physiological and pathological history and physical examinatión were registered. BMD was measured by dual energy-X-ray absorptiometry in spine, hip and forearm. Parathormone, osteocalcine, 25-hidroxi-vitamine-D, luteinizing hormone, estradiol in women, testosterone in men, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline fosfatase, total and fractionated proteins, creatinine were measured in blood; in urine N-telopéptide, calcium and phosphorus by conventional methods. Results. BMD was measured in 62 women and 40 males; 2 women and 1 man had osteoporosis and 3 women and 2 men osteopenia, who were taken out of statistical evaluation; 58 women and 35 men showed a normal BMD. Male subjects had a greater BMD, higher calcium, alkaline fosfatase and creatine blood concentrations than the female ones; 14 women y 2 men had low 25-OH-vitaminaD concentrations. A positive correlation between the BMD and BMI was found. Conclusions. The normal BMD of persons 30 to 40 years old showed a linear figure and there was a positive correlate with the BMI; premature osteoporosis in 2 women and 1 men as well as osteopenia in 3 women y 2 men was found, low concentrations of 25-hidroxi-vitamine-D was detected in 16 persons.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar y correlacionar la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y los marcadores bioquímicos del metabolismo óseo de adultos de 30 a 40 años de Lima, Perú, en el año 2018. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado a 84 mujeres y 53 varones, de 30 a 40 años de edad, residentes en Lima, Perú, sin manifestaciones ni tratamiento de enfermedades metabólicas óseas primarias ni secundarias. Se registró información del estado actual, antecedentes personales fisiológicos, patológicos, familiares y examen clínico. Se midió la DMO por absorciometría dual de rayos X en columna, cadera y antebrazo; en sangre, parathormona, osteocalcina, 25-hidroxi-vitamina-D, hormona luteinizante, estradiol en las mujeres, testosterona en los varones, calcio sérico, fósforo sérico, fosfatasa alcalina, proteínas totales y fracciones, creatinina; en orina N-telopéptido de enlaces de colágeno tipo I, calcio y fósforo, por métodos convencionales. Resultados. La DMO se efectuó a 62 mujeres y 40 varones; 2 mujeres y 1 varón tuvieron osteoporosis, y 3 mujeres y 2 varones osteopenia, retirados para la evaluación estadística; 58 mujeres y 35 varones tuvieron una DMO normal. Los varones tuvieron mayor DMO y concentraciones mayores de calcio, fosfatasa alcalina y creatinina; 14 mujeres y 2 varones tuvieron cifras bajas de 25-OH-vitaminaD. Hubo correlación positiva entre DMO y el IMC. Conclusiones. La DMO normal de personas de 30 a 40 años de Lima fue lineal y hubo una relación positiva con el IMC; hubo osteoporosis en 2 mujeres y 1 varón, osteopenia en 3 mujeres y 2 varones, cifras bajas de 25-hidroxi-vitamina-D en 16 personas.

SUMMARY: Introduction: The vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise-based method, aiming to maximize central nervous system (CNS) compensation at vestibular nuclear and other CNS levels for vestibular pathology. Vestibular rehabilitation includes exercises to habituate symptoms, exercises to promote vestibular adaptation and substitution, exercises to improve balance and dynamic postural control, and exercises to improve general conditioning. Recent advances in balance and gait training, gaze stability training, habituation training, are discussed in this chapter in the context of unilateral and bilateral vestibular disorders. Method: Narrative review. Results: Exercises are prescribed that address VOR adaptation, habituation, sensory substitution, gait and posture, strengthening, flexibility, and endurance to maximize functioning. Customized exercise programs have been shown to be more effective than providing a patient with a generic exercise program. It is thought that compliance is enhanced with customization and with follow-up visits with a physical therapist. Discussion/ conclusions: VR therapy is effective in improving functional deficits and subjective symptoms resulting from unilateral and bilateral peripheral vestibular hypo function, as well as from central balance disorders. The goals of vestibular rehabilitation are to reduce subjective symptoms, to improve gaze and postural stability (particularly during head movements), and to return the individual to normal activities, including regular physical activity, driving, and work. Clinicians should offer vestibular rehabilitation to persons with impairments and functional limitations related to the vestibular deficit. Vestibular rehabilitation is now considered the standard of care for persons with peripheral vestibular dysfunction.

RESUMEN: Introducción: La rehabilitación vestibular (RV) basada en la terapia física, tiene el objetivo, en el caso de patología vestibular, de inducir la compensación del sistema nervioso central (SNC) a nivel de núcleos vestibulares y de otros niveles del SNC. Incluye ejercicios de habituación, adaptación y sustitución vestibular, ejercicios para mejorar el equilibrio y el control postural dinámico y ejercicios para el acondicionamiento general. En este capítulo discutimos los recientes avances sobre el adiestramiento del equilibrio y de la marcha, la estabilidad de la mirada y la habituación, en el contexto de los trastornos vestibulares uni y bilaterales. Método: Revisión narrativa. Resultados: Los ejercicios se prescriben para mejorar la función; fortaleciendo, y favoreciendo la flexibilidad y la resistencia, a través de la adaptación del RVO, la habituación, la sustitución sensorial, la marcha y el equilibrio postural. Son más eficaces los programas personalizados que los genéricos. El cumplimiento mejora con la personalización y las visitas de seguimiento a un fisioterapeuta. Discusión/Conclusiones: La RV permite mejorar el déficit funcional y los síntomas subjetivos derivados de la hipofunción vestibular periférica uni y bilateral, así como las alteraciones del equilibrio de origen central. Los objetivos de la RV consisten en reducir los síntomas para mejorar la estabilidad postural y de la mirada (particularmente durante los movimientos de la cabeza) y devolver al individuo a sus actividades normales, incluyendo la actividad física, la conducción y el trabajo habitual. Los médicos deben ofrecer la RV a quienes muestren limitaciones funcionales relacionadas con un déficit vestibular, pues actualmente se considera el tratamiento estándar en la disfunción vestibular periférica.

ABSTRACT Background: Different species of Perkinsus spp. have been associated to mortality of commercial mollusks. Goals: The prevalence of Perkinsus sp. in the callista clam Megapitaria squalida was evaluated monthly (June 2015 to November 2016) to determine the relationship between the infection and size of clam. Methods: 5,000 clam seeds (5.73 mm height of the shell and 0.03 g of initial weight) were placed in a fishing refuge of Altata, Sinaloa. A total of 60 specimens were collected each month to evaluate their growth and parasite prevalence. The water physicochemical parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, depth, and transparency) and the length, height, and width of the shell and final weight of M. squalida were obtained. Results: Ray’s thioglycollate fluid medium test (MFTR) detected spherical cells (10X) of dark color indicating the presence of presumed hypnospores of Perkinsus sp. during the first 17 months of sampling. The mean infection intensity was grade 2 (mild), while the maximum prevalence was 43.33% in the months of November (2015) and March (2016), with an average of 21.05%. None of the Perkinsus sp sample (n = 112) positively detected by MFTR confirmed the presence of the protozoan. There was no correlation (p >0.05) between the prevalence of the pathogen with all the parameters studied. Conclusions: The results suggest that M. squalida is not susceptible to Perkinsus sp. The present represents the first report of Perkinsus sp. in the callista clam M. squalida.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Diferentes especies del protozoario Perkinsus spp. han sido asociados con mortalidades de moluscos comerciales. Objetivos: Se evaluó la prevalencia de Perkinsus sp. en la almeja Megapitaria squalida (junio 2015 a noviembre de 2016) para determinar la relación de la infección con la talla. Métodos: Se sembraron 5,000 semillas (5.73 mm altura de la concha y 0.03 g de peso inicial) en un refugio pesquero de Altata, Sinaloa. Se recolectaron 60 ejemplares cada mes para evaluar su crecimiento y prevalencia del parásito. Se obtuvieron los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua (temperatura, salinidad, pH, oxígeno disuelto, profundidad y transparencia) y la longitud, largo y ancho de la concha y peso final de M. squalida. Resultados: La prueba de medio fluido de tioglicolato de Ray (MFTR) detectó células esféricas (10X) de color obscuro, indicando la presencia de presuntas hipnosporas de Perkinsus sp. durante los primeros 17 meses de muestreo. La intensidad de la infección promedio fue de grado 2 (leve), mientras que la prevalencia máxima fue de 43.33% en los meses de noviembre (2015) y marzo (2016), con un promedio de 21.05%. Ninguna de las muestras positivas (n = 112) de Perkinsus sp. con MFTR confirmó la presencia del protozoario. No se obtuvo correlación (p >0.05) entre la prevalencia del patógeno con todos los parámetros estudiados. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que M. squalida es poco susceptible a la infección de Perkinsus sp. El presente trabajo representa el primer reporte de Perkinsus sp. en la almeja chocolata M. squalida.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of presentation of head and neck neoplasms in canines in Havana, Cuba, treated in the veterinary consultation of Pathology and Experimental Surgery of the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, during the period 2016-2017. There were 74 animals with tumors in the head region; of them, 35 resulted positive to neoplastic cells. The information was processed in the Microsoft Excel 2016 program. Relative frequency tables were made for each of the variables: age, sex, breed, and location. Their processing was carried out by comparison of proportions using the statistical package CompaProWin 2.0.1 program (2014). The results showed greater affectation in males, greater frequency in animals over eight years old and location in the oral cavity. The most predisposed were mestizos and in second place those of the Rottweiler breed.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la frecuencia de presentación de neoplasias de cabeza y cuello en caninos de La Habana, Cuba, atendidos en la consulta veterinaria de Patología y Cirugía Experimental del Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología, durante el periodo 2016-2017. Se presentaron 74 animales con tumores en la región de la cabeza; de ellos, 35 resultaron positivos a células neoplásicas. Con el programa Microsoft Excel 2016, se crearon tablas de frecuencia relativa para las variables edad, sexo, raza y localización; su procesamiento fue por comparación de proporciones, utilizando el paquete estadístico CompaProWin 2.0.1 (2014). Los resultados evidenciaron mayor afectación en los machos, mayor frecuencia en animales de edades superiores a los ocho años y localización en cavidad oral. Los más predispuestos fueron los mestizos y en segundo lugar los de la raza Rottweiler.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Through follow-up studies of graduates, the incompatibilities and inadequacies of available competences can be obtained in association with the competences necessary to concretize the corporate strategy. Objective: To evaluate the professional profile and the training needs of the Nursing major graduates from Technical University of Ambato. Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was carried out as part of the follow-up of the Nursing major graduates. The population was represented by the 698 graduates from January 2002 to December 2017. No sample was selected. Results: There was a non-significant trend towards an increase in the number of graduates (r=0.024; 95% confidence interval, 32.81 to 54.94). The majority of the graduates worked in the area of public health (44.4%) and as public employees (73.7%). They mentioned that the main subjects in their training were Medical-Surgical Nursing (35.4%) and Gynecological-Obstetric Nursing (24.6%), while demanding more frequent postgraduate training in the emergency and family healthcare areas. Conclusions: Despite the discreet increase in the number of graduates, the Nursing major of Technical University of Ambato has responded to its social assignment as to the training of human talent, a personal that has significantly worked in the public sector.

RESUMEN Introducción: A través de los estudios de seguimiento a graduados se pueden obtener las incompatibilidades e insuficiencias de las competencias disponibles en relación con las competencias necesarias para concretar la estrategia corporativa. Objetivo: Evaluar el perfil profesional y necesidades de formación de los egresados de la Carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo como parte del seguimiento a graduados de la Carrera de Enfermería. El universo estuvo representado por los 698 graduados de la carrera desde enero del año 2002 hasta diciembre de 2017, no se seleccionó muestra. Resultados: Se evidenció una tendencia ascendente no significativa del número de graduados (r=0,024 IC95 %: 32,81 a 54,94). La mayoría de los graduados se desempeñaron en el área de salud pública (44,4 %) y como empleados públicos (73,7 %). Señalaron como principales asignaturas en su formación la enfermería médico-quirúrgica (35,4 %) y la enfermería gineco-obstétrica (24,6 %), a la vez que demandaron con mayor frecuencia la formación de posgrado en las áreas de emergencias y atención en salud familiar. Conclusiones: A pesar del discreto incremento en el número de graduados, la Carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato ha respondido a su encargo social en cuanto a la formación de talento humano que en mayor medida se ha desempeñado en el sector público.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The consequences of de novo balanced structural chromosome aberrations diagnosed antenatally are unpredictable, and, as a result, they introduce uncertainty into genetic counseling decisions. OBJECTIVE Describe de novo balanced structural aberrations present at antenatal diagnosis in samples from pregnant women in five Latin American countries and determine their effect on carrier individuals. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study based on analysis of 109,011 antenatal tests conducted from January 1981 to December 2016 in Cuba, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Colombia. Thirteen cytogenetic laboratories provided information that included the cases analyzed during the study period; number of de novo balanced structural aberrations diagnosed antenatally; number of diagnoses with de novo balanced structural aberrations that resulted in termination of pregnancy; detailed descriptions of the karyotypes of de novo balanced structural aberration carriers, and descriptions of the form of diagnosis, including types of samples used (amniotic fluid, chorionic villus or fetal blood). Each laboratory also provided pathology reports and genetic counseling at time of diagnosis. Postnatal followup for pregnancies carried to term continued for at least two years. RESULTS Of the 109,011 antenatal tests studied, 72 (0.07%) showed de novo balanced structural aberrations. These events primarily involved chromosomes 1, 2, 7, 14, 18, and 20. Of the 79 breakpoints identified, the most common were 5p15.3, 7q11.2, 7q22, and 14q24. We identified three breakpoints corresponding to 3.8% (3q13.1, 3q13.2, and 9p12) that were not reported in other studies of de novo balanced structural aberrations diagnosed antenatally in patients from other geographic regions or in studies of chromosomal fragile sites. Two of these breakpoints (3q13.1 and 3q13.2) were associated with high risk of phenotypic abnormalities. Information on antenatal or postnatal followup was available for 62 (86%) of de novo balanced structural aberration carriers; of the 44 carriers with postnatal followup, 10 had phenotypic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Three new de novo breakpoints were identified, presumably related to genetic admixture characteristics in Latin America. Since some diseases associated with de novo balanced structural aberrations detected antenatally have a late onset, followup for at least two years is recommended for carriers of these aberrations. The information in this study is useful in genetic counseling for pregnant women in Latin America.