RESUMEN: La ventilación pulmonar es un proceso mecánico en el que los músculos respiratorios actúan coordinadamente para mantener la oxigenación en el organismo. Así, cualquier alteración en el desempeño de estos músculos puede reducir la efectividad del proceso. Los músculos respiratorios se diferencian de otros músculos esqueléticos, debido al apoyo vital que brindan a través de sus contracciones rítmicas. La estructura y el sistema energético de estos músculos están especialmente adaptados para realizar esta función. La composición de los músculos respiratorios es especial; son pequeñas y presentan una abundante red capilar, lo que les otorga un alto nivel aeróbico y resistencia a la fatiga. La regulación coordinada del sistema renina-angiotensina local, proporciona un adecuado flujo sanguíneo y suministro de energía a las miofibrillas del músculo esquelético. En concreto, este rendimiento dependerá en gran medida del flujo sanguíneo y del consumo de glucosa, regulado por el sistema renina-angiotensina. Aquí, la enzima convertidora de angiotensina es responsable de degradar las kininas, que finalmente regulan la bioenergía muscular y la glucosa entre el vaso sanguíneo y el músculo esquelético. El objetivo de esta breve comunicación es describir la estructura de los músculos respiratorios y su asociación con el gen de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina.

SUMMARY: Pulmonary ventilation is a mechanical process in which the respiratory muscles act in coordination to maintain the oxygenation of the organism. Any alteration in the performance of these muscles may reduce the effectiveness of the process. The respiratory muscles differ from the other skeletal muscles in the vital support that they provide through rhythmiccontractions. The structure and energy system of the muscles are specially adapted to perform this function. The composition of the respiratory muscles is exceptional; they are small, and present an abundant capillary network, endowing them with a high aerobic level and resistance to fatigue. Coordinated regulation of the local renin-angiotensin system provides proper blood flow and energy supply in the myofibrils of the skeletal muscle tissue. Specifically, this performance will depend to a large extent on blood flow and glucose consumption, regulated by the renin-angiotensin system. The angiotensin converting enzyme is responsible for degrading kinins, which finally regulate muscle bioenergy and glucose between the blood vessel and the skeletal muscle. The objective of this review is to describe the structure of the respiratory muscles and their association with the angiotensin converting enzyme gene.

Resumen Un varón de 49 años ingresó en la unidad de cuidados coronarios, con antecedentes de miocardiopatía dilatada, con función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo gravemente deteriorada y estenosis aórtica grave de origen bicúspide, sintomático para síncope, ángor y disnea de reciente diagnóstico. Durante la internación evolucionó con shock cardiogénico que requirió doble soporte inotrópico. Por presentar alto riesgo quirúrgico y elevada probabilidad de rechazo ante un eventual trasplante cardiaco, según sus estudios de histocompatibilidad, se procedió al reemplazo transcatéter de la válvula aortica, con evolución favorable.

Abstract A 49-year-old male with a history of left ventricular systolic function dilated cardiomyopathy and severe symptomatic bicuspid aortic stenosis recently diagnosed (syncope, chest pain and dyspnea) was admitted to the coronary care unit. During hospitalization, he developed cardiogenic shock requiring double inotropic support. High surgical risk and an elevated chance of graft rejection contraindicated surgical replacement or heart transplant. We performed a transcatheter aortic valve replacement with a favorable evolution.

RESUMEN El síndrome de linfocitosis infiltrativa difusa se produce en asociación con la infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana; requiere cumplir con los criterios diagnósticos y descartar otras patologías infecciosas y autoinmunes. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 47 años que consultó por edema parotídeo bilateral, síndrome sicca, tos y síndrome de impregnación. Se observó en la tomografía de tórax infiltrado en “vidrio esmerilado”, parcheado y bilateral. Se realizó diagnóstico de virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana positivo y fibrobroncoscopia con lavado broncoalveolar sin desarrollo de patógenos. Se interpreta como neumonía intersticial linfoidea asociada a síndrome de linfocitosis infiltrativa difusa. Se inició terapia antirretroviral con buena evolución y desaparición de los síntomas y de los infiltrados pulmonares.

ABSTRACT Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS) occurs in association with HIV infec tion; it requires that diagnostic criteria are met and other infectious and autoimmune diseases are discarded. We present the case of a 47-year-old woman who consulted for bilateral parotid swelling, sicca syndrome, cough and impregnation syndrome; chest tomography showed patchy bilateral ground glass infiltrate. The patient was diagnosed with HIV, and fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, without pathogen growth. It is interpreted as lymphoid interstitial pneumonia associated with DILS. Antiretroviral therapy was started, with good evolution and disappearance of symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates.

RESUMEN El síndrome de linfocitosis infiltrativa difusa se produce en asociación con la infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana; requiere cumplir con los criterios diagnósticos y descartar otras patologías infecciosas y autoinmunes. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 47 años que consultó por edema parotídeo bilateral, síndrome sicca, tos y síndrome de impregnación. Se observó en la tomografía de tórax infiltrado en «vidrio esmerilado», parcheado y bilateral. Se realizó diagnóstico de virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana positivo y fibrobroncoscopia con lavado broncoalveolar sin desarrollo de patógenos. Se interpreta como neumonía intersticial linfoidea asociada a síndrome de linfocitosis infiltrativa difusa. Se inició terapia antirretroviral con buena evolución y desaparición de los síntomas y de los infiltrados pulmonares.

ABSTRACT Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome occurs in association with HIV infection; it requires meeting the diagnostic criteria and ruling out other infectious and autoimmune pathologies. We present the case of a 47-year-old woman who consulted for bilateral parotid edema, sicca syndrome, cough and impregnation syndrome, which was observed in the chest tomography infiltrated in ground glass, patched and bilateral. A diagnosis of HIV positive and fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage was made without the development of pathogens. It is interpreted as lymphoid interstitial pneu monia associated with DILS. Antiretroviral therapy was started with good evolution and disappearance of symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates.

Abstract Introduction: Magnetic Expansion Control (MAGEC) Spinal Growing Rods are a novel treatment for early-onset scoliosis (EOS). Although its efficacy is supported by the literature, it is not without complications. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze a series of 37 cases treated with MAGEC between 2014 to 2019. We performed a retrospective study and divided the population into two groups: GI (primary procedures with MAGEC) and GII (conversions from traditional system to MAGEC). Results: The study included 19 girls and 18 boys with a mean age of 8 years and a variety of etiologies. The average postoperative follow-up time for Group I (n=28) and Group II (n=9) was 3.6 years. The average preoperative angular value (AV) of scoliosis was 64° (39°-101°) and kyphosis 51° (7°-81°). The postoperative scoliosis AV was 41° (17°-80°) and kyphosis 34° (7°-82°). We found 2 rod ruptures and one proximal union kyphosis, two proximal screw loosenings, one MAGEC distraction system failure, and one surgical site infection. Conclusions: Although our preliminary results are short term, they suggest that MAGEC could be an effective method.

Resumen Introducción: El uso del sistema de barras magnéticas para el tratamiento de la escoliosis de comienzo temprano es un método utilizado en los últimos 10 años; su eficacia está respaldada por la bibliografía, pero no está exento de complicaciones. Objetivo: Analizar retrospectivamente una serie de 37 pacientes tratados con barras magnéticas en escoliosis de comienzo temprano. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo entre 2014 y 2019. Se dividió a los pacientes en: grupo 1 (procedimientos primarios con barras magnéticas) y grupo 2 (conversiones de sistema tradicional a barras magnéticas). Resultados: Se incluyó a 19 niñas y 18 niños (edad promedio 8 años al operarse), las etiologías fueron variadas. Entre el grupo 1 (n = 28) y el grupo 2 (n = 9), el seguimiento promedio posoperatorio fue de 3.6 años. El valor angular promedio preoperatorio de escoliosis era de 64° (rango 39°-101°) y el de cifosis, de 51° (rango 7°-81°). El valor angular promedio de escoliosis en el posoperatorio inmediato fue de 41° (rango 17°-80°) y el de cifosis, de 34° (rango 7°-82°). Se produjeron 2 roturas de barra y una cifosis de unión proximal, 2 aflojamientos de tornillos proximales, una falla del sistema de distracción de barras magnéticas y una infección del sitio quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados preliminares, aunque son a corto plazo, sugieren que la barra magnética podría ser un método eficaz en este tipo de enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Background: The Amazon rainforest plays an essential role in sheltering global biodiversity and providing essential ecosystem services. However, the region has been threatened by increased rates of deforestation and degradation, which is often reported as the failure of the Brazilian conservation policy that could affect the image of agriculture Brazilian products abroad. In this sense, here we aimed to evaluate the foreign environmental perception of the region using data from social medias, to assess which are the main terms related to the region, how their importance varies over time and whether this perception tends to be more negative or positive. For this, we used data from posts made on Twitter® involving the term “Amazon rainforest” over 18 weeks using a data mining process. From these posts, we extracted the text, which went through steps of cleaning and organization, as well as crossing with additional databases (such as the sentiment dictionary). From the final data set, we first evaluated which are the main terms present in these posts and how their importance varied in the evaluated period. Next, we assess whether the terms cited are mainly negative or positive and how this sentiment varied over the monitoring period. Results: We found that the main terms are related to the environmental context such as “carbon”, “deforestation” and “fire” and that there is a relationship between their importance and the occurrence of fires in the region, which is positive with a temporal lag. In addition, we also found that the posts are, on average, composed of 68.47% of negative terms and that this sentiment predominates throughout the entire time series, being higher during the fire peaks in the region. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the environmental perception of the region presented in the posts in Twitter® is mainly negative, due to the degradation and fires observed over the last few years. We also discuss limitations of the approach and establish perspectives for future work.

Abstract Background At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with myocardial infarction (MI) took longer to present to hospitals because of fear of contamination and health care access difficulties. Objectives To assess interventional cardiology procedures performed during the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for MI approach. Methods Prospective registry of 24 cardiac catheterization laboratories in Brazil, with adult patients undergoing interventional cardiology procedures between May 26 and November 30, 2020. The outcomes were cardiovascular (CV) and non-CV complications, death, and MI. Concomitant COVID-19 was confirmed using RT-PCR. Machine learning techniques were used with nonparametric Classification Trees models, and Simple Correspondence Analysis, with R statistical software package. Significance level adopted of 5%. Results This study included 1282 patients, 435 of whom (33.9%) had MI as follows: ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI), 239 (54.9%); and non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI), 196 (45.1%). Of the 1282 patients, 29 had CV complications, 47 had non-CV complications, and 31 died. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed in 77 patients (6%), with 15.58% mortality and non-CV complications in 6.49%. Most patients had significant coronary artery disease (63%), and an intracoronary thrombus was more often found in the presence of STEMI (3.4%) and COVID-19 (4%). A door-to-table time longer than 12 hours in NSTEMI was associated with 30.8% of complications, 25% in COVID-19 patients. Conclusions All deaths were preceded by CV or non-CV complications. The presence of COVID-19 was associated with death and non-fatal complications of patients undergoing interventional cardiology procedures during the pandemic.

Resumo Fundamento No início da pandemia de COVID-19, os pacientes com infarto do miocárdio (IM) demoraram para procurar um hospital por medo de contágio ou dificuldades no acesso aos serviços de saúde. Objetivos Avaliar procedimentos de cardiologia intervencionista realizados durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e implicações na abordagem do IM. Métodos Registro prospectivo de 24 centros de hemodinâmica no Brasil, com pacientes adultos submetidos a procedimentos de cardiologia intervencionista entre 26 de maio e 30 de novembro de 2020. Os desfechos foram complicações cardiovasculares (CV) e não CV, morte e IM. A concomitância de COVID-19 foi confirmada com RT-PCR. Técnicas de machine learning foram usadas com modelos não paramétricos de árvores de classificação. Usou-se análise de correspondência simples com o software R. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Este estudo incluiu 1.282 pacientes, 435 dos quais (33,9%) apresentaram IM: IM com supra de ST (IMCSST), 239 (54,9%); e IM sem supra de ST(IMSSST), 196 (45.1%). Dos 1.282 pacientes, 29 tiveram complicações CV, 47 tiveram complicações não CV e 31 morreram. O diagnóstico de COVID-19 foi confirmado em 77 pacientes (6%), com 15,58% de mortalidade e 6,49% de complicações não CV. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou significativa doença arterial coronariana (63%). Trombo intracoronariano foi mais frequente na presença de IMCSST (3,4%) e COVID-19 (4%). Tempo porta-mesa superior a 12 horas no IMSSST associou-se a 30,8% de complicações, 25% em pacientes com COVID-19. Conclusões Todos os óbitos foram precedidos por complicações CV ou não CV. A presença de COVID-19 foi associada a óbito e complicações não fatais dos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de cardiologia intervencionista durante a pandemia.

SUMMARY: The nuances that the term Kinesiology has generated in disciplinary development have upheld a significant number of professional actions, ranging from physical education to laboratory research, kinetics, sport kinematics and ventilator function. Such actions have ultimately assisted in the extreme dysfunction and immobility concomitant at the end of a vast majority of diseases. Therefore, Kinesiology has been the argumentative support for teachers, coaches, scientists and therapists working with human movement. Humanities and social sciences that commence with anthropology and are consolidated in the bio politics of global union organizations to establish control guidelines are also an important contribution to its study. Given the vast amount of knowledge in this field, there is an opportunity to generate favorable conditions that reflect on further solutions inspired by the transcendence of functionality and movement. When reflecting on these achievements, the common denominator is when functionality becomes the epistemological goal ofthe paradigms at the service of human movement. In this context, the objective of this research was to analyze the term Kinesiology in the context of disciplinary nuances to recompose its implications and to determine if it can survive as a discipline.

RESUMEN: Los matices que ha generado el término Kinesiología en el desarrollo disciplinar han podido justificar una importante cantidad de acciones profesionales que van desde la educación física, pasando por la investigación de laboratorio, cinética, cinemática del deporte y función ventilatoria, para culminar otorgando asistencias en el extremo de la disfunción y la inmovilidad concomitante al término de la gran mayoría de las enfermedades. Así la Kinesiología ha sido el soporte argumentativo para profesores, entrenadores, científicos y terapeutas que trabajan con el movimiento humano. No exentas de contribuir al objeto de estudio se encuentran las humanidades y las ciencias sociales que parten en la antropología y se consolidan en la biopolítica de organizaciones gremiales con carácter universal para fijar lineamientos de control. Ante la importante magnitud del campo de conocimientos acumulados, es posible sostener la evidente oportunidad de generar condiciones favorables que se encarguen de reflexionar otras soluciones inspiradas en la trascendencia de la funcionalidad y el movimiento. El denominador común de estos alcances comienza cuando la funcionalidad pasa a ser la meta epistemológica de los paradigmas al servicio del movimiento humano. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el término Kinesiología en el contexto de los matices disciplinares para recomponer sus implicancias y determinar su posibilidad de sobrevida.

RESUMEN Introducción: Varios estudios han evaluado la asociación entre los niveles plasmáticos de lipoproteína (a) [Lp(a)] y la aparición de eventos relacionados con la estenosis valvular aórtica, aunque los resultados fueron contradictorios. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar la capacidad predictiva de los niveles elevados de Lp(a) sobre los eventos clínicos relacionados con la estenosis valvular aórtica. Material y métodos: Esta revisión sistemática se realizó de acuerdo con las recomendaciones PRISMA y STROBE. Se realizó una búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos con el objetivo de identificar estudios de cohorte que evaluaran la asociación entre los niveles de Lp(a) y los eventos de interés. El punto final primario fue la incidencia de eventos clínicos relacionados con la estenosis aórtica (reemplazo valvular aórtico, muerte u hospitalización). Esta revisión fue registrada en PROSPERO. Resultados: Se consideraron elegibles para el análisis siete estudios observacionales con un total de 58 783 pacientes. Los valores elevados de Lp(a) se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de eventos relacionados con la estenosis valvular aórtica en la mayoría de los estudios evaluados (entre un 70% y aproximadamente 3 veces más riesgo), a pesar de ajustar por otros factores de riesgo. Conclusión: Esta revisión sugiere que los niveles elevados de Lp(a) se asocian con una mayor incidencia de eventos clínicos relacionados con la estenosis valvular aórtica. Sin embargo, y considerando las limitaciones de este estudio, la utilidad clínica de la Lp(a) como marcador pronóstico en la enfermedad valvular aórtica deberá confirmarse en futuras investigaciones.

ABSTRACT Background: Several studies have evaluated the association between lipoprotein(a) plasma levels [Lp(a)] and the occurrence of aortic valve stenosis related events, with contradictory results. Objective: The main objective of this systematic review was to analyze the predictive capacity of elevated Lp(a) levels on major clinical events associated with aortic valve stenosis. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA and STROBE recommendations. A search was carried out in order to identify studies with a cohort design evaluating the association between Lp(a) levels and the events of interest. The primary endpoint was the incidence of clinical events related with aortic valve stenosis (aortic valve replacement, death or hospitalization). This review was registered in PROSPERO. Results: Seven observational studies with a total of 58 783 patients were eligible for analysis. Our findings showed that the presence of elevated Lp(a) levels was associated with an increased risk of events related with aortic valve stenosis in most of the studies evaluated (between 70% and approximately 3-fold higher risk), despite adjusting for other risk factors. Conclusion: This review suggests that elevated Lp(a) levels are associated with a higher incidence of aortic valve stenosis related clinical events. However, considering the limitations of this study, the clinical usefulness of Lp(a) as a prognostic marker in aortic valve disease should be confirmed in future investigations.

Resumen Introducción: El 10-30% de las fracturas de clavícula ocurren en el tercio distal. El diagnóstico se realiza con radiografías de hombro (de frente y de perfil, y proyección de Zanca). La mayoría de estas fracturas se tratan de forma conservadora, pero aquellas con gran desplazamiento, patrones transversos o conminutos pueden requerir tratamiento quirúrgico debido a la alta tasa de seudoartrosis. Se han descrito diversos tipos de fijación para este grupo de fracturas. Si bien la osteosíntesis con placas logra resultados clínico-funcionales y de consolidación satisfactorios, no está exenta de complicaciones y las más frecuentes son: intolerancia al material de osteosíntesis (hasta un 30%), infección, lesión neurovascular y seudoartrosis. Sin embargo, según nuestro conocimiento, no existen reportes sobre la osteólisis de la apófisis coracoides secundaria a la osteosíntesis con placa LCP en fracturas del tercio distal de la clavícula. Conclusión: La erosión de la apófisis coracoides debido a la fijación con placa y tornillos es una complicación que no ha sido publicada previamente. Debe tenerse extrema precaución al realizar el túnel óseo y al medir la longitud de los tornillos para evitar potenciales complicaciones.

Abstract Background: Several surgical techniques have been developed to reduce the nonunion rate and improve functional outcomes after displaced distal clavicle fractures, including the use of a tension band, the modified Weaver-Dunn procedure, coracoclavicular screw fixation, or locking plates. None of these techniques have been universally accepted, and each one has its own complications. To our knowledge, there are no previous publications describing osteolysis of the coracoid process caused by the tip of a cortical screw of a distal LCP plate. Case summary: We present the case of a 29-year-old male patient who had been treated with an anatomic pre-contoured plate for a distal clavicle fracture. Six months later he presented to our institution with limiting shoulder pain and tenderness upon the right coracoid process. Standard radiographs of the shoulder showed that the tip of a cortical screw was eroding the coracoid process. A surgery with hardware removal was then performed. One month after the surgery the patient was painless and with a full active shoulder ROM. Conclusion: Erosion of the coracoid process with plate screw fixation has never been described before. We suggest that extreme precaution should be taken in drilling and measuring the length of screws to avoid potential complications.

Resumen El mercado externo resulta crucial para el crecimiento competitivo del sector lácteo argentino. Con una demanda mundial cambiante, el sector ha logrado adaptarse e insertarse en nuevos mercados, aunque con un desempeño competitivo muy volátil. Dada la relevancia de estas condiciones de demanda para la competitividad del sector, en el presente trabajo se estudia el posicionamiento de las exportaciones argentinas de quesos y leche en polvo entera mediante un análisis de la demanda en los principales mercados importadores basado en el enfoque diferencial de la teoría de la producción. Se computan las elasticidades gasto, precio-propias y precio- cruzadas de los lácteos argentinos y de sus competidores; y a partir de dos índices de competitividad se describe las posibilidades competitivas en el mercado de importaciones lácteas. Clasificación JEL: F14, D51.

Abstract The international trade is crucial to the Argentine dairy sector competitive growth. With a changing world demand, this sector has adapted and introduced in new markets, but with a volatile performance. Owing to the relevance of this demand conditions to the competitiveness of the sector, this paper studies the positioning of Argentine exports of cheese and whole milk powder using a demand analysis in the main importing markets based on the differential approach of the theory of production. The expenditure, own-price and cross-price elasticities of Argentine dairy products and their competitors are computed; and it is describe the competitive possibilities in the dairy import market by two competitiveness indices. JEL Codes: F14, D51.

SUMMARY: An internal consistency is derived from the term Kinesiology’s etymological root and its linguistic precision, when taking into consideration the implications of the term, both in education as well as its definition. Historically, this has led to an interpretative polysemy fraught with errors and inconsistencies. This becomes evident more so, when the term Kinesiology is analyzed, taking into consideration geographical regions, its application in reflection or action contexts, organizations that make use of it, and whether words used actually describe the professional or the discipline action that justifies the term. In this context, the objective of this research was to analyze the term Kinesiology in its historical aspect, to reconstruct its implications in professional training and the relevance that determines the guidelines of the phenomenon for which it is responsible. The term Kinesiology originates from Greek kլvησiολογլα meaning the study of movement. From the historical point of view, the relationship concept between movement and the human body has taken more than a thousand years, beginning with Aristotle and ending with Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. Subsequently, the development of this discipline is linked to three major movements: The Swedish, the French and the American. The Swedish School led by Per Henrik Ling at the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RICG), materialized by Branting and Georgii between 1828 and 1854, through the term Kinesiologi first and kinésithérapie later, was declared as a new science of movement that encompassed the principles of a precise and harmonious development of the human body. At the same time, in France, Nicolas Dally, published in 1857 his magnum opus “Cinesiologie ou science du movement” declaring the irregularity of physiotherapy and kinesitherapy to dose exercise. Finally, Nils Posse conceived the term “Kinesiology” for the first time in North America in his 1886 publication entitled: “Modification of the Swedish system of gymnastics to meet American conditions”. In Chile, evolution of these concepts was assimilated by Joaquín Cabezas García in 1920, the driving force behind the cultivation of Kinesiology at the Institute of Physical Education, providing the professionals who were trained in teaching, with a clear epistemological concept of the science of human movement, by including this discipline in their study plans.

RESUMEN: El término Kinesiología y sus implicancias, tanto en la formación como en la delimitación de su objeto de estudio, exhibe una consistencia interna derivada de su raíz etimológica y de su precisión lingüística. En su trayectoria histórica ha derivado a una polisemia interpretativa que no está exenta de errores e incongruencias. Lo anterior, se evidencia al analizar el término Kinesiología cuando se considera: la región geográfica, la aplicación en contextos de reflexión o de acción, las organizaciones que lo adoptan y si las palabras que la componen efectivamente describen la acción profesional o disciplinar que la justifica. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el término Kinesiología en su aspecto histórico, para recomponer sus implicancias en la formación profesional y la pertinencia que determina los lineamientos del fenómeno del cual se hace cargo. Kinesiología proviene del griego, kլvησiολογլα y significa estudio del movimiento. Desde el punto de vista histórico, la relación entre movimiento y cuerpo humano se tardó más de mil años, originándose con Aristóteles y finalizando con Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. Posteriormente, el desarrollo de la disciplina está ligado a tres grandes movimientos, el sueco, el francés y el norteamericano. La Escuela Sueca que lideró Per Henrik Ling en el Real Instituto Central de Gimnasia (RICG), materializada por Branting y Georgii entre 1828 y 1854, a través del término Kinesiologi primero y kiné-sithérapie después, declaran como una nueva ciencia del movimiento que abarcaba los principios de un desarrollo preciso y armonioso del cuerpo humano. Paralelamente, en Francia Nicolás Dally, publicó en 1857 su magnun opus “Cinesiologie ou science du movement” declarando la ilegitimidad de la fisioterapia y la kinesiterapia para dosificar el ejercicio. Finalmente, Nils Posse acuñó por primera vez el término “Kinesiología” en Norteamérica en su publicación de 1886 titulada: “Modification of the Swedish system of gymnastics to meet American conditions”. En Chile, la evolución de estos conceptos fue interiorizada desde 1920 por Joaquín Cabezas García, quien fuera el impulsor del cultivo de la Kinesiología en el Instituto de Educación Física, dotando desde su génesis a los profesionales que se formaban en docencia, con un claro concepto epistemológico de la ciencia del movimiento humano, a través de la inclusión de esta disciplina en sus planes de estudio.

ABSTRACT Background: Monodominant Eremanthus erythropappus forests are dispersed in neotropical montane regions of southeastern and northeastern Brazil, forming ecotonal areas among other high altitude phytophysiognomies, with no information from their fauna communities and how these communities vary between phytophysiognomies adjacent. We examined the bird community of three preserved and three managed E. erythropappus forests, and compared them two other coexisting phytophysiognomies (cloud forests and montane fields), being three samples of each, in an ecotonal region between two biodiversity hotspot domains (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest), in southeastern Brazil (1300 to 1570m high). Results: The bird community of the natural E. erythropappus forests was shared with other vegetation, while the managed E. erythropappus forests presented the lowest species richness. However, even though managed E. erythropappus forests has almost no exclusive elements, their community caused a balanced variation (a set of very similar species, only changing the representativeness), suggesting that the abundance of the registered species varies along these phytophysiognomies. Conclusion: The species associated with the natural E. erythropappus forests represented 50% of the total species, in contrast to the remaining 50% associated with the areas of cloud forests and montane fields, and their sharing behaves as an ecotonal community, since its community coincides with elements which are also present in the avifauna of the other two sampled phytophysiognomies. The composition of the avifauna from managed E. erythropappus forests was more similar to the community registered in the montane fields.

SUMMARY: The aim of the study was to determine whether body composition is a condition influencing the effect of awake prone positioning (APP) in patients with COVID-19 connected to high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). We conducted a retrospective observational study and analyzed the therapeutic outcomes of 83 patients treated with HFNC in the medicine department of Hospital El Carmen (HEC), Santiago, Chile. The following information was obtained from the electronic clinical record (Florence clinical version 19.3) and the kinesic registry: i) patient history, ii) medical diagnosis, iii) body mass index (BMI), iv) characteristics of the APP and v) characteristics of the process of connection to CNAF. It was observed that there were significant differences in overweight and obese patients who used the PPV (p=0.001) through the ROX index (IROX) at the end of treatment with CNAF, occurring in the same way when evaluating the effects of the APP and in the PAFI in these same groups. In conclusion, BMI is a further aggravating factor that conditions the health of patients with COVID-19, and elevated BMI can negatively affect the treatment of these patients. On the other hand, the use of APP and CNAF proved to be effective in patients with COVID-19.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si la composición corporal es una condición que influye en el efecto del posicionamiento en prono vigil (PPV) en pacientes con COVID-19 conectados a cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF). Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo y se analizaron los resultados terapéuticos de 83 pacientes tratados con CNAF en el servicio de medicina del Hospital El Carmen (HEC), Santiago de Chile. Desde la ficha clínica electrónica (Florence clínico versión 19.3) y registro kinésico, se obtuvo la siguiente información: i) antecedentes del paciente, ii) diagnóstico médico, iii) índice de masa corporal (IMC), iv) características del PPV y v) características del proceso de conexión a CNAF. Se observó que existían diferencias significativas en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesos que usaron el PPV (p=0,001) a través del índice de ROX (IROX) al finalizar el tratamiento con CNAF, ocurriendo de igual manera al evaluar los efectos del PPV y en la PAFI en estos mismos grupos. En conclusión el IMC es un factor más agravante que condiciona la salud de los pacientes con COVID-19, y el IMC elevado puede afectar de manera negativa el tratamiento de estos pacientes. Por otra parte, el uso de PPV y CNAF demostraron ser efectivas en los pacientes con COVID-19.