SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods by Brazilian pregnant women and its association with the nutritional quality of the diet. METHODS: This is a prospective and cross-sectional study with food consumption data of Brazilian pregnant women from the 2017 to 2018 Family Budgets Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares). Food consumption was measured using two 24-h food recalls, and the foods were categorized according to the NOVA classification. The averages of absolute and relative energy consumption for each of the NOVA groups and subgroups were estimated. The sociodemographic characteristics described the diet's caloric contribution of ultra-processed and non-ultra-processed food fractions. Linear regression models were used to describe the association between quintiles of the caloric contribution of ultra-processed foods and the average content of nutrients in the diet. RESULTS: Consumption of ultra-processed foods represented 20.9% of the total calories in the diet of Brazilian pregnant women. There was a higher energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of pregnant women living in urban areas (22%), with higher per capita income (23.7%), and in the south region of the country (26.9%). In addition, the data showed an association between higher consumption of ultra-processed foods with reduced intake of protein, carbohydrate, fiber, potassium, iron, zinc, and folate and increased intake of total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and free sugar. CONCLUSION: Results show that higher consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with a reduction in the nutritional quality of the diet of Brazilian pregnant women.

ABSTRACT The development of new technologies and uses of electrical energy, such as distributed energy resources, pose new challenges and business opportunities for the electricity industry. In favor of making better use of information so that companies can efficiently manage their assets (minimizing investment and operating costs while improving service quality) and users rationally managing their demand (making efficient use of available energy resources). In this sense, Chile is experiencing a paradigm shift in the electricity sector, mainly seeking to improve energy efficiency. In this work, a survey of particularities and problems of the Electricity Distribution Systems is carried out so that these are considered as inputs in the Transmission Planning models used in Chile, specifically of the Zonal Transmission.

RESUMEN El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y usos de la energía eléctrica, como los recursos energéticos distribuidos, plantean nuevos desafíos y oportunidades de negocio para la industria eléctrica. Ello en pro de realizar un mejor uso de la información para que las empresas puedan gestionar de forma eficiente sus activos (minimizando los costes de inversión y operación, mejorando a su vez la calidad del servicio) y que los usuarios gestionen racionalmente su demanda (haciendo un uso eficiente de los recursos energéticos disponibles). En este sentido, Chile está experimentando un cambio de paradigma en el sector eléctrico, buscando principalmente mejorar la eficiencia energética. En este trabajo se presenta un análisis de las principales problemáticas de los recursos presentes en los Sistemas de Distribución Eléctrica, y se proponen algunas métricas con el fin de que estos sean considerados como insumos (inputs) en los modelos de Planificación de la Transmisión, específicamente en la Transmisión Zonal (o subtransmisión) en Chile.

Abstract Introduction: Magnetic Expansion Control (MAGEC) Spinal Growing Rods are a novel treatment for early-onset scoliosis (EOS). Although its efficacy is supported by the literature, it is not without complications. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze a series of 37 cases treated with MAGEC between 2014 to 2019. We performed a retrospective study and divided the population into two groups: GI (primary procedures with MAGEC) and GII (conversions from traditional system to MAGEC). Results: The study included 19 girls and 18 boys with a mean age of 8 years and a variety of etiologies. The average postoperative follow-up time for Group I (n=28) and Group II (n=9) was 3.6 years. The average preoperative angular value (AV) of scoliosis was 64° (39°-101°) and kyphosis 51° (7°-81°). The postoperative scoliosis AV was 41° (17°-80°) and kyphosis 34° (7°-82°). We found 2 rod ruptures and one proximal union kyphosis, two proximal screw loosenings, one MAGEC distraction system failure, and one surgical site infection. Conclusions: Although our preliminary results are short term, they suggest that MAGEC could be an effective method.

Resumen Introducción: El uso del sistema de barras magnéticas para el tratamiento de la escoliosis de comienzo temprano es un método utilizado en los últimos 10 años; su eficacia está respaldada por la bibliografía, pero no está exento de complicaciones. Objetivo: Analizar retrospectivamente una serie de 37 pacientes tratados con barras magnéticas en escoliosis de comienzo temprano. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo entre 2014 y 2019. Se dividió a los pacientes en: grupo 1 (procedimientos primarios con barras magnéticas) y grupo 2 (conversiones de sistema tradicional a barras magnéticas). Resultados: Se incluyó a 19 niñas y 18 niños (edad promedio 8 años al operarse), las etiologías fueron variadas. Entre el grupo 1 (n = 28) y el grupo 2 (n = 9), el seguimiento promedio posoperatorio fue de 3.6 años. El valor angular promedio preoperatorio de escoliosis era de 64° (rango 39°-101°) y el de cifosis, de 51° (rango 7°-81°). El valor angular promedio de escoliosis en el posoperatorio inmediato fue de 41° (rango 17°-80°) y el de cifosis, de 34° (rango 7°-82°). Se produjeron 2 roturas de barra y una cifosis de unión proximal, 2 aflojamientos de tornillos proximales, una falla del sistema de distracción de barras magnéticas y una infección del sitio quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados preliminares, aunque son a corto plazo, sugieren que la barra magnética podría ser un método eficaz en este tipo de enfermedad.

Abstract This paper is one of the first to propose a research model to assess the quality and satisfaction perceived by low-income Brazilian patients using public healthcare services, under the moderating effect of perceived crowding. The model was evaluated from data obtained from 417 patients, and its proposed relationships and statistics were tested through Structural Equation Modeling using a Partial Least Squares approach (PLS-SEM). To explore the moderating effect of perceived crowding, the sample was divided into two groups and tested by employing multi-group analysis (MGA). The results show that Reliability, Safety, Tangibles, Empathy and Responsiveness have a positive effect on Perceived Healthcare Quality (PHQ), which, in turn, has a marked effect on patient satisfaction (PS), ergo, PHQ acts as antecedent of PS. However, perceived crowding has no moderating effect on any relationship in the model.

Resumo Este trabalho é um dos primeiros a propor um modelo de pesquisa que avalie a qualidade percebida e satisfação de pacientes brasileiros de baixa-renda em relação aos serviços públicos de saúde sob o efeito moderador do crowding percebido. O modelo é avaliado por meio de dados obtidos de 417 pacientes e tanto suas relações propostas, quanto suas estatísticas foram testadas por meio da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais com a Abordagem de Mínimos Quadrados Parciais (PLS-SEM). A fim de explorar o efeito moderador do crowding percebido, a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos e testada por meio do emprego da análise multigrupo (MGA). Os resultados demonstraram que a Confiabilidade, Segurança, Aspectos Tangíveis, Empatia e Capacidade de Resposta tem um efeito positivo na Qualidade Percebida do Serviço (QPS) que, por sua vez, tem um impacto positivo na satisfação dos pacientes (SP), logo, QPS atua como antecendente da SP. O crowding percebido, contudo, não possui efeito moderador em nenhuma das relações do modelo.

ABSTRACT A considerable part of fresh plant-based food has been discarded as waste, although it could be used to make organic compost for growing plants, retaining nutrient that would be discarded without any control in the environment. The aim of this study was to produce an organic compost using fresh vegetable food discarded from restaurants and mowed grass and to evaluate it for production of lettuce. The compost was produced and mixed with the commercial substrate Tropstrato HT Hortaliças® to occupy 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25% of the volume of the mixture, which was used to grow Imperial and Imperial Roxa cultivars in the first experiment, and Camila and Red Star lettuce cultivars in the second one. The experiments were conducted under protected environment, organized in a 6x2 factorial scheme, following completely randomized design with three replicates. Chemical analyses of the substrate and compost and measurements of plant size and mass were carried out. The addition of compost caused an increase in all measurements of the plant traits, with the maximum estimated increase ranging from 1.7 to 9.0 times that estimated for the absence of compost in the plant growth substrate. Maximum estimated values for size and mass were observed with compost concentrations ranging from 20.1 to 26.7% of the mixture volume. The production of organic compost and its mixture with a commercial substrate proved to be an alternative for lettuce production, giving a better destination to the organic residues and promoting a reduction in the use of industrial inputs.

RESUMO Uma parte considerável dos alimentos vegetais frescos ainda é descartada como resíduo, embora possa ser aproveitada para confecção de composto orgânico e este usado para o cultivo de plantas, retendo nutrientes que seriam dispostos sem controle no ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir um composto orgânico com descarte de alimentos vegetais frescos de restaurante e poda de grama e avaliá-lo para cultivo de alface. O composto foi produzido e misturado ao substrato comercial Tropstrato HT Hortaliças® de modo a ocupar 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 ou 25% do volume da mistura e ela usada para cultivo das cultivares Imperial e Imperial Roxa num primeiro experimento, e Camila e Red Star num segundo experimento. Os experimentos foram realizados em cultivo protegido em esquema fatorial 6x2, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Foram realizadas análises químicas do substrato e do composto e medições de tamanho e massa das plantas. A adição de composto provocou aumento de todas as características de planta medidas, sendo que o aumento máximo estimado variou de 1,7 a 9,0 vezes aquele estimado para a ausência de composto no substrato de crescimento das plantas. Os valores máximos estimados destas características de tamanho e massa foram observados com concentrações de composto entre 20,1 e 26,7% do volume da mistura. A produção de composto orgânico e sua mistura a um substrato comercial mostrou-se uma alternativa para produção de alface, proporcionando destino adequado aos resíduos orgânicos e promovendo redução do uso de insumos industriais.

Resumen Introducción: El autodesprecio es un constructo raramente estudiado por la psicología, generalmente considerado solo una faceta opuesta a la autoestima. Sin embargo, la literatura presenta su relación con la salud mental y el bienestar, lo que indica la relevancia de futuras investigaciones. Objetivo: La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una medida de autodesprecio. Método: Se realizaron dos estudios, ambos con 200 participantes brasileños (M = 21,73; DE = 5,87). Además del instrumento desarrollado, el segundo estudio utilizó la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, la Escala de Autoestima de Ítem Único, la Escala de Narcisismo de Ítem Único y el Cuestionario de Agresión. Resultados: Inicialmente, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y un análisis de confiabilidad en el instrumento, que indicó una organización factorial única, explicando el 35 % de la varianza y obteniendo la confiabilidad de ω = 0,89. El segundo estudio buscó realizar análisis confirmatorios, análisis de calibración y correlaciones entre autodesprecio, autoestima, narcisismo y agresión. La escala presentó un buen índice de ajuste de ajuste (CFI = 0,97; TLI = 0,97; RMSEA = 0,04; y SRMR = 0,05). Hubo una correlación negativa entre la autoestima (r = -0,75) y la autodesprecio, así como positiva con todos los factores de agresión. Conclusiones: la Escala de Autodesprecio mostró evidencia de validez y confiabilidad factorial. A pesar de ello, se destacan las limitaciones del estudio, en especial el uso del muestreo por conveniencia. Se concluye que se cumplieron los objetivos.

Abstract Introduction: Self-depreciation is a construct rarely studied by psychology, usually considered just a facet opposite to self-esteem. However, the literature presents its relationship with mental health and well-being, indicating the relevance of further investigations. Objective: The present research aimed to develop a measure for self-deprecation. Method: Were conducted two studies, both with 200 brazilian participants (M = 21,73; SD = 5,87). In addition to the developed instrument, the second study used the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale, the Single-Item Narcissism Scale and the Aggression Questionnaire. Results: Initially, exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed on the instrument, which indicated a single factor organization, explaining 35 % of the variance and obtaining the reliability of ω = 0,89. The second study sought to carry out confirmatory analysis, calibration analysis, and correlations between self-deprecation, self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression. The scale had a good fit index of adjustment (CFI = 0,97; TLI = 0,97; RMSEA = 0,04; and SRMR = 0,05). There was a negative correlation between self-esteem (r =-0,75) and self-deprecation, as well as a positive one with all aggression factors. Conclusions: The Self-Deprecation Scale showed evidence of factor validity and reliability. Despite this, the limitations of the study are highlighted, especially the use of convenience sampling. It is concluded that the objectives were met.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Robotic surgery is currently on the rise and has been widely applied all over the world. Gynecology offers great opportunities for the development of innovative techniques due to the magnitude of surgical needs. The aim of this study was to correlate perioperative complications, surgical time, and length of hospital stay with surgical diagnosis, procedure performed, and surgeon experience in robot-assisted gynecological surgeries in a 10-year period. METHODS: This was a retrospective, transversal, cross-sectional study involving 632 patients who underwent robotic gynecological surgery from January 2008 to December 2017 in a community hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Medical records of robot-assisted gynecological operations were searched for perioperative complications, operative time, and length of hospital stay, correlating these outcomes with surgical diagnosis, procedure performed, and surgeon experience, considering those with 20 or less robotic procedures and surgeons with more than 20 cases in their career as in-training or qualified surgeons, respectively. RESULTS: Endometriosis (381 cases) was the most common surgical indication, followed by uterine myoma (171 patients). Qualified surgeons had 64% less complications than in-training surgeons (p=0.03) and achieved 20% lower surgical time and 15% shorter length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: In this study, qualified surgeons with more than 20 robotic procedures had better perioperative outcomes and less complications than in-training surgeons during their first 20 robotic surgeries.

Resumen Introducción: en pacientes con enfermedades reumatológicas autoinmunes se recomienda la aplicación sistemática y secuencial de una serie de vacunas para la prevención de enfermedades transmisibles. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la proporción de pacientes con esclerosis sistémica (ES) que recibieron vacunación contra el coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Materiales y métodos: se envió una encuesta anónima por correo electrónico o contacto por WhatsApp desde mayo a septiembre de 2021, con preguntas para evaluar la adherencia al esquema de vacunación recomendado en pacientes con enfermedades reumatológicas, así como temores, preferencias y adherencia al esquema de vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: se incluyeron 295 pacientes con ES. El 68,81% estaba vacunado contra el SARS-CoV-2 con al menos una dosis, de los cuales el 48,7% tenía dos dosis. El 84,75% refirió conversar con su médico sobre su esquema de vacunación general. Solo el 5,4% tenía las cuatro vacunas. El 93,56% manifestó voluntad de vacunarse contra el SARS-CoV-2; el 56,27% prefirió la vacuna Sputnik V. El 7,46% manifestó su voluntad de no vacunarse. Los factores que influyeron en la adherencia a la vacunación, con mayor frecuencia, fueron el miedo a contraer la infección por SARS-CoV-2 (86,1%) y las reacciones adversas (23,05%). Conclusiones: destacamos el hecho de que solo 6 meses después de que se dispusiera la vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2, la mitad de los pacientes con ES tenía el esquema recomendado completo.

Abstract Introduction: in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases, the systematic and sequential application of a series of vaccines is recommended for the prevention of communicable diseases. The objective was to estimate the proportion of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) who received vaccination against coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Materials and methods: since may to september 2021, an anonymous survey was sent by email or messaging app, containing questions to assess adherence to the recommended vaccination schedule in patients with rheumatic diseases, as well as fears, preferences and adherence to vaccination schedule against SARS-CoV-2. Results: 295 patients with SSc were included. 68.81% were vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 with at least one dose, 48.7% of this group had two doses. 84.75% reported talking to their doctor about their general vaccination schedule. Only 5.4% had all four vaccines. 93.56% expressed willingness to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, 56.27% preferred the Sputnik V vaccine. 7.46% expressed their willingness to not be vaccinated. The factors that most frequently influenced adherence to vaccination were fear of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection (86.1%) and adverse reactions (23.05%). Conclusions: we highlight the fact that only 6 months after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 became available, half of the patients with SSc had the full recommended schedule.

SUMMARY: In International Anatomical Terminology, the term sacrum is identified with the number 1071. In humans, it is the largest vertebral bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. The origin of the term sacrum is still under discussion and is not entirely clear, in addition, the relevance of this denomination has been little addressed in the literature. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the term sacrum and then propose a term for the denomination of this anatomical structure following the recommendations of the Federative International Program for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). This bone was called sacrum, because it is considered sacred, since it has a deep religious meaning, although other traditions such as mysticism and rituals have also been attributed to it. The term sacrum does not favor understanding, since it is neither descriptive nor informative, so we suggest changing it to vertebrae magna (vertebrae magna), since this proposal follows the FIPAT recommendations, that is, not only be unequivocal, but also accurate.

RESUMEN: En Terminologia Anatomica el término sacro es identificado con el número 1071. En el humano, es el hueso vertebral de mayor tamaño formado por la fusión de cinco vértebras. El origen del término sacro sigue en discusión y no está del todo claro, además, la pertinencia de esta denominación ha sido poco abordada en la literatura. Así, el objetivo de este artículo fue analizar el término sacro y luego proponer un término para la denominación de esta estructura anatómica siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). A este hueso se le llamó sacro, por considerarse sagrado, ya que tiene un profundo significado religioso, aunque también se le ha atribuido otras tradiciones como las místicas y los rituales. El término sacro no favorece el entendimiento, ya que no es descriptivo ni informativo, por lo que sugerimos su cambio a vértebra magna (vertebrae magna), ya que esta propuesta sigue las recomendaciones de la FIPAT, es decir, no solo ser unívoco, sino también preciso.

RESUMO Contexto: A doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) compreende o espectro entre a doença de Crohn (DC) e a colite ulcerativa, condição esta cuja prevalência em países como o Brasil vem aumentando significativamente nos últimos anos. Alterações na função da barreira epitelial intestinal e, consequentemente, um aumento da permeabilidade intestinal, têm sido sugeridos como fatores importantes envolvidos na patogênese de diferentes condições autoimunes, dentre elas, a DII. Desta forma, existe a necessidade de uma ferramenta prática para avaliar a integridade da barreira epitelial intestinal nestes pacientes. Objetivo: Estudar os fatores associados com os níveis séricos de zonulina, um marcador da permeabilidade intestinal, em pacientes com DII. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal que incluiu 117 pacientes com DII e 32 indivíduos que compuseram o grupo controle. A atividade da doença foi avaliada pelo Simple Cliniical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI) na colite ulcerativa e pelo índice de Harvey-Bradshaw (IHB) em pacientes com DC. Os níveis de zonulina foram quantificados por ELISA e os níveis das citocinas inflamatórias pelo Cytometric Bead Array, utilizando kits comercialmente disponíveis. Resultados: A média de idade dos pacientes com DII foi de 44,0±15,9 anos, 66,7% eram do sexo feminino, 57 pacientes eram portadores de DC e 60 pacientes eram portadores de colite ulcerativa. No momento da avaliação clínico-laboratorial, 56,7% dos pacientes com DC encontravam-se em remissão clínica e, dentre os pacientes com colite ulcerativa, 59,2% deles assim se encontravam. Não foram observadas diferenças nos níveis séricos de zonulina entre pacientes com DII e grupo controle (95,28 ng/mL vs 96,61 ng/mL; P=0,573), assim como entre pacientes com DC e pacientes com colite ulcerativa (79,68 ng/mL vs 106,10 ng/mL, P=0,887). Dentre os pacientes com DII, as concentrações de zonulina foram mais elevadas no sexo feminino e correlacionaram-se positivamente com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e com a idade, correlacionando-se negativamente com os níveis de hemoglobina e hematócrito. Nos pacientes com colite ulcerativa, as concentrações de zonulina correlacionaram-se negativamente com os parâmetros hemoglobina, hematócrito e albumina e, positivamente, com o IMC e com o SCCAI. Dentre os pacientes com DC, a zonulina sérica correlacionou-se positivamente com a idade e com o IMC, mas não com o IHB. Não foram observadas correlações entre os níveis de zonulina e as citocinas circulantes nos pacientes com DII. Conclusão: Nesta coorte constituída majoritariamente por pacientes em remissão clínica, os níveis séricos de zonulina não se mostraram aumentados em pacientes com DII em relação a indivíduos controles e correlacionaram-se com variáveis não relacionadas à doença de base, como com o sexo, com a idade e com o IMC. No entanto, os níveis séricos de zonulina correlacionaram-se com parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais de gravidade e atividade da doença dentre os pacientes com colite ulcerativa, mas não dentre os pacientes com DC. Estes achados indicam um potencial papel da zonulina sérica como um biomarcador na DII, principalmente na colite ulcerativa.

ABSTRACT Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises the spectrum between Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), a condition whose prevalence in countries such as Brazil has increased significantly in recent years. Changes in the intestinal epithelial barrier function and, consequently, an increase in intestinal permeability, have been suggested as important factors in the pathogenesis of different autoimmune conditions, including IBD. Therefore, there is a need for a practical tool to assess gut barrier integrity in these patients. Objective: To study factors associated with serum zonulin levels, a marker of intestinal permeability, in patients with IBD. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study that included 117 patients with IBD and 32 healthy controls. Disease activity was assessed by the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI) in UC and by the Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) in CD subjects. Zonulin levels were measured by ELISA and inflammatory cytokines by Cytometric Bead Array, using commercially available kits. Results: The mean age of IBD patients was 44.0±15.9 years, 66.7% were female, 57 subjects were diagnosed with CD and 60 with UC. At evaluation, clinical remission was observed in 56.7% of CD patients and in 59.2% of UC subjects. No differences were observed in zonulin levels when comparing IBD patients with the control group (95.28 ng/mL vs 96.61 ng/mL, P=0.573) and when comparing patients with CD to those with UC (79.68 ng/mL vs 106.10 ng/mL, P=0.887). Among IBD group, zonulin concentrations were higher among females, correlated positively with body mass index (BMI) and age; and negatively with hemoglobin and hematocrit. In patients with UC, zonulin correlated negatively with hemoglobin, hematocrit, and albumin; and positively with BMI and SCCAI. Among CD patients, zonulin was positively correlated with age and BMI, but not with HBI. No correlations were observed between zonulin and circulating cytokines in IBD patients. Conclusion: In this cohort mostly comprised of patients in clinical remission, serum zonulin levels were not higher in patients with IBD than healthy controls, and correlated with variables not linked to baseline disease, such as sex, age and BMI. However, zonulin correlated with clinical and laboratory parameters of disease severity and activity among subjects with UC, but not among patients with CD. These findings indicate a potential role for zonulin as a biomarker in IBD, particularly in UC.

RESUMEN Mamíferos eocenos en depósitos volcanoclásticos de la meseta de Somun Cura: implicaciones bioestratigráficas para el Paleógeno del norte de la Patagonia. La sucesión faunística terrestre del Paleógeno y sus depósitos volcaniclásticos portadores asociados han sido exhaustivamente estudiados en la Patagonia central, pero aún no hay un ordenamiento litobiochronoestratigráfico aceptable para la región Norpatagónica extrandina. Las únicas referencias sobre depósitos portadores de mamíferos paleógenos al norte del río Chubut son imprecisas y contradictorias. Al oeste de Ingeniero Jacobacci (Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina), el paleontólogo y arqueólogo Rodolfo Casamiquela reportó una sucesión fosilífera con mamíferos casamayorenses o mustersenses (Eoceno) y deseadenses (Oligoceno) de rocas actualmente mapeadas como Formación Las Chacras. Esta unidad incluye tobas ácidas a intermedias, ignimbritas, paleosuelos, conglomerados y basaltos originados en un sistema fluvial perivolcánico, bajo un clima estacional subhúmedo de acuerdo con los caracteres pedogénicos predominantes. Como resultado de nuestros trabajos de campo y recolección de fósiles en el área de Ingeniero Jacobacci y de la revisión de los materiales colectados por Casamiquela en los años cuarenta y cincuenta (con procedencia estratigráfica bien conocida), identificamos una única asociación de mamíferos proveniente de la sección inferior de la Formación Las Chacras (aquí denominada “Lower Las Chacras fauna”) compuesta por Plesiofelis schlosseri Roth, 1903 (Sparassodonta); Trigonostylops Ameghino, 1897; Astraponotus Ameghino, 1901 (Astrapotheria); Propyrotherium Ameghino, 1901 (Pyrotheria); Pseudhyrax eutrachytheroides Ameghino, 1901; Eohegetotherium priscum Ameghino, 1901; Puelia sigma (Ameghino, 1901); Periphragnis Roth, 1899 (Notoungulata); Isutaetus depictus Ameghino, 1902 (Cingulata); y un nuevo miembro de Adianthidae (Litopterna) y probablemente de Pichipilidae (Paucituberculata). Esta asociación es más parecida a la proveniente del Miembro Rosado de la Formación Sarmiento en Gran Barranca, Patagonia central (localidad tipo de la Edad Mamífero Mustersense) datada en ca. 38 Ma (Eoceno medio tardío). Un flujo piroclástico asociado a los depósitos portadores de Ingeniero Jacobacci fue datado (K-Ar) en 39,2±2 Ma, valor compatible con la edad Mustersense inferida aquí para la “Lower Las Chacras fauna”. La supuesta presencia de mamíferos deseadenses en estos niveles estaba basada sobre restos de un notoungulado isotémnido incorrectamente identificado como un leontínido. La presencia del notoungulado tinguiririquense (Oligoceno temprano) Eohegetotherium priscum , con caracteres dentarios más apomórficos que sus aliados eocénicos, y de un astrapotérido más derivado que Astraponotus , sugiere que algunos elementos faunísticos más avanzados se habrían establecido en la Norpatagonia más temprano que en la Patagonia central.

ABSTRACT The Paleogene terrestrial faunal succession and its associated bearing volcaniclastic deposits has been exhaustively studied in central Patagonia, but there is still no acceptable litho-bio-chronostratigraphic ordering for the extra-Andean North Patagonia. The only references on Paleogene mammals bearing deposits north to Chubut River are imprecise and contradictory. West to Ingeniero Jacobacci (Río Negro Province, Argentina), the paleontologist and archaeologist Rodolfo Casamiquela reported a fossiliferous succession with Casamayoran or Mustersan (Eocene) and Deseadan (Oligocene) mammals from rocks currently mapped as the Las Chacras Formation. This unit includes acid to intermediate tuffs, ignimbrites, paleosols, conglomerates, and basalts originated in a perivolcanic fluvial system, under a seasonal subhumid-humid climate according to predominant pedogenic features. As a result of our fieldworks and fossil collection in the area of Ingeniero Jacobacci, and the revision of the materials collected by Casamiquela in the forties and fifties (with well-known stratigraphic origin), we identified a single mammal association from the lower section of the Las Chacras Formation (here named the Lower Las Chacras fauna) composed by: Plesiofelis schlosseri Roth, 1903 (Sparassodonta), Trigonostylops Ameghino, 1897, Astraponotus Ameghino, 1901 (Astrapotheria), Propyrotherium Ameghino, 1901 (Pyrotheria), Pseudhyrax eutrachytheroides Ameghino, 1901, Eohegetotherium priscum Ameghino, 1901, Puelia sigma (Ameghino, 1901), Periphragnis Roth, 1899 (Notoungulata), Isutaetus depictus Ameghino, 1902 (Cingulata), and a new member of Adianthidae (Litopterna) and probably of Pichipilidae (Paucituberculata). This assemblage is closer to that derived from the Rosado Member of the Sarmiento Formation at Gran Barranca, central Patagonia (type locality of the Mustersan Land Mammal Age) dated in ca . 38 Ma (late middle Eocene). A pyroclastic flow associated to the bearing deposits of Ingeniero Jacobacci was dated (K-Ar) in 39.2±2 Ma, value compatible with the Mustersan age here inferred for the Lower Las Chacras fauna. The alleged occurrence of Deseadan mammals in these levels was based on remains of an isotemnid notoungulate incorrectly identified as a leontinid. The presence of the Tinguirirican (early Oligocene) notoungulate Eohegetotherium priscum , with more apomorphic dental traits than in its Eocene allies, and of an astrapotheriid more derived than Astraponotus suggests that some advanced faunal elements would have been established in North Patagonia earlier than in central Patagonia.

Resumen Se desarrolló una máquina de desgaste del tipo Pin On Ring, bajo la norma ASTM G99-17 (ASTM Int', 2018), que permite realizar ensayos mediante un procedimiento de laboratorio para determinar el desgaste de materiales. Las máquinas de desgaste tipo Pin On Ring requieren realizar pruebas a la pieza bajo ciertas condiciones como lo son: la velocidad de giro y la carga aplicada. En la máquina presentada se pueden manipular y controlar la velocidad de giro y la carga aplicada, gracias a que se incorporan los elementos necesarios para variar la velocidad del giro del motor, esto se logra a través de un variador de frecuencia, además se desarrolló un mecanismo de aplicación de carga que permite aplicar la carga deseada durante el ensayo, esta carga es medida gracias a una celda de carga que cuantifica la cantidad aplicada durante la prueba. Durante el ensayo se genera un incremento de temperatura entre las superficies, el cual se puede medir y observar su comportamiento en el panel de control de la máquina de desgaste mediante un sensor tipo k. Es posible obtener la tasa de desgaste de los materiales en contacto de manera automática, debido a que la instrumentación incorporada en la maquina permite calcular la distancia recorrida, con lo que se obtiene una idea del comportamiento del material bajo ciertas condiciones de trabajo.

Abstract A Pin on Ring type wear machine was developed, under the ASTM G99-17 (ASTM Int ', 2018) standard, which allows tests to be carried out using a laboratory procedure to determine the wear of materials. This machine allows tests to be carried out using a laboratory procedure to determine the wear of materials. Pin On Ring type wear machines require testing the part under certain conditions such as: rotation speed and applied load. In the presented machine, the speed of rotation and the applied load can be manipulated and controlled, thanks to the incorporation of the necessary elements to vary the speed of the motor rotation, this is achieved through a frequency variator, it was also developed a load application mechanism that allows applying the desired load during the test, this load is measured thanks to a load cell that measures the amount applied during the test. During the test, an increase in temperature is generated between the surfaces, which can be measured and its behavior observed on the control panel of the wear machine by means of a type k sensor. It is possible to obtain the wear rate of the materials in contact automatically, because the instrumentation incorporated in the machine allows calculating the distance traveled, thereby obtaining an idea of the behavior of the material under certain working conditions.

Abstract Aluminum alloys have been widely used in multiple applications, such as in civil construction and engine pistons. They are subjected to loads that may impair their mechanical properties. Thereby, this research aims to study the influence of anodization on the mechanical properties of alloy samples and evaluate the behavior of oxide films when subjected to tensile testing. The mechanical properties of specimens have been evaluated based on tensile and Knoop hardness tests, and strain, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of specimens have been determined based on the stress-strain curve. The morphology of oxide films was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM). Results of anodized Al-Si alloys in both modes, i.e. pulsed and direct currents, were compared, and it was found that pulsed current was more efficient than direct current with respect to uniformity of the formed film, and that the anodization process can affect a few mechanical properties of samples. The tension testing results also revealed that the oxide film has been fractured perpendicularly towards traction. However, the oxide film hardness was not affected by the anodization mode (pulsed or direct currents). In addition, a heat treatment was efficient at improving the uniformity of anodic films.

SUMMARY: In Terminologia Anatomica the term hymen is identified with the number 3530. It is a small membranous tissue that normally occupies a part of the external vaginal opening in women. The relevance of the term hymen has been scarcely addressed in the literature of the anatomical terminology field. Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyze this term, verify its etymology and functionality, and determine how it has been considered in certain cultural clinical and legal aspects. The term hymen comes from the Latin hymen, borrowed from the Greek hymḗn ὑμήν , which means membrane. With the general value of any membrane, it was used in Greece from the 5th century BC, however, through a phenomenon of Latin specialization, from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, the term was used applying its current meaning. Its origin comes from the name of the Greek god of marriage called Hymenaeus, which links the term to an eponym and a myth at the same time. Despite the above, we believe that its conservation in Terminologia Anatomica could be due to its long history, even though there may be better options to name this structure. The hymen does not have a known biological function, however, it has been highly valued at a cultural, clinical and legal level, in which the physical examination has determined conclusions about the sexual history of women and girls even when the evidence shows that it is not an accurate or reliable proof of sexual activity.

RESUMEN: En Terminología Anatómica el término himen es identificado con el número 3530. Es un pequeño tejido membranoso que normalmente ocupa una parte de la abertura vaginal externa en la mujer. La pertinencia del término himen ha sido poco abordada en la literatura del campo terminológico anatómico, por tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar este término, verificar su etimología y funcionalidad, y determinar cómo este ha sido considerado en algunos aspectos de orden cultural, clínico y jurídico. El término himen proviene del latín hymen que es préstamo del griego hymḗn ὑμήν que significa membrana. Con el valor general de cualquier membrana fue usado en Grecia desde el siglo V a.C., sin embargo, a través de un fenómeno de especialización latina, a partir de los siglos I y II d.C., el término fue usado con su significado actual. Su origen proviene del nombre del dios griego del matrimonio llamado Himeneo, lo que vincula el término a un epónimo y mito a la vez. Pese a lo anterior, creemos que su conservación en Terminología Anatómica se podría deber a su larga data de uso, aun cuando podrían existir mejores opciones para denominar esta estructura. El himen no presenta una función biológica conocida, sin embargo, ha tenido gran valoración a nivel cultural, clínico y jurídico, en el que el examen físico ha determinado conclusiones sobre la historia sexual de mujeres y niñas aun cuando las evidencias demuestran que no es una prueba precisa o confiable de la actividad sexual.

SUMMARY: Occasionally the scapular notch can be replaced by a bony foramen product of the ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament. This bone formation is considered a precipitating factor for compression of the suprascapular nerve. One hundred and ninety-five adult scapulae from Colombian (114 scapulae) and Chilean (81 scapulae) university osteotheques were studied macroscopically to determine the presence of a bony scapular foramen. Both scapulae of the same Colombian individual (1.75% of the total) presented the scapular foramen and one left scapula (1.23%) presented this formation in a Chilean individual. The prevalence of ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament is highly variable in the different studies and tends to be less than 10%; however, it can become a risk factor due to entrapment or compression of the suprascapular nerve, a fact known as suprascapular neuropathy.

RESUMEN: Ocasionalmente la incisura escapular puede ser reemplazada por un foramen óseo producto de la osificación del ligamento transverso superior de la escápula. Esta formación ósea se considera un factor precipitante de la compresión del nervio supraescapular. Ciento noventa y cinco escápulas de individuos adultos pertenecientes a osteotecas de universidades de Colombia (114 escápulas) y de Chile (81 escápulas), fueron estudiadas macroscópicamente para determinar la presencia de un foramen escapular óseo. Ambas escápulas de un mismo individuo colombiano (1,75 % del total) presentaban el foramen escapular y una escápula izquierda (1,23 %) presentaba esta formación en un individuo chileno. La prevalencia de la osificación del ligamento transverso superior de la escápula es muy variable en los distintos estudios y tiende a situarse inferior al 10 %, sin embargo, puede constituirse en un factor de riesgo debido al atrapamiento o compresión del nervio supraescapular, hecho conocido como neuropatía supraescapular.