Abstract Mitochondrial molecular markers (DNA sequences of D-loop, cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase I) were employed to characterize populations of the piranha Serrasalmus maculatus from Upper Paraná, Upper Paraguay and Tocantins River basins. D-loop sequences of S. maculatus population from Paraná-Paraguay River basin exhibited tandem repeats of short motifs (12 base pairs) and variable numbers depending on specimens, accounting for length variation. Concatenated mitochondrial sequences suggested that S. maculatus encompasses different mitochondrial DNA lineages. Although sampling was restricted to three river basins, phylogenetic analysis clearly indicated that the species currently recognized as S. maculatus presents high genetic variability. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis clustered S. maculatus populations according to their locations. However, the highest genetic differentiation was identified between populations from Paraná-Paraguay system and Tocantins River basin. Three species delimitation analyses (PTP, GMYC, and ABGD) suggested that there are at least two species among the analyzed populations. The analysis of the mitochondrial sequences evidenced genetic differentiation among populations corresponding to related, but different species, suggesting that at least S. maculatus from the Tocantins River and Paraná-Paraguay River basins are most likely different species. Therefore, S. maculatus should be considered a species complex with morphologically cryptic diversity. An integrative revision is suggested.

RESUMO Objetivo descrever o perfil clínico e sociodemográfico e o desfecho da reabilitação fonoaudiológica de pacientes com câncer de laringe. Método estudo transversal com 204 pessoas atendidas entre 1989 e 2015. A associação entre desfecho da fonoterapia e variáveis de caracterização sociodemográfica e clínicas foi verificada por técnicas univariadas e multivariadas. Resultados prevalência do gênero masculino (95,10%), 60 anos ou mais (53,43%), ensino fundamental (77,37%), setor de serviços (44,12), tabagistas e etilistas (81,63%); estágio T3 (30,4%), ausência de nódulos (72,00%) e de metástase (85,6%). O procedimento terapêutico mais frequente foi a laringectomia total ou parcial (69,61%). Houve associação da escolaridade, estágio da doença, hábitos e procedimento terapêutico com desfecho da fonoterapia (p<0,001). Conclusão fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos podem interferir no prognóstico da reabilitação vocal de pessoas com câncer de laringe. A otimização e diversificação de novos procedimentos terapêuticos são desafios na reabilitação fonoaudiológica destas pessoas.

ABSTRACT Purpose to describe the clinical and sociodemographic profile and analyze the voice rehabilitation outcomes of patients with laryngeal cancer. Methods cross-sectional study with 204 individuals with laryngeal cancer treated between 1989 and 2015. The variables describing the patients’ profile were presented in absolute values (n) and percentage (%). The association between the speech-language therapy outcome and the sociodemographic and clinical characterization variables was verified by means of uni- and multivariate techniques. Results 95.1% of the patients are male; 53.43% are aged 60 or more; 77.37% have elementary education; 44.12% are in the service industry; 81.63% smoke and consume alcohol; 30.4% are stage T3. Absence of nodules was found in 72.00%, and of metastasis, in 85.6% of patients. The most frequent therapeutic procedure was complete or partial laryngectomy (69.61%). There was an association among education, disease stage, habits, and therapeutic outcome with speech-language therapy (p<0.001). Conclusion Several causes can affect the prognosis of vocal rehabilitation in patients with laryngeal cancer. Optimization and diversification of new therapeutic procedures are challenges for these patients’ speech-language rehabilitation.

Resumo Introdução: As afecções inflamatórias do nariz e dos seios paranasais são muito prevalentes na população geral, causam acentuada perda de qualidade de vida dos pacientes afetados, geram perdas significativas das atividades de trabalho, lazer e sociais. Esses pacientes necessitam de tratamento específico e especializado e uma ampla gama de medicações orais está disponível. Objetivo: O presente documento tem por objetivo esclarecer àqueles que tratam das doenças nasossinusais inflamatórias, tanto especialistas quanto generalistas, sobre as terapêuticas orais nas afecções inflamatórias nasais não infecciosas. Método: A metodologia usada para elaboração deste artigo incluiu a busca das palavras chave: corticosteroides orais, anti-histamínicos, antileucotrienos, rinite, rinossinusite nos bancos de dados Medline e Embase nos últimos 5 anos. Como não foi achado artigo relevante para o texto sobre o assunto de interesse nos últimos 5 anos, a busca foi estendida por mais 5 anos, e assim por diante, de acordo com a necessidade dos autores. Resultados: Literatura relevante foi encontrada com relação ao uso dos anti-histamínicos, antileucotrienos e corticosteroides orais nessas afecções. A Academia Brasileira de Rinologia ressalta, após amplo debate do colegiado, pontos-chave no tratamento com esses medicamentos. Conclusão: Há respaldo na literatura para o uso desses medicamentos, entretanto considerações finais acerca do papel de cada deles foram feitas.

Abstract Introduction: Inflammatory conditions of the nose and paranasal sinuses are very prevalent in the general population, resulting in marked loss of quality of life in affected patients, as well as significant work, leisure, and social activity losses. These patients require specific and specialized treatment. A wide range of oral medications are available. Objective: The present document is aimed to clarify, for professionals treating patients with inflammatory sinonasal diseases, both specialists and general practitioners, specific oral therapies in noninfectious nasal inflammatory conditions. Methods: The methodology used to create this article included the search for the key words: oral corticosteroids, antihistamines, antileukotrienes, rhinitis, rhinosinusitis in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases in the last 5 years. Since no relevant article was found for the text on the subject of interest in the last 5 years, the search was extended for another 5 years, and so on, according to the authors’ needs. Results: Relevant literature was found regarding the use of antihistamines, antileukotrienes and oral corticosteroids in these conditions. The Brazilian Academy of Rhinology emphasizes, after extensive discussion by the collegiate, key points in the treatment with these drugs. Conclusion: There is support in the literature for the use of these drugs; however, final considerations about the role of each of them have been made.

Introduction Medical intervention in allergies has broadened its perspective, also focusing in the quality of life of patients. Patients are instructed, before using pharmacotherapy agents, to avoid the causal agent. Objective This study aims to analyze the sensitization profile of patients with allergic complaints and identify possible characteristics specific to each age group and gender. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study included data collected from medical records (from Multi-Test II database, Lincoln Diagnostics Inc. Decatur, Illinois) of 1,912 patients who underwent skin prick test from March to October 2013. Patients were organized and analyzed according to gender, age, and results of the allergens subtypes tested. Results The study was composed of 1,912 patients (60% male and 40% female) of ages between 3 and 87 years. Positive tests were more prevalent in quantity and intensity with the mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae, each with 60% of the total analyzed. In second place were pollens, especially Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis. Conclusion The female and male sexes were equally atopic. Fungi and epithelia of dog and cat were not considered potential aeroallergens that could cause symptoms. However, mites are common in Paraná, Brazil. Further studies regarding the pollens are needed, as this study result diverged from the literature.

Introduction  Over the years the immune system suffers many morphologic and functional alterations, which result in a peak of function in puberty and a gradual decrease in the elderly. Aim  Treat patients 55 years or older with allergic rhinitis with immunotherapy and then analyze the response to allergens. Materials and Methods  From June 2009 to July 2010, 104 charts of patients 55 years or older with allergic complaints were evaluated. The patients were selected by anamnesis, physical examination, and otorhinolaryngologic exam. The patients had cutaneous test for mites before and after 1 year of sublingual specific immunotherapy. The cutaneous response was classified as negative (absent), light, moderate, or severe. Results  Before vaccination, 42 (40.4%) patients were classified as having a severe form of allergy and 62 (59.6%) as having a moderate allergy. After the specific therapy, 40 (38.4%) patients were classified as negative (absent), 37 (35.6%) as light, 19 (18.3%) as moderate, and 8 (7.7%) as severe responses. Conclusion  Immunotherapy, a desensitization technique, is indicated in cases which patients cannot avoid the exposure to allergens and in situations where pharmacologic therapy is not ideal. Specific immunotherapy to treat the allergic rhinitis in elderly patients was efficient and had no collateral effects, and in addition to the clinical benefit, improvement in the cutaneous test could also be observed.

Evidências epidemiológicas sugerem que variantes genéticas que codificam enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo do folato podem modular o risco de câncer de cabeça e pescoço por alterar a metilação, síntese de DNA e estabilidade genômica. OBJETIVOS: Realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre polimorfismos genéticos envolvidos no metabolismo do folato e o risco de câncer de cabeça e pescoço. METODOLOGIA: Realizou-se uma busca eletrônica na base de dados Medline, selecionando estudos em câncer de cabeça do pescoço e polimorfismos envolvidos no metabolismo do folato. RESULTADOS: A associação do polimorfismo MTHFR C677T no risco dessa neoplasia foi avaliada em nove estudos e três deles mostraram associação com essa doença. Os polimorfismos MTR A2756G e MTRR A66G e RFC1 A80G também foram associados com aumento de risco para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço. O polimorfismo MTHFD1 G1958A não mostra associação com o risco dessa doença e os resultados da avaliação do polimorfismo MTHFR A1298C nesse tipo de neoplasia são contraditórios. Outros polimorfismos envolvidos no metabolismo do folato ainda não foram estudados nesse tipo de neoplasia. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que polimorfismos envolvidos no metabolismo do folato podem modular o risco desse tipo de tumor, no entanto, esses resultados precisam ser comprovados em diferentes populações.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that genetic variants encoding enzymes involved in folate metabolism may modulate HNSCC risk by altering DNA methylation synthesis and genomic estability. AIM: A review of the literature on genetic polymorphisms involved in folate metabolism and risk of head and neck cancer was carried out. METHODOLOGY: An electronic search was made on the Medline database to select papers on head and neck cancer and polymorphisms involved in folate metabolism. RESULTS: The association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and the risk of this tumor type was evaluated in nine studies; there was an association with this disease in three papers. The MTR A2756G and MTRR A66G and RFC1 A80G polymorphisms were also associated with increased risk for HNSCC. MTHFD1 G1958A polymorphism was not associated with increased risk of this disease; the evaluation results of the MTHFR A1298C polymorphism in this neoplasm were contradictory. Other polymorphisms involved in folate metabolism were not studied for this neoplasm. CONCLUSION: We conclude that polymorphisms involved in folate metabolism may modulate the risk of head and neck cancer, however, these results need to be demonstrated in different populations.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: O câncer de cabeça e pescoço é o quinto tipo mais comum entre todas as neoplasias no mundo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros clínicos e epidemiológicos em um serviço de cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal com coleta de dados de prontuários, realizado no departamento de otorrinolaringologia e cabeça e pescoço de um hospital universitário do noroeste do estado de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Um total de 995 pacientes do serviço de cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço foi avaliado entre janeiro de 2000 a maio de 2010. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, gênero, cor da pele, consumo de álcool e tabaco, sítio primário, estádio e tipo histológico do tumor, tratamento e número de mortes. RESULTADOS: A doença foi mais frequente entre homens (79,70%), tabagistas (75,15%) e etilistas (58,25%). Os locais mais representativos foram: cavidade oral (29,65%) e laringe (24,12%) para sítio primário; carcinoma espinocelular (84,92%) foi o tipo histológico mais frequente e cirurgia (29,04%) e radioterapia (14,19%) foram os tratamentos mais comuns. CONCLUSÃO: O câncer que afeta os pacientes assistidos pelo serviço de cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço ocorre, em sua maioria, entre homens, tabagistas e etilistas, tendo a cavidade oral e a laringe maior incidência. A alta taxa de pacientes com estádios III e IV indica diagnóstico tardio pelos centros de tratamento, o que reflete a necessidade de campanhas de prevenção para o diagnóstico precoce da doença.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Head and neck cancer is the fifth most common type of cancer worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological parameters in a head and neck surgery service. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study using patients' records, developed in otolaryngology and head and neck department of a university hospital in the northwest of the state of São Paulo. METHODS: A total of 995 patients in the head and neck surgery service between January 2000 and May 2010 were evaluated. The variables analyzed included: age, gender, skin color, tobacco and alcohol consumption, primary site, staging and histological tumor type, treatment and number of deaths. RESULTS: The disease was more frequent among men (79.70%), smokers (75.15%) and alcohol abusers (58.25%). The most representative sites were oral cavity (29.65%) and larynx (24.12%) for the primary site; squamous cell carcinoma (84.92%) was the most frequent histological type, and surgery (29.04%) and radiotherapy (14.19%) were the most common treatments. CONCLUSION: The cancer that affects patients assisted by the head and neck surgery service occurs mainly men, smokers and alcohol abusers, and the oral cavity and larynx are the sites with the highest incidence. The high rate of patients with stages III and IV indicates late diagnosis by the treatment centers, which reflects the need for prevention education campaigns for early diagnosis of the disease.

OBJETIVO: Investigar o polimorfismo MTHFD1 G1958A envolvido no metabolismo do folato no risco para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço e verificar a associação entre esse polimorfismo com fatores de risco e características clínico-histopatológicas. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo que avaliou o polimorfismo MTHFD1 G1958A em 694 indivíduos (240 pacientes e 454 controles), por meio da técnica de análise de polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmento de restrição. Para análise estatística foram utilizados os testes de regressão logística múltipla e qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Tabagismo e idade superior a 42 anos foram preditores da doença (p < 0,05). Os genótipos MTHFD1 1958GA ou AA foram associados ao tabagismo (p = 0,04) e etilismo (p = 0,03) e estão presentes em maior proporção em tumores com estádios mais avançados (p = 0,04) e em pacientes com menor sobrevida (p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: A presença do polimorfismo MTHFD1 G1958A associada aos hábitos tabagista e etilista aumenta o risco para desenvolvimento de câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the MTHFD1 G1958A polymorphism involved in the folate metabolism as a risk for head and neck cancer, and to find the association of the polymorphism with the risk factors and clinical and histopathological characteristics. METHODS: Retrospective study investigating MTHFD1 G1958A polymorphism in 694 subjects (240 patients in the Case Group and 454 in the Control Group) by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis. Multiple logistic regression and chi-square tests were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Multivariable analysis showed that smoking and age over 42 years were disease predictors (p < 0.05). MTHFD1 1958GA or AA genotypes were associated with smoking (p = 0.04) and alcoholism (p = 0.03) and were more often found in more advanced stage tumors (p = 0.04) and in patients with a shorter survival (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The presence of MTHFD1 G1948A polymorphism associated with smoking and alcoholism raises the head and neck cancer risk.

O polimorfismo C677T do gene metilenotetra-hidrofolato redutase (MTHFR) pode ser um fator de risco para o carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço devido a alterações nos níveis de folato que podem induzir alterações na metilação intracelular, promovendo a carcinogênese. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o polimorfismo MTHFR C677T em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço e em indivíduos sem história de neoplasia e verificar a associação desta doença com as características clínico-patológicas. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo no qual foram avaliados gênero, idade, tabagismo, etilismo e parâmetros clínico-histopatológicos em 200 indivíduos (100 com a doença e 100 sem história de neoplasia). A análise molecular foi realizada pela técnica de PCR- RFLP e os testes qui-quadrado de Pearson e Regressão Logística Múltipla foram utilizados para análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Não houve associação entre o polimorfismo MTHFR C677T e a doença (p=0,50). Diferenças significantes entre o grupo de pacientes e o grupo controle foram observadas para idade superior a 50 anos, hábito tabagista e gênero masculino (p<0,001). Não houve associação da doença com os parâmetros clínico-histopatológicos. CONCLUSÃO: Não foi possível estabelecer uma associação entre o polimorfismo MTHFR C677T e o carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism may be a risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma due to changes in folate levels that can induce disorders in the methylation pathway, which results in carcinogenesis. AIM: To evaluate MTHFR C677T polymorphism in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and in individuals with no history of cancer, and to assess the association of this disease with clinical histopathological parameters. SERIES AND METHODS: A retrospective study that assessed gender, age, tobacco, alcohol consumption and clinical histopathological parameters in 200 patients (100 with disease and 100 with no history of cancer). PCR-RFLP molecular analysis was carried out and the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were applied for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was no association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and head and neck cancer (p = 0.50). Significant differences between the study and control groups were observed at age over 50 years, tobacco use, and male gender (p <0.001). There was no association of disease with clinical-histopathological parameters. CONCLUSION: No association between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was possible in this study.

Se investigaron los efectos hemodinámicos del azul de metileno (AM) antes de administrar una dosis única (1,5 mg/kg, IV) de veneno total (VT) de Crotalus durissus cumanensis. Doce ratas machos adultas fueron subdivididas en dos grupos: grupo I, 6 ratas tratadas con VT y grupo II, 6 ratas tratadas con solución AM al 2% (dosis única: 2 mg/kg, IV), 40 min después, se administró VT, como en el grupo I. Previamente, cada rata fue anestesiada con una mezcla de azaperona:ketamina. Se canuló la arteria y vena femoral para el registro de presión arterial directa y administración de soluciones, respectivamente. La frecuencia cardiaca (FC) se estimó usando registros electrocardiográficos. Se midió presión arterial media (PAM) y FC antes y después de administrar las soluciones (5; 10; 20 y 30 minutos post-administración). El efecto del VT y del VT+AM sobre las variables, se analizó por ANOVA para muestras seriadas en el tiempo. Los resultados demuestran caída de PAM (87,0 ± 8,4 a 31,8 ± 3,6 mmHg) y FC (260,0 ± 12,7 a 170,0 ± 10,0 lat/min) en grupo I, a 5 min de la administración del VT. Los valores descendieron durante 10 min, hasta la muerte de los animales. El grupo II no mostró cambios significativos (P>0,05) en PAM y FC post-AM durante 40 min. Seguidamente se inyectó VT y la PAM cayó de 73,0 ± 6,6 a 27,0 ± 2,8 mmHg y FC de 360,0 ± 9,9 a 180,0 ± 9,0 l/min, similar (P>0,05) al grupo I. Transcurridos 10 min, hubo recuperación de variables, alcanzando a los 30 min valores de 72,6 ± 7,9 mmHg y 360 ± 11 lat/min, respectivamente, con sobrevivencia del 100% a las 24h. Considerando que AM inhibe la guanilato ciclasa soluble, el blanco celular del oxido nítrico (ON), VT pudiera activar al ON, siendo éste parcialmente responsable de los cambios hemodinámicos observados. Azul de metileno podría representar una potencial herramienta terapéutica útil en el shock circulatorio inducido por una dosis letal de VT.

The effects of pre treatment with methylene blue (MB) on the cardiovascular effect caused by the administration of total venom (TV) of Crotalus durissus cumanensis was studied in adult rats, allocated into two groups: group I, six rats treated with TV (single dose: 1.5 mg/kg, IV) and group II, six rats treated with a 2% solution of methylene blue (single dose: 2 mg/kg, IV) and forty min later, TV was injected as in group I. Before the onset of the experiments, each rat was anesthetized with azaperone:ketamine. The femoral artery and vein were cannulated to record blood pressure (mean arterial pressure: MAP) and to infuse solutions, respectively. Heart rate (HR) was estimated by electrocardiography. MAP and HR were measured before and after the treatments (5, 10, 20 and 30 min). Differences between treatments were estimated by repeated measures ANOVA. A sudden (5min) reduction in MAP (from 87.0 ± 8.4 to 31.8 ± 3.6mmHg) and HR (from 260.0 ± 12.7 to 170.0 ± 10.0 lat/min) was observed in group I. This reduction was steadily during the first 10 min, followed by death in all treated rats. Rats in group II did not exhibit significant (P>0.05) changes in MAP and HR after the administration of methylene blue. Forty min later, TV was injected causing a reduction in MAP (73.0 ± 6.6 to 27.0 ± 2.8mmHg) and HR (360.0 ± 9.9 to 180.0 ± 9.0 l/min). After 10 min, the MAP and HR returned to baseline levels, reaching 72.6 ± 7.9 mmHg and 360.0 ± 11.0 lat/min, respectively, with a 100% survival at 24h. Methylene blue inhibits soluble guanylate cyclase, the cellular target of nitric oxide (NO). Therefore, the possibility exists that this venom might activate the production and release of NO, contributing to the observed hypotension and bradycardia. Since MB restored these haemodynamic variables and avoided the venom-evoked death at 24 hours, it might be a potential useful therapeutic tool to control the shock caused by this total venom.

El cloranfenicol ha sido prohibido en animales para consumo humano; sin embargo, recientemente varios laboratorios de control en países desarrollados han detectado residuos de dicho antibiótico en alimentos de origen animal procedentes de Sur América. En Venezuela, la prohibición data desde 1988, pero recientemente se han detectado residuos de este fármaco en hígado y riñón de bovinos, y en leche de larga duración para consumo humano, por lo que se sospecha que se está comercializando en forma ilegal; así se planteó como objetivo, evidenciar la presencia de residuos de cloranfenicol en riñones de cerdos. Se tomaron en forma aleatoria muestras de riñón de cerdos de tres plantas beneficiadoras (n: 150 muestras), en el período agosto a diciembre del 2004, y que fueron posteriormente llevadas al laboratorio para su procesamiento y análisis según el método ELISA-RIDASCREEN® con un límite de detección: 12,5 ng/kg, para evidenciar su presencia y cuantificar niveles de cloranfenicol. Los resultados evidenciaron residuos de cloranfenicol en el 17% de las muestras de cerdos con niveles que oscilan entre 13,6-42,9 ng/kg. Tales resultados evidencian así una violación en las normas internacionales y nacionales de prohibición en el uso de este antibiótico, lo cual podría determinar graves problemas en salud pública, dadas las reacciones adversas que este agente ocasiona en humanos.

Chloramphenicol has been banned for animal consumption but recently several control laboratories in developed countries have identified residues in food of animal origin from South America. In Venezuela, the ban dates back to 1988, but have recently been detected drug residues in bovine liver and kidney, and long-life milk for human consumption, it is suspected that is being marketed illegally in the antibiotic thus arises as an objective, evidence the presence of residues of chloramphenicol in pig kidneys for human consumption. Samples of pig kidney benefiting from three floors (n: 150 samples) were taken in random, from August to December 2004 and taken to the laboratory for processing and analysis using the method RIDASCREEN®-ELISA (detection limit 12.5ng/kg), to demonstrate the presence and quantify levels of chloramphenicol. The results showed residues of chloramphenicol in 17% of samples from pigs (13.6-42.9ng/kg).These results show a violation of national and international laws banning the use of this antibiotic, which could lead to serious problems in public health because of the adverse reactions this agent causes in humans.

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer o perfil clínico e demográfico bem como identificar os fatores de risco entre os pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço e relacioná-los ao polimorfismo dos genes GSTT1 e GSTM1. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 100 pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço e 100 indivíduos sem história de neoplasia. A análise molecular foi realizada pela técnica de PCR multiplex. Para a análise estatística, os dados foram tabulados e comparados pelo teste exato de Fisher. Foi também utilizado o teste do Qui quadrado e de regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: Há predomínio de indivíduos tabagistas (OR= 5,32; IC95%= 2,04-13,86; p=0,0006), etilistas (OR= 5,04; IC95%= 2,19-11,59; p= 0,0001) em pacientes com neoplasia de cabeça e pescoço. Foi identificado genótipo nulo do gene GSTT1 em 47% dos pacientes e 41% dos controles (OR= 0,67; IC 95%= 0,34-1,35; p= 0,2648). Da mesma forma, identificou-se o genótipo nulo do gene GSTM1 em 66% dos pacientes e 75% dos controles (OR= 2,25; IC95%= 1,05-4,84; p= 0,0368). A análise dos genótipos combinados demonstrou associação entre GSTM1*0/GSTT1 e a ocorrência de carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço (OR= 7,64; IC 95%= 1,72-34,04; p= 0,0076). A análise dos parâmetros clínicos mostrou que é possível identificar associação entre genótipo GSTT1 nulo e neoplasia na laringe, o inverso ocorrendo com este genótipo e a faringe. CONCLUSÃO: Em nosso estudo foi possível estabelecer a associação entre a nulidade do genótipo GSTM1 e dos genótipos combinados GSTT1/GSTM1 *0 ([ ] / [-] a ocorrência de câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the clinical and demographic profile and identify risk factors among patients with head and neck cancer and relate them to the polymorphism of GSTT1 and GSTM1. METHODS: One hundred patients with head and neck cancer and 100 control group individuals without history of neoplasm were analyzed. . The molecular analysis were made by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. For statistical analysis, data were tabulated and compared by the Fisher’s exact test, the Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were also used. RESULTS: There was prevalence of smokers (OR = 5.32, CI 95% CI = 2.04-13.86 p = 0.0006), alcohol drinkers (OR = 5.04, CI 95% = 2.19-11.59 p = 0.0001) in head and neck cancer patients . The GSTT1 null genotype was found in 47% of the patient and 41% of the control group (OR = 0.67; CI 95%= 0.34-1.35; p = 0.2648). Likewise , the GSTM1 null genotype was found in 66% of the patient and 75% of the control group (OR = 2.25; CI 95%= 1.05 - 4.84; p = 0.0368). The combined GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene null genotype shown association between GSTM1*0/GSTT1 and occurrence of head and neck carcinoma (OR = 7.64; CI 95%= 1.72-34.04; p = 0.0076). Analysis of clinical-pathological features showed association between GSTT1 null genotype and larynx, the inverse relation between this genotype and pharynx. CONCLUSION: In our study it was possible to establish association between GSTM1 null genotypes and head and neck cancer.

Se evaluaron los efectos anestésicos de la administración de una dosis única intravenosa de tiletamina/zolazepan (T/Z) en perros sometidos a diferentes protocolos preanestésicos. Se escogieron al azar 16 perros (4 perros/grupo) mestizos de ambos sexos, distribuyéndolos en cuatro tratamientos: Tratamiento 1 (T1): perros que recibieron T/Z (7,0 mg/kg IV); Tratamiento 2 (T2): perros que recibieron una dosis intramuscular (IM) de xilazina (0,2 mg/kg) más T/Z; Tratamiento 3 (T3) perros que recibieron acepromazina (0,25 mg/kg) más T/Z; Tratamiento 4 (T4): perros que recibieron butorfanol (0,1 mg/kg, IM) más T/Z. Todos los animales se premedicaron con atropina, evaluándose las siguientes variables por métodos no invasivos: presión arterial media (PAM), frecuencia cardiaca (FC), temperatura corporal (TC), oximetría de pulso (SpO2), frecuencia respiratoria (FR), tiempos de inducción anestésica (Ti) y anestesia general (Ta). Los registros se realizaron antes, durante (cada 5 min durante 20 min) y después de la Ta. La PAM fue similar en los grupos anestesiados con T/Z, independientemente del protocolo preanestésico aplicado. La PAM fue mayor (P<0,05) en el grupo tratado con xilazina, al compararlo con los tratados con acepromazina. La FC se elevó ligeramente luego de la administraciónde T/Z en todos los grupos, observándose valores menores (P<0,05) de FC al inicio de los registros en el grupo premedicado con xilazina. El tratamiento con acepromazina, causó una reducción (P<0,05) en la TC con respecto al grupo tratado solo con T/Z durante todo el registro. En forma similar, la xilazina produjo una menor TC durante la recuperación. La SpO2 se redujo (P<0,05) en el grupo tratado con acepromazina. La FR fue similar entre los grupos, observándose valores superiores antes de aplicar la T/Z, en el grupo tratado con acepromazina con respecto a los tratados con xilazina o butorfanol. El Ti y Ta fueron similares entre los diferentes grupos; sin embargo, la aplicación de alguno de los protocolos preanestésicos produjo una tendencia a reducir el Ti e incrementar el Ta. Se concluye que, en perros atropinizados, la implementación de protocolos preanestésicos con xilazina, acepromazina o butorfanol, no causa modificaciones significativas en los efectos de la inducción anestésica con T/Z, cuando las variables fisiológicas son registradas por métodos no invasivos.

The anesthetic effects of a single intravenous (IV) dose of tiletamine/zolazepam (T/Z) combination in dogs with different preanesthetic protocols were evaluated. Sixteen cross-bred dogs (4 dogs/group) of both sexes were chosen and randomly allocated into four different treatments (T): Treatment 1 (T1): dogs received T/Z (7.0 mg/kg IV); Treatment 2 (T2): dogs received an intramuscular (IM) dose of xylazine (0.2 mg/kg) plus T/Z; Treatment 3 (T3): dogs received acepromazine (0.25 mg/kg, IM) plus T/Z; Treatment 4 (T4): dogs received butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg, IM) plus T/Z. Ten min before onset of T, animals were given atropine (0.04 mg/kg). The following variables were assessed using non-invasive methods: mean arterial pressure (MAP); heart rate (HR); body temperature (BT); pulse oxymetry (SpO2); respiratory rate (RR); time for induction (Ti); and time for general (Ta) anesthesia. Measurements were done before, during (every 5 min for 20 min), and after Ta. Results show that MAP was similar in T1, T3, and T4, regardless the preanesthetic protocol used, being higher (P<0.05) in T2, compared to T3. The HR slightly rose after administration of T/Z in all T, with lower values (P<0.05) for T2 at the beginning of measurement. The BT dropped (P<0.05) in dogs under T3, compared to T1. Similarly, xylazine induced a lower BT during recovery. The SpO2 was reduced (P<0.05) in T3, while RR was similar in all T, with higher values before administration of T/Z in T3, when compared to T2 and T4. Both Ti and Ta were similar among T; however, the administration of some of the preanesthetic protocols tended to reduce Ti and increased Ta. It is concluded that in atropinized dogs, the preanesthetic protocols with xylazine, acepromazine, or butorphanol, does not cause any significant changes in the effects of anesthetic induction with T/Z, when the physiological variables are evaluated by non-invasive methods.

A determinação da suscetibilidade bacteriana aos medicamentos intracanal é uma necessidade, mas são poucos os estudos que utilizam metodologia própria para anaeróbios estritos nessa avaliação. Neste estudo, são descritos os passos de um método de diluição em caldo, feito em microplacas (microdiluição) e em tubo (macrodiluição), para testar a ação de medicamentos intracanal tradicionais sobre bactérias anaeróbias estritas, com apresentação dos resultados em Concentrações Inibitória e Bactericida Mínimas (CIM e CBM). Inóculos padronizados dos anaeróbios Prevotella nigrescens (ATCC 33563), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586) e Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124), em caldo Reinforced Clostridium Medium (RCM) e caldo Brucella suplementado, foram submetidos a diferentes concentrações de soluções de hidróxido de cálcio, digluconato de clorexidina, paramonoclorofenol canforado e formocresol, diluídas nos mesmos caldos de cultura, em microplacas e tubos, e depois incubados em jarras de anaerobiose a 37ºC por 48 h ou 96 h. A determinação das CIMs foi feita através de leituras visual e em espectrofotômetro, e das CBMs, pela semeadura de alíquotas em ágar RCM-sangue. Para esse tipo de estudo, o macrométodo com leitura em espectrofotômetro deve ser a escolha natural. As CIMs e CBMs do macrométodo foram compatíveis com seu conhecido desempenho clínico, variando com as bactérias e meios de cultura empregados. O caldo RCM foi o mais efetivo e o C. perfringens, o microrganismo mais resistente.

The determination of bacterial susceptibility to intracanal medicaments is a necessity. Nevertheless, few studies utilize the proper methodology to carry out that evaluation with anaerobes. In this study, the steps of a broth dilution method, carried out in microplates (microdilution) and tubes (macrodilution), to test the effect of traditional intracanal medicaments on anaerobic bacteria are described. The results are presented as values of minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC). Standardized inocula of the anaerobic bacteria Prevotella nigrescens (ATCC 33563), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586) and Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124), in reinforced Clostridium medium (RCM) and supplemented Brucella broth, were submitted to different concentrations of calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine digluconate, camphorated paramonochlorophenol and formocresol solutions. The drugs were diluted in the same culture broths, in microplates and tubes, and were then incubated in anaerobiosis jars at 37ºC for 48 or 96 hours. The determination of MICs was carried out through visual and spectrophotometric readings, and the determination of MBCs, through the plating of aliquots on RCM-blood agar. For that kind of study, the macromethod with spectrophotometric reading should be the natural choice. MICs and MBCs obtained with the macromethod were compatible with the known clinical performance of the studied medications, and the values varied according to the bacteria and culture media employed. RCM was the most effective medium and C. perfringens, the most resistant microorganism.

Foi avaliado in vitro a capacidade antimicrobiana de substâncias utilizadas como agentes antimicrobianos (solução de hidróxido de cálcio 10%, paramonoclorofenol canforado - PMCC, digluconato de clorexidina 2% e detergente de mamona 10%) sobre bactérias anaeróbias (Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, Prevotella nigrescens ATCC 33563, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 e Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285), utilizando-se a técnica da diluição em caldo. Para a determinação das concentrações inibitória e bactericida mínimas (CIM e CBM), dois caldos, Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM) e Brucella suplementado, inóculo padronizado e diluições seriadas foram utilizados. Todos os agentes antimicrobianos apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana, variando para as diferentes espécies bacterianas, não havendo diferença entre os caldos utilizados. O digluconato de clorexidina demonstrou a melhor eficiência, com as menores CIMs, seguido pelo detergente de mamona, PMCC e hidróxido de cálcio. C. perfringens e B. fragilis foram as espécies mais resistentes aos agentes.

The antimicrobial activity of substances used as antibacterial agents (solutions of 10% calcium hydroxide, camphorated paramonochlorophenol - PMCC, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and 10% castor oil plant detergent) on anaerobic bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, Prevotella nigrescens ATCC 33563, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 and Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285), using a broth dilution technique, was evaluated in vitro. For determination of minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericide concentrations (MIC and MBC), two culture broths, Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM) and supplemented Brucella, standardized inoculum and serially diluted solutions were used. All antibacterial agents presented antimicrobial activity that varied for different bacteria. There were no differences in the performance of the two broths. Chlorhexidine digluconate was the most effective, with the lowest MICs, followed by castor oil detergent, PMCC and calcium hydroxide. C. perfringens and B. fragilis were the most resistant bacteria to all agents.