RESUMO: Testes in vitro são realizados para avaliar a eficácia de aditivos antimicotoxinas (AAMs); entretanto, tais experimentos apresentam uma baixa correlação com ensaios in vivo, que também são exigidos para determinar a eficácia de AAMs. Em busca de um método alternativo, o presente estudo investigou o uso de uma técnica ex vivo. A capacidade de seis AAMs (AAM1 a AAM6) de reduzir a absorção intestinal de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) foi avaliada. Explantes jejunais foram coletados de frangos de corte e submetidos a dois tratamentos por AAM em câmaras de Ussing: T1 (controle) - 2,8 mg/L AFB1, e T2 - 2.8 mg/L AFB1 + 0,5% AAM. Os AAMs também foram testados in vitro para verificar a adsorção de AFB1 em fluido intestinal artificial. Nos ensaios ex vivo, AAM1 ao AAM6 diminuíram a absorção intestinal de AFB1 em 67,11%, 73,82%, 80,70%, 85,86%, 86,28% e 82,32%, respectivamente. Quanto aos achados in vitro, AAM1 ao AAM6 apresentaram adsorção de 99,72%, 99,37%, 99,67%, 99,53%, 99,04% e 99,15%, respectivamente. O modelo ex vivo avaliado mostrou-se eficiente na avaliação de AAMs. Não houve correlação entre os resultados ex vivo e in vitro. Estudos adicionais são necessários para definir a correlação entre achados ex vivo e in vivo na tentativa de reduzir os testes em animais.

ABSTRACT: In vitro tests are performed to evaluate the efficacy of antimycotoxins additives (AMAs); nevertheless, such assays show a low correlation with in vivo trials, which are also required to determine AMAs’ efficacy. In search of an alternative method, the current study investigated the use of an ex vivo technique. Six AMAs (AMA1 to AMA6) had their ability to reduce intestinal absorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) evaluated. Jejunal explants were obtained from broilers and subjected to two treatments per AMA in Ussing chambers: T1 (control) - 2.8 mg/L AFB1, and T2 - 2.8 mg/L AFB1 + 0.5% AMA. AMAs were also tested in vitro to assess adsorption of AFB1 in artificial intestinal fluid. In the ex vivo studies, AMA1 to AMA6 decreased intestinal absorption of AFB1 by 67.11%, 73.82%, 80.70%, 85.86%, 86.28% and 82.32%, respectively. As for the in vitro results, AMA1 to AMA6 presented an adsorption of 99.72%, 99.37%, 99.67%, 99.53%, 99.04% and 99.15%, respectively. The evaluated ex vivo model proved useful in the assessment of AMAs. No correlation was reported between ex vivo and in vitro findings. Further studies are needed to elucidate the correlation between ex vivo and in vivo results seeking to reduce animal testing.

Abstract Fusarium head blight is an important disease occurring in wheat, caused mainly by the fungus Fusarium graminearum. In addition to direct damage to crops, reduced quality and yield losses, the infected grains can accumulate mycotoxins (toxic metabolites originating from prior fungal growth), especially deoxynivalenol (DON). Wheat crops harvested in 2014/2015 in southern Brazil were affected by high levels of Fusarium head blight. In this context, the aim of this study was evaluate the mycotoxicological quality of Brazilian wheat grains and wheat products (wheat flour and wheat bran for DON. DON contamination was evaluated in 1,504 wheat and wheat product samples produced in Brazil during 2014. It was determined by high performance liquid chromatograph fitted to a mass spectrometer (LC-MS / MS). The results showed that 1,000 (66.5%) out of the total samples tested were positive for DON. The mean level of sample contamination was 1047 µg.kg-1, but only 242 samples (16.1%) had contamination levels above the maximum permissible levels (MPL) - the maximum content allowed by current Brazilian regulation. As of 2017, MPL will be stricter. Thus, research should be conducted on DON contamination of wheat and wheat products, since wheat is a raw material widely used in the food industry, and DON can cause serious harm to public health.

Variance and performance of two sampling plans for aflatoxins quantification in maize were evaluated. Eight lots of maize were sampled using two plans: manual, using sampling spear for kernels; and automatic, using a continuous flow to collect milled maize. Total variance and sampling, preparation, and analysis variance were determined and compared between plans through multifactor analysis of variance. Four theoretical distribution models were used to compare aflatoxins quantification distributions in eight maize lots. The acceptance and rejection probabilities for a lot under certain aflatoxin concentration were determined using variance and the information on the selected distribution model to build the operational characteristic curves (OC). Sampling and total variance were lower at the automatic plan. The OC curve from the automatic plan reduced both consumer and producer risks in comparison to the manual plan. The automatic plan is more efficient than the manual one because it expresses more accurately the real aflatoxin contamination in maize.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar fontes de concentrados proteicos vegetais alternativos em substituição ao farelo de soja sobre o desempenho e composição centesimal de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) e coloração dos filés. Foram utilizadas 20 unidades experimentais, com capacidade de 90L cada uma, onde 400 peixes permaneceram alojados durante 45 dias. Os juvenis de jundiá possuíam 11,5±5,0cm e peso inicial de 10,4±5,5g. Foram avaliadas quatro fontes de concentrados proteicos, sendo eles: dieta controle, tendo o farelo de soja com base proteica; CL: dieta contendo concentrado proteico de crambe + concentrado proteico de linhaça; CLGM: composta por concentrado proteico de crambe + concentrado proteico de linhaça + concentrado proteico de folha de mandioca + concentrado proteico de farelo de girassol e GM: constituída por concentrado proteico de farelo de girassol + concentrado proteico de folha de mandioca. Aos 30 e 45 dias, foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento (peso, fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, ganho em peso diário e relativo, taxa de eficiência proteica e conversão alimentar aparente) e avaliação centesimal do peixe inteiro e filé (umidade, proteína bruta, gordura e cinzas). Além disso, aos 45 dias, foi realizada a avaliação instrumental da cor nos filés. Ao final do período experimental, foram observadas diferenças significativas para os parâmetros de crescimento e avaliação centesimal, sendo que os animais alimentados com as dietas CL apresentaram maior crescimento (13,8cm), taxa de crescimento específico (2,43% dia-1), ganho em peso diário (0,41g dia-1), ganho em peso relativo (108,3%) e menor conversão alimentar (1,21), comparado às dietas contendo concentrado proteico de girassol e concentrado proteico de folhas de mandioca. Observou-se também que os animais alimentados com as dietas GM e CLGM apresentaram uma pigmentação amarelada nos filés. Conclui-se que os animais alimentados com a dieta CL obtiveram os maiores índices de desempenhos, podendo ser utilizada como alimento na formulação de dietas para esta espécie. As demais combinações não redundaram em resultados melhores que a dieta controle e CL.

The aim of this study was to evaluate vegetable protein concentrates to replace soybean meal (traditional protein) on performance and chemical composition of catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and its influence on the coloration of the fillets. We used 20 experimental units (EU), with a capacity of 90L each, where 400 fish were rearing for 45 days. Juvenile catfish had 11.5±5.0cm and an initial weight of 10.4±5.5g. We evaluated four diets with different sources of protein concentrates, which are: Control, conventional diet using soybean meal as source of protein; CL: diet containing protein concentrate crambe meal protein concentrate; CLGM: protein concentrate consisting of crambe meal protein concentrate protein concentrate cassava leaf protein concentrate and GM sunflower meal: protein concentrate consisting of sunflower meal protein concentrate cassava leaf. At 30 and 45 days were evaluated growth parameters (weight, condition factor, specific growth rate, daily weight gain and relative protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion) and proximate evaluation of the whole fish and fillet (humidity, crude protein, fat and ash). In addition, the 45-day evaluation was made color instrumental in fillets. At the end of the experiment, significant differences were observed for growth parameters and proximate, and the animals fed the LC diets had higher growth (13,8cm), specific growth rate (2,43% day-1), daily weight gain (0,41g day-1), relative weight gain (108,3%) and lower feed conversion (1,21) compared to diets containing protein concentrate of sunflower and cassava leaves. We also observed that animals fed on GM diets and CLGM showed a yellowish pigment in the fillets. It is concluded that animals fed the CL diet had the highest levels of performance and can be used as food in the formulation of diets for this species. All others combinations do not showed no better results than the control diet and CL.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de dois planos de amostragem para análise de fumonisinas (B1+B2) em 11 lotes de milho. Empregaram-se o plano de amostragem manual em grãos inteiros, através do calador graneleiro e o plano de Amostragem Automático em Fluxo Contínuo em grãos moídos (AAFC). Para a comparação dos dois planos de amostragem, foram utilizadas duas medidas de dispersão: a variância e o coeficiente de variação. Em cada plano de amostragem, foram determinadas as variâncias associadas às três etapas do procedimento de detecção das fumonisinas (amostragem, preparação da amostra e análise) e os coeficientes de variação total. A correlação entre as médias de concentrações de fumonisinas e as variâncias de cada etapa do procedimento de detecção foi avaliada para cada plano amostral através da análise de regressão. Na AAFC de milho moído para análise de fumonisinas, obtiveram-se resultados inferiores (P<0,01) de variância na etapa de amostragem (0,0226mg kg-1)², assim como no coeficiente de variação total (6,37%), quando comparados com a variância da amostragem manual (0,0685mg kg-1)² e coeficiente de variação total do plano de amostragem manual em grãos inteiros (8,94%), apresentando, portanto, maior eficiência na detecção de fumonisinas em milho.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of two sampling plans for fumonisins (B1+B2) analysis in 11 lots of maize. For sample collection the two systems used were a manual system in whole grains, using sampling spear, and an automatic system in milled grains, using the continuous flow sampling system (CFSS). For comparison purpose, two dispersion measurements were used: variance and coefficient of variation. For each sampling plan the variance associated to the three steps of fumonisins quantification (sampling, sample preparation, and analysis), and the total coefficient of variation were determined. The correlation between the average fumonisins concentration and the variances for each phase of the detection procedure was evaluated for each sampling plan using analysis of regression. At the automatic sampling plan in milled grains for fumonisins analysis in maize both sampling variance (0.0226mg kg-1)² and total coefficient of variation (6.37%) were lower (P<0.01) than in the manual sampling plan in whole grains whit (0.0685mg kg-1)² of variance and 8.94% of coefficient of variation, showing so better efficiency for fumonisin detection on maize.