Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro ovicidal activity of an ethyl acetate extract from Arceuthobium vaginatum (EtOAc-E) and their subfractions (AvR5-AvR14) against Haemonchus contortus using the egg hatching inhibition (EHI) test. The EtOAc-E and subfractions were tested at 0.12-2.00 and at 0.015-2.0 mg/mL, respectively. Distilled water and methanol (2%) were used as negative controls and Thiabendazole (0.10 mg/mL) as a positive control. Treatments with a dependent effect on concentration were subjected to regression analysis to determine the effective concentrations (EC50 and EC90). The major secondary compounds present in the extract and subfractions were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The EtOAc-E and AvR9 exhibited the best ovicidal effect recording 97.5 and 100% of EHI at 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. The EtOAc-E and AvR9 displayed an EC50= 0.12 and 0.08 mg/mL, respectively. The HPLC analysis in the EtOAc-E and bioactive fractions indicated the presence of a polyphenol, glycosylated flavanones, quercetin glucoside, cinnamates, coumarin, cinnamic acid derivative, ferulic acid, coumarate, naringenin, protocatechuic acid and naringin. Results demonstrated that A. vaginatum extract and fraction is able to inhibit the egg hatch process of H. contortus and could be a viable option for the control of small ruminant haemonchosis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade ovicida in vitro de um extrato de acetato de etila de Arceuthobium vaginatum (EtOAc-E) e suas subfrações (AvR5-AvR14) contra Haemonchus contortus, utilizando-se o teste de inibição da eclosão de ovos (EHI). O extrato foi testado em 0.12-2.00 mg/mL, e as subfrações foram testadas em 0.15-2.0 mg/mL. Água destilada e metanol (2%) foram utilizados como controles negativos e Tiabendazol (0.10 mg/mL) como controle positivo. Os tratamentos com efeito concentração dependente foram submetidos à análise de regressão para determinação das concentrações efetivas (CE50 e CE90). Os principais compostos secundários, presentes no extrato e nas subfrações, foram identificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). EtOAc-E e subfração AvR9 exibiram o melhor efeito ovicida, registrando-se 97.5 e 100% do EHI a 0.25 mg/mL, respectivamente. O EtOAc-E e AvR9 apresentaram CE50= 0,12 e 0,08 mg/mL, respectivamente. A análise por HPLC nas frações EtOAc-E e bioativas indicou a presença de um polifenol, flavanonas glicosiladas, glicosídeo de quercetina, cinamatos, cumarina, derivado de ácido cinâmico, ácido ferúlico, cumarato, naringenina, ácido protocatecuico e naringina. Os resultados demonstraram que extrato e frações de A. vaginatum são capazes de inibir o processo de eclosão dos ovos de H. contortus, podendo ser uma opção viável para o controle da hemoncose em pequenos ruminantes.

Resumen El confinamiento, iniciado en México en marzo de 2020 para prevenir contagios por el virus SARS-CoV-2, implicó un cambio drástico en la manera de impartir y recibir clases. Las actividades migraron a plataformas digitales y continuaron así hasta 2022. El presente trabajo se realizó con los objetivos de caracterizar y comparar las percepciones de estudiantes universitarios de Comercio Exterior acerca de los escenarios educativos posteriores al confinamiento por COVID-19 en dos momentos diferentes: otoño de 2020 y primavera de 2021. Se aplicó un cuestionario a dos grupos independientes. Se utilizó el paquete JASP para analizar las respuestas, se obtuvieron los estadísticos descriptivos y se realizó la prueba Mann-Whitney. También se calculó el factor de Bayes como una forma adicional de analizar las probabilidades en favor de la hipótesis de investigación. Los resultados indicaron que no existen evidencias de que haya existido un cambio en las percepciones estudiantiles. Los hallazgos indican que los alumnos no deseaban continuar con clases remotas; sin embargo, tomarían asignaturas en línea si su costo fuera menor que las presenciales. Asimismo, desearían seguir utilizando MS-Teams como herramienta de comunicación y apoyo. También les gustaría seguir accediendo a las grabaciones de las sesiones. De igual manera, estuvieron de acuerdo en que se deben fortalecer las habilidades tecnológicas y la seguridad informática de los estudiantes universitarios. El estudio de las percepciones estudiantiles debe continuar, ya que los alumnos son actores fundamentales en los procesos educativos y sus opiniones deberían tomarse en cuenta en el diseño de las estrategias institucionales.

Abstract The lockdown started in Mexico in March 2020 to prevent the spread of the SARS-COV2 virus implied a drastic change in the way classes were taught and received. The activities migrated to digital platforms and continued this way until 2022. The present work was conducted with the objectives of characterizing and comparing the perceptions of undergraduate students of Foreign Trade about the educational scenarios after COVID-19 lockdown at two different times: fall 2020 and spring 2021. A questionnaire was administered to two independent groups. The JASP software package was used to analyze the responses. Descriptive statistics were obtained, and the Mann-Whitney test was performed. The Bayes factor was also calculated as an additional way of analyzing the probabilities in favor of the research hypothesis. The results indicated that there is no evidence of a change in student perceptions. The findings show that students did not want to continue with remote classes; however, they would take online courses if their cost was lower than face-to-face classes. They would also like to continue using MS-TEAMS as a communication and support tool. They would also like to continue to have access to session recordings. Similarly, they agreed that the technological skills and cyber security of university students should be strengthened. The study of student perceptions should continue, since students are fundamental actors in educational processes and their opinions should be taken into account in the design of institutional strategies.

Resumo O confinamento, iniciado no México em março de 2020 para prevenir infecções pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, implicou uma mudança drástica na forma de dar e receber aulas. As atividades migraram para plataformas digitais e assim continuaram até 2022. O presente trabalho foi realizado com os objetivos de caracterizar e comparar as percepções de universitários de Comércio Exterior sobre os cenários educacionais após o confinamento pela COVID-19 em dois momentos distintos: outono de 2020 e primavera de 2021. Um questionário foi aplicado a dois grupos independentes. Utilizou-se o pacote JASP para análise das respostas, obteve-se estatística descritiva e realizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. O fator de Bayes também foi calculado como uma forma adicional de analisar as probabilidades a favor da hipótese de pesquisa. Os resultados indicaram que não há evidências de que tenha havido uma mudança nas percepções dos alunos. Os achados indicam que os alunos não queriam continuar com as aulas remotas; no entanto, eles fariam cursos online se custassem menos do que os cursos presenciais. Eles também gostariam de continuar usando o MS-Teams como uma ferramenta de comunicação e suporte. Eles também gostariam de continuar acessando as gravações das sessões. Da mesma forma, concordaram que as habilidades tecnológicas e a segurança informática dos estudantes universitários devem ser fortalecidas. O estudo das percepções dos alunos deve continuar, pois os alunos são atores fundamentais nos processos educativos e suas opiniões devem ser levadas em consideração no desenho das estratégias institucionais.

Abstract University centers committed to human development must be health promoting universities where a better life quality for students and workers should be promoted in order to influence and act on work and social environments of their communities. The Scientific Chair of life Sciences at the Technological University of Havana "José Antonio Echeverría" is responsible for adapting the concepts and strategies as well as promoting health for the elderly within the university framework and its environment in correspondence with the Program for the Elderly in Cuba. The results of a holistic management model which was developed taking into account curricular aspects, through health research and actions carried out by students and workers, are presented. The methods used were curricular-oriented work, search for scientific information, identification of problems that affect the health of the Elderly and the development of solutions, student scientific work, community and scientific impact at national and international levels, as well as a methodology itself that introduces the model into practice by applying the new category of comprehensive training praxis. It is concluded that disease prevention and health promotion work can be multiplied, deepened and extended to the entire university and the community with more directed and personalized actions considering the link among curricular aspects, research and university extension activities.

Resumen Los centros universitarios comprometidos con el desarrollo humano deben ser universidades promotoras de salud donde se trabaje con el fin de propiciar una mejor calidad de vida de estudiantes y trabajadores, para influir y actuar en los entornos laborales y sociales de sus comunidades. La Cátedra Científica de Ciencias para la Vida de la Universidad Tecnológica de la Habana “José Antonio Echeverría”, se plantea como objetivo dentro del marco de la actividad de Extensión Universitaria y en su interacción con los procesos sustantivos de Formación-Investigación, adecuar los conceptos, estrategias y promoción de salud del adulto mayor en el marco universitario y en su entorno en correspondencia con el Programa del Adulto Mayor en Cuba. Se exponen los resultados de un modelo de gestión holística desarrollado desde lo curricular en las investigaciones y acciones en la salud entre estudiantes y trabajadores; los métodos empleados son: trabajo orientado desde lo curricular, búsqueda de información científica, identificación de problemas que afectan a la salud del Adulto Mayor junto al desarrollo de soluciones, el trabajo científico estudiantil, el impacto comunitario y científico a nivel nacional e internacional, así como la propia metodología que introduce en la práctica el modelo desde la novedosa categoría de praxis de formación integral. Se concluye que el trabajo de prevención de enfermedades y promoción de salud puede multiplicarse, profundizarse y ampliarse a toda la universidad y la comunidad con acciones más dirigidas y personalizadas realizando un trabajo desde lo curricular, en unidad con las investigaciones y la extensión.

Abstract The 2008 Constitution of Ecuador recognizes nature as a holder of rights, in this context the communities that still preserve their ancestral knowledge and ecosystems are experiencing acculturation processes, with little ethnobotanical documentation, which implies a progressive loss of biodiversity and quality of life. With this background, the present study aims to conduct an analysis between the rights of nature and the ethnobotany of seven Shuar Ajas in the Nankais Parish, southern region of Ecuador. Thus, participatory workshops and interviews with the informants were conducted to document the ethnobotany and management carried out in the aja, as well as an inventory of the Ajas (20 ha) to identify in situ the species used by the community. In addition, an analysis was carried out based on the legal system with emphasis on the right of the communities to conserve and promote their biodiversity management practices and their natural environment. A total of 67 species, 57 genera and 33 botanical families were reported. The most representative families were Arecaceae and Solanaceae. It was recorded that 20 species have medicinal uses and 18 species are for food use. It should be noted that the community benefits harmoniously from the use of NTFPs (Sumak Kawsay) and applies management techniques based on traditional ecological knowledge compatible with the primordial right of nature to its existence, maintenance and regeneration of its life cycles, structure, functions and evolutionary processes enshrined in the Ecuadorian and international legal system.

Resumen La Constitución de 2008 del Ecuador reconoce a la naturaleza como titular de derechos; en este contexto, las comunidades que aún conservan sus saberes ancestrales y ecosistemas están experimentando procesos de aculturación, con escasa documentación etnobotánica, lo que implica una pérdida progresiva de la biodiversidad y calidad de vida. Con estos antecedentes el presente estudio pretende realizar un análisis sobre los derechos de la naturaleza y la etnobotánica de siete ajas shuar en la parroquia Nankais, región sur de Ecuador. Con este fin se realizaron talleres participativos y entrevistas con las informantes, para documentar la etnobotánica y manejos realizados en el aja; así también, se realizó el inventario de las ajas (20 ha) para identificar in situ las especies utilizadas por la comunidad. Adicionalmente, se efectuó un análisis basado en el ordenamiento jurídico con énfasis en el derecho de las comunidades de conservar y promover sus prácticas de manejo de la biodiversidad y su entorno natural. Se reportaron 67 especies, 57 géneros y 33 familias botánicas. Las familias más representativas fueron Arecaceae y Solanaceae; se estableció que 20 especies tienen usos medicinales y 18 especies se emplean en la alimentación. Se resalta que la comunidad se beneficia de manera armónica del aprovechamiento de productos forestales no madereros –PFNM– (sumak kawsay) y aplica técnicas de manejo basadas en conocimientos ecológicos tradicionales compatibles con el derecho primordial de la naturaleza a su existencia, el mantenimiento y regeneración de sus ciclos vitales, estructura, funciones y procesos evolutivos consagrados en el ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano e internacional.

Abstract A micropropagation protocol for G. pumila was developed. Young shoots were collected during the growing season (October to December 2016) from a wild population in the Villarrica Volcano area in the Araucanía Region of Chile. Nodal segments were used for in vitro initiation after testing several disinfection treatments with different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Disinfected explants were placed onto 100% WPM basal medium (WPM100) supplemented with a range of concentrations of 2-iP (2-isopentenyladenine) to evaluate the best regeneration media during in vitro culture. Disinfection with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 40 minutes, followed by a second disinfection with 2% sodium hypochlorite for 25 minutes, and cultivation on MS basal medium supplemented with 2 mg L−1 2-iP gave the highest efficiency of disinfected plants. In the propagation stage, the highest multiplication rates were obtained when 1 mg L−1 zeatin was added to the basal WPM100 medium. In vitro rooting and preacclimation were better when elongated plants were cultivated on WPM100 supplemented with 3 mg L−1 naphthalene acetic acid. This in vitro protocol could be used to propagate genotypes of this Chilean native species and is also an important tool toward its domestication and commercial use.

Resumen Se desarrolló un protocolo de micropropagación para G. pumila. Los brotes jóvenes fueron recolectados durante la temporada de crecimiento (octubre a diciembre 2016) de una población silvestre en el área del Volcán Villarrica, in la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. Se utilizaron segmentos nodales para la iniciación in vitro, se probaron varios tratamientos de desinfección con diferentes concentraciones de hipoclorito de sodio. Los explantes desinfectados se colocaron en el medio basal WPM100% (WPM100) suplementado con diferentes concentraciones de 2-isopentiladenina (2-iP), con el fin de evaluar el mejor medio de regeneración durante el cultivo in vitro. La desinfección se realizó con hipoclorito de sodio al 1% durante 40 minutos, seguida de una segunda desinfección con hipoclorito de sodio al 2% durante 25 minutos y utilizando el medio de cultivo basal MS suplementado con 2mg L−1 de 2-iP que proporcionó la mayor eficiencia de las plantas desinfectadas. En la etapa de propagación, las tasas de multiplicación más altas se obtuvieron cuando se agregó 1mg L−1 de Zeatina al medio basal WPM100. El enraizamiento y la preaclimatación in vitro fueron mejores cuando los explantes se cultivaron en WPM100 suplementado con 3mg L−1 de ácido naftaleno acético. Este protocolo in vitro puede ser usado para propagar genotipos de esta especie nativa chilena, además, de ser una herramienta importante para su domesticación y potencial uso.

Resumo Introdução Durante a contingência de saúde devido ao covid-19, a educação migrou para ambientes virtuais que permitiam o isolamento social necessário para prevenir a propagação do vírus. Para todos houve um período de adaptação à nova modalidade. Porém, professores e alunos com disciplinas de laboratório enfrentaram um desafio ainda maior: o de abordar conteúdos práticos a partir da virtualidade, ou seja, sem estar fisicamente presente em um laboratório. Objetivo Este artigo se situa neste contexto com o objetivo de abordar a caracterização do ensino e da aprendizagem de disciplinas universitárias práticas na área de tecnologias na época de covid-19. Método O estudo de caso de uma universidade pública mexicana (que se chamará UNX devido ao sigilo) é apresentado no curso de Bacharelado em Tecnologia da Informação, onde o trabalho do laboratório de hardware e software está implícito na maioria das disciplinas . Nesta pesquisa, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com cinco docentes e aplicados questionários com questões abertas a seis universitários da área de tecnologia da informação. Durante o semestre da primavera de 2020, os cinco professores ministraram disciplinas cujos conteúdos envolviam práticas laboratoriais. Os seis alunos estudaram as mesmas matérias com esses professores. Nem os alunos nem os professores sabiam que a pesquisa abarcaria ambas as perspectivas. Nas entrevistas com os professores foram abordados os seguintes aspectos: conteúdo, trabalho docente, alunos, dinâmica das aulas e modalidade online. Os questionários com os alunos abordaram apenas os três últimos aspectos. Para o processamento dos dados, foi utilizado o software MAXQDA versão 20. Resultados Apesar de a maior parte dos conteúdos ter sido abordada com sucesso, houve tópicos práticos que puderam ser explorados mais a fundo e outros que não foram abordados. A comunicação entre professores e alunos era fluida e explícita. Os professores acharam a modalidade online muito conveniente e concordaram que prefeririam ministrar suas aulas dessa forma mesmo em cenários futuros, livres de pandemias. Nesse sentido, aceitaram que sua experiência de ensino online pudesse melhorar, para o que deveriam aumentar seu planejamento e diversificar os formatos de suas sessões e materiais didáticos. Por sua vez, os alunos concordaram que a forma de avaliação e comunicação com os professores foi boa. No entanto, eles reconheceram áreas de oportunidade e concluíram que não gostariam de ter suas aulas totalmente online quando a contingência covid-19 terminar. Conclusões O ensino universitário de disciplinas práticas na área de tecnologias na época de covid-19 era realizado virtualmente em ambiente de boa comunicação entre professores e alunos. Os conteúdos, materiais didáticos e a forma de transmissão tiveram que ser adaptados. Alunos e professores reconhecem que foi uma boa experiência, mas que pode ser aprimorada por meio do comprometimento pessoal e coletivo de todos os atores envolvidos.

Abstract Introduction During the health contingency due to COVID-19, education migrated to virtual environments that allowed the necessary social isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. There was a period of adaptation to the new modality for everyone. However, professors and students with lab courses faced an even greater challenge: that of addressing practical content from virtual scenarios, that is, without being physically present in a laboratory. Objective This paper is developed in this context with the objective of achieving an approach to the characterization of the teaching and learning of university practical courses in technologies in the times of COVID-19. Method A case study of a Public Mexican University (named UNX, for confidentiality purposes) and its bachelor’s degree in Information Technology, where the hardware and software laboratory work is implicit in most courses is presented. In this research, in-depth interviews were conducted with five professors, and questionnaires with open questions were applied to six university students in Information Technology. During Spring 2020, the five professors taught subjects whose contents involved laboratory practices. The six students studied the same courses with these professors. Neither students nor professors knew that the research would encompass both perspectives. In the interviews with the professors, the following aspects were addressed: course content, teaching work, students, class dynamics and 'online' mode. In the questionnaires with the students, only the last three aspects were addressed. For data processing, MAXQDA version 20 software was used. Results Even though most of the content was covered successfully, there were practical topics that could be deepened further and others that were not addressed. Communication between professors and students was fluid and explicit. The professors found the online mode very convenient and agreed that they would prefer to teach their classes in this way even in future scenarios, free of pandemics. They accepted that their online teaching experience could improve, for which they should increase their planning and diversify the formats of their sessions and class materials. Students agreed that the evaluations and communication with the professors were good. However, they identified some areas of opportunity and concluded that they would not like to take their classes completely online when the COVID19 contingency ends. Conclusions The university teaching of practical courses in technologies in the times of COVID-19 was carried out virtually in an environment of good communication between professors and students. The contents, learning materials, and the way of teaching had to be adapted. Both students and professors recognize that it was a good experience, but that it is susceptible to further improvement through the personal and collective commitment of all the actors involved.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing the maintenance diet of Boer goat kids with Acacia cochliacantha leaves. The endpoints evaluated were Haemonchus contortus fecal egg count (FEC) and water and dry matter intake. Two experimental treatments were evaluated on ten recently weaned goat kids (16.850 ± 1.630 kg of initial live weight and three months of age) experimentally infested with H. contortus larvae (L3) (350 larvae per live weight kilogram). Treatment 1 (T1) served as the control and consisted of infested animals without diet supplementation with A. cochliacantha leaves. Treatment 2 (T2) consisted of infested animals fed diets supplemented with 5% of A. cochliacantha leaves. Animals were grouped from highest to lowest based on their FEC. The two animals groups with the highest values were randomly assigned to T1 or T2; this was repeated until completing five repetitions per treatment. The evaluated variables were: FEC (per gram of feces), water intake, and dry matter intake (DMI). The results show that goat kids fed diets with 5% of A. cochliacantha leaves have lower (P<0.05) FEC than the control. There were no significant differences in water intake and DMI (g d-1) between treatments. This study demonstrates the anthelmintic activity of diets supplemented with A. cochliacantha leaves in goat kids. Thus, this arboreal legume could represent a viable option for the comprehensive management of the nematodiasis of growing Boer goat kids.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de hojas de Acacia cochliacantha en una dieta de mantenimiento para cabritos de la raza Boer en el conteo fecal de huevos (CFH) de Haemonchus contortus, consumo de agua y materia seca. Diez cabritos recién destetados (16.850 ± 1.630 kg de peso vivo inicial y 3 meses de edad), fueron experimentalmente infestados con larvas (L3) de H. contortus (350 larvas por kilogramo de peso vivo), para probar dos tratamientos: T1: testigo (animales infectados con larvas L3 de H. contortus, sin inclusión de hojas de A. cochliacantha) y T2: animales infectados con larvas L3 de H. contortus, con inclusión de 5% hojas de A. cochliacantha en la dieta. Antes de asignar los tratamientos a los animales, se realizó un CFH por gramos de heces en cada uno de ellos y de esta manera agruparlos de mayor a menor en relación a la cantidad de huevos presentes en las heces, en los dos animales con valores más altos se asignaron aleatoriamente T1 o T2 y así sucesivamente hasta completar cinco repeticiones verdaderas para cada tratamiento. Las variables medidas fueron: CFH (por gramo de heces), consumo de agua y consumo de materia seca (CMS). Los resultados encontrados demostraron reducción (P<0.05) en el CFH de H. contortus en los cabritos donde se incluyó el 5% de hojas de A. cochliacantha en su dieta. Para el consumo de agua y CMS (g día-1) no existieron diferencias entre tratamientos (P> 0.05). Se concluye que la adición de hojas de A. cochliacantha en dietas para cabritos tienen actividad antihelmíntica, por lo que esta leguminosa arbórea podría representar una opción en el manejo integral de la nematodiasis de cabritos Boer en crecimiento.

Abstract There are some ways to authenticate to local or remote computer systems, whether they are web portals or applications. Most of these applications authenticate through user credentials, an account, and a password. It has been shown through the consulted literature that many users use weak passwords made up of words that can be found in dictionaries of words from different languages. In this article we present a technique that allows us to strengthen user passwords through the use of the numbers of three Mexican dialects without having to memorize the password but instead using a portable application or the interpolation and interleaving of words.

Resumen Existen algunas formas de autenticarse en los sistemas computacionales locales o remotos, ya bien sean portales web o aplicaciones. La mayoría de estas aplicaciones se autentica a través de las credenciales de los usuarios, una cuenta y una contraseña. Se ha demostrado a través de la literatura consultada que muchos usuarios utilizan contraseñas débiles formadas por palabras que se pueden encontrar en diccionarios de palabras de diferentes idiomas. En el presente artículo presentamos una técnica que permita robustecer las contraseñas de usuario a través del uso de los números de tres dialectos mexicanos sin tener que memorizar la contraseña sino utilizar una aplicación portable o la interpolación e intercalación de palabras.

ABSTRACT This article aims to check the internal memory method for the explanation of industrial automatic systems that require the application of more than one memory state for their operation. The method gives solution, in a structured and methodical way, to industrial automatic systems of the electrical type. With it, it will be possible to understand, in a simple but standardized way, the operation of industrial systems, which is necessary to apply the results obtained both in the teaching field and in industrial practice.

RESUMEN Este artículo se propone la comprobación del método de memoria interna para la explicación de sistemas automáticos industriales que requieren la aplicación de más de un estado de memoria para su funcionamiento. El método da solución, de manera estructurada y metódica, a sistemas automáticos industriales del tipo eléctrico. Con él se podrá entender, de manera simple, pero estandarizada, el funcionamiento de los sistemas industriales, hecho necesario para aplicar los resultados obtenidos tanto en el ámbito docente como en la práctica industrial.

ABSTRACT Introduction. In Peru, breast cancer represents the most common type of cancer in women and the sixth most lethal type of cancer in the general population. Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2 +) occurs in 20% to 30% of breast cancers, and is associated with more aggressive tumors, with greater recurrence and greater mortality. Objective. Prepare a set of evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of HER2 + breast cancer, in order to help reduce mortality, disease progression and improve quality of life. Methods. A panel of clinical specialists and methodologists was formed, who identified relevant clinical questions about the diagnosis and treatment of HER2 + breast cancer. A systematic search for CPGs was carried out in Medline (PubMed), and in developing and compiling agencies. For the formulation of recommendations, the panel of specialists discussed the evidence and elements of the context of implementation of the recommendation, following the methodology proposed by the Ministry of Health of Peru. Results. Nine clinical questions were prioritized. A total of 25 clinical recommendations were made. Conclusions. An evidence-based CPG was developed through a systematic, rigorous and transparent process developed by a multidisciplinary team.

RESUMEN Introducción. En Perú, el cáncer de mama representa el tipo de cáncer más frecuente en mujeres y el sexto tipo de cáncer más letal en la población general. La sobreexpresión del receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico (HER2+) ocurre en 20% a 30% de los cánceres de mama, y se asocia con tumores más agresivos, con mayor recurrencia y mayor mortalidad. Objetivo. Elaborar un conjunto de recomendaciones basadas en evidencias para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer de mama HER2+, con la finalidad de contribuir a reducir la mortalidad, progresión de la enfermedad y mejorar la calidad de vida. Métodos. Se conformó un panel de especialistas clínicos y metodólogos, quienes identificaron preguntas clínicas relevantes sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer de mama HER2+. Se desarrolló una búsqueda sistemática de GPC en Medline (PubMed), y en organismos elaboradores y recopiladores. Para la formulación de recomendaciones, el panel de especialistas discutió la evidencia y elementos del contexto de implementación de la recomendación, siguiendo la metodología propuesta por el Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Resultados. Se priorizó nueve preguntas clínicas. Se formuló un total de 25 recomendaciones clínicas. Conclusiones. Se elaboró una GPC basada en evidencias, a través de un proceso sistemático, riguroso y transparente desarrollado por un equipo multidisciplinario.

ABSTRACT Gaultheria pumila (L.f.) D.J. Middleton is a native shrub of Chile that produces edible berry fruits. This species is related to the cultivated Vaccinium species; for this reason it is currently called Chilean blueberry locally. Although G. pumila has important attributes, it has been largely ignored, and remains an unexplored genetic resource. This study investigates the genetic diversity to support the efforts to domesticate the species. Sampling was carried out in 11 sites collected from four Regions of Chile. In total, 160 individuals were collected and analyzed using a set of 10 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers. The average observed heterozygosity was Ho = 0.50, while the expected heterozygosity was He = 0.46. The fixation index (FIS) showed an average of -0.07, and the proportion of differentiation among populations (FST) was 0.11. The average level of polymorphic loci in all populations (PPL) was 96.97%. AMOVA showed that the genetic diversity among populations was very low (ΦPT = 6%). Significant correlations were found between genetic and geographic distance. Multivariate and Bayesian analyses identified two genetic groups. These results will be very useful to support the efforts to domesticate and increase the value of this species.

Abstract Background: Echocardiographic cardiac parameters in the prone position are usually obtained with an esophageal probe. The feasibility of obtaining them by means of a transthoracic approach is unknown. Objective: Estimating the feasibility to obtain parameters of the right ventricle by transthoracic echocardiography in prone position on the subject. Methods: Pilot design of consecutive case series without cardiopulmonary disease. Demographic, vital signs and echocardiographic variables were defined in the ventral initial, prone and ventral final decubitus positions. The data are shown with averages and standard deviations, and frequencies and percentages according to the variable. The differences between the positions were calculated with ANOVA of repeated samples and adjustment of Bonferroni test. Intra-subject variability was obtained by the Bland-Altman procedure and its 95% confidence interval. Results: We studied 50 subjects, 44 (88%) males, age 30 ± 6 years and body mass index 25.65 ± 2.71 kg/m2. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and S’-wave were measured 100% of the time. The vital signs and echocardiographic variables according to the position had differences in: heart rate (74 ± 9 vs. 77 ± 9 vs. 75 ± 8 beats/min), partial oxygen saturation (94.40 ± 1.70 vs. 96.64 ± 1.79 vs. 95.32 ± 1.36%) and mean systemic blood pressure (65.33 ± 5.38 vs. 67.69 ± 6.31 vs. 65.29 ± 5.62 mmHg); TAPSE (19.74 ± 3.24 vs. 21.60 ± 2.97 vs. 19.44 ± 2.84 mm), mean difference (bias) 0 (2, –2.0) and S’-wave (13.52 ± 1.87 vs. 15.02 ± 2.09 vs. 13.46 ± 1.55 cm/s), mean difference (bias) –0.46 (1.21, –2.14) respectively. Conclusions: Obtaining right ventricle parameters by transthoracic ecocardiopraphy is feasible in the prone position.

Resumen Introducción: Los parámetros cardiacos ecocardiográficos en posición de decúbito prono usualmente se obtienen con sonda esofágica. Se desconoce la factibilidad de obtenerlos mediante aproximación transtorácica. Objetivo: Estimar la factibilidad para obtener parámetros del ventrículo derecho mediante ecocardiografía transtorácica en el sujeto en posición de decúbito prono. Métodos: Diseño piloto de serie de casos consecutivos sin enfermedad cardiopulmonar. Se acotaron variables demográficas, signos vitales y ecocardiográficas en posición decúbito ventral inicial, prono y ventral final. Los datos se muestran con promedios y desviaciones estándar, y frecuencias y porcentajes de acuerdo con la variable. La diferencia entre las posiciones se calculó con ANOVA de muestras repetidas y ajuste de Bonferroni. Se obtuvo la variabilidad intrasujetos mediante el procedimiento de Bland-Altman y su intervalo de confianza al 95%. Resultados: Se estudiaron 50 sujetos, 44 (88%) masculinos, edad 30 ± 6 años e índice de masa corporal 25.65 ± 2.71 kg/m2. El TAPSE (excursión sistólica del plano del anillo tricuspídeo) y la onda S’ se midieron en el 100% de las veces. Los signos vitales y variables ecocardiográficas de acuerdo con la posición tuvieron diferencias en: frecuencia cardiaca (74 ± 9 vs. 77 ± 9 vs. 75 ± 8 lpm), saturación parcial de oxígeno (94.40 ± 1.70 vs. 96.64 ± 1.79 vs. 95.32 ± 1.36%) y la presión arterial sistémica media (65.33 ± 5.38 vs. 67.69 ± 6.31 vs. 65.29 ± 5.62 mmHg); TAPSE (19.74 ± 3.24 vs. 21.60 ± 2.97 vs. 19.44 vs. 2.84 mm), diferencia media (sesgo) 0 (2, –2.0) y onda S’ (13.52 ± 1.87 vs. 15.02 ± 2.09 vs. 13.46 ± 1.55 cm/s), diferencia media (sesgo) –0.46 (1.21, –2.14) respectivamente. Conclusión: En posición de decúbito prono es factible obtener parámetros del ventrículo derecho por ecocardiografía transtorácica.

Abstract The ovicidal effect of hydro-alcoholic extracts from mature fruits and dried leaves of the Caesalpinia coriaria tree, against Haemonchus contortus and H. placei was evaluated by the egg hatching inhibition test (EHIT). Secondary compounds within the extracts were identified by high performance liquid chromatography. Five extract concentrations were assessed in the inhibition tests (25.0, 12.5, 6.2, 3.1 and 1.5 mg/mL), using distilled water and Thiabendazole (0.5 mg/mL) as negative and positive controls, respectively. The results were analysed under a 2 × 2 × 6 completely randomized factorial design, and mean differences were established by the Tukey’s post hoc test. The 50% (EC50) and 90% (EC90) effective concentrations for each extract were determined using a Probit analysis. A concentration-dependent ovicidal effect of hydro-alcoholic extracts from both leaves and fruits was observed, reaching a 100% efficacy against both nematode species with the 25.0 mg/mL concentration (p < 0.05). The EC50 for the fruit and leaves extracts were established as 1.63 and 3.91 mg/mL, and as 3.98 and 11.68 mg/mL, against H. contortus and H. placei, respectively. The most important secondary compounds identified in extracts were free-condensed tannins, gallic acid and methylgallate. In conclusion, hydro-alcoholic extracts from C. coriaria mature fruits and dried leaves inhibit in vitro egg hatching of H. contortus and H. placei.

RESUMO Introdução: na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Universitário "Dr. Agostinho Neto" a influência das estações do ano sobre o perfil de morbidade e mortalidade ainda não foi esclarecida. Objetivo: determinar a influência da variabilidade das estações do ano no perfil de morbimortalidade da UTI do Hospital Universitário de General "Dr.Agostinho Neto" durante o ano de 2018. Método: estudo retrospectivo do número total de pacientes internados (n = 549) e uma amostra aleatória de 365 pacientes foi selecionada. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, sexo, motivo da internação, índice de gravidade, permanência na unidade, necessidade de ventilação mecânica, estado de descarga. Todos estavam relacionados com a estação do ano. Resultados: o maior número de pacientes internados no verão (31,8%). Não houve relação significativa entre a estação do ano e a variável sexo (p <0,05), mas com a idade, APACHE II, permanecer na unidade e necessidade de ventilação mecânica (p <0,05). Na primavera e no verão, a doença mais comum era a cerebrovascular, enquanto no outono e no inverno a mais comum era pneumonia grave adquirida na comunidade. As variáveis permaneceram na unidade, a entrada do paciente para doenças de natureza clínica de acordo com o tipo de paciente clínico e a mortalidade foram significativamente relacionadas com o clima (p <0,05). Conclusões: a variabilidade climática do contexto de Guantánamo influenciou o perfil de morbidade da unidade de terapia intensiva e mediu o prognóstico de pacientes internados com doença crítica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: in the intensive care unit of the General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto" the influence of the seasons of the year on the profile of morbidity and mortality has not been clarified. Objective: to determine the influence of the variability of season of the year on the morbidity and mortality profile of the ICU of the General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto" during the year 2018. Method: a retrospective study was made of the total number of admitted patients (n = 549) and a random sample of 365 patients was selected. The variables studied were: age, sex, reason for admission, severity index, stay in the unit, need for mechanical ventilation, discharge status. All were related to the weather. Results: the largest number of patients admitted during the summer (31.8%). There was no significant relationship between the weather station and the sex variable (p <0.05), but with age, APACHE II, stay in the unit and need for mechanical ventilation (p <0.05). In spring and summer the most common disease was cerebrovascular, while in autumn and winter the most common was community-acquired severe pneumonia. The variables stay in the unit, patient entry for diseases of a clinical nature according to the type of clinical patient and mortality were significantly related to the weather station (p <0.05). Conclusions: the climatic variability of the Guantanamo context influenced the morbidity profile of the intensive care unit and measured the prognosis of patients admitted with critical illness.

RESUMEN Introducción: en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital General Docente “Dr. Agostinho Neto” no se ha esclarecido la influencia de las estaciones del año en el perfil de la morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: determinar la influencia de la variabilidad de las estaciones del año en el perfil de morbilidad y mortalidad de la UCI del Hospital General Docente “Dr. Agostinho Neto” durante el año 2018. Método: se hizo un estudio retrospectivo del total de pacientes ingresados (n=549) y seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de 365 pacientes. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, motivo de ingreso, índice de gravedad, estancia en la unidad, necesidad de ventilación mecánica, estado al egreso. Todas se relacionaron con la estación del año. Resultados: el mayor número de pacientes ingresó durante el verano (31,8 %). No hubo relación significativa entre la estación del año y la variable sexo (p < 0,05), pero sí con la edad, APACHE II, estancia en la unidad y necesidad de ventilación mecánica (p < 0,05). En primavera y verano la enfermedad más común fue la cerebrovascular, mientras que en otoño e invierno la más común fue la neumonía grave adquirida en la comunidad. Las variables estancia en la unidad, ingreso de pacientes por enfermedades de carácter clínico según tipo de paciente clínico y mortalidad se relacionaron significativamente con la estación del año (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: la variabilidad climática del contexto guantanamero influyó en el perfil de morbilidad de la unidad de cuidados intensivos y midió el pronóstico de los pacientes que ingresan con enfermedad crítica.