Abstract Introduction: advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Full-length RAGE is associated with intracellular signal transduction, and soluble-RAGE (sRAGE) lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, acting as a competitive inhibitor of AGEs-RAGE binding. sRAGE levels in healthy children are associated with cell surface expression of RAGE. However, the expression of RAGE has not been explored in childhood obesity. Objective: the study aim was to evaluate the sRAGE levels and the gene expression of RAGE in children and its association with cardiometabolic markers. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with 6-11-year children, 20 with overweight and 20 with obesity. Anthropometric measurements included waist circumference (cm) (WC), neck circumference (NC), weight (kg), fat mass (%), trunk fat (kg), muscular mass (kg), height (cm), and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2). Blood samples following an overnight fast were collected to measure glucose (mg/dl) and lipid profile with colorimetric methods. sRAGE was determined in serum using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) was performed to analyze RAGE transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated by Ficoll®-Hypaque. Results: we found higher RAGE (p = 0.0315) and lower sRAGE (p = 0.0305) levels in the obesity group. sRAGE level showed a negative correlation with RAGE (r = -0.35) and BMI (r = -0.24), and positive with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.29). Regression analysis suggests that HDL-C and RAGE levels are predictors of sRAGE levels. Conclusions: expression of RAGE is associated with lower sRAGE levels in childhood obesity. Moreover, obese children show higher cardiometabolic risk markers, and a positively associated with sRAGE.

Resumen Introducción: los productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGE) interactúan con el receptor de AGE (RAGE). El RAGE de longitud completa está asociado con la transducción de señales intracelulares y el RAGE soluble (sRAGE) carece de los dominios transmembrana y citoplásmico, actuando como un inhibidor competitivo de la unión de AGE-RAGE. Los niveles de sRAGE en niños sanos están asociados con la expresión de RAGE en la superficie celular. Sin embargo, la expresión de RAGE no se ha explorado en la obesidad infantil. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los niveles de sRAGE y la expresión génica de RAGE en niños y su asociación con marcadores cardiometabólicos. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal con niños de seis a once años, 20 con sobrepeso y 20 con obesidad. Las medidas antropométricas incluyeron la circunferencia de la cintura (cm) (CC), la circunferencia del cuello (NC), el peso (kg), la masa grasa (%), la grasa del tronco (kg), la masa muscular (kg), la altura (cm) y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (kg/m2). Se tomaron muestras de sangre después de una noche de ayuno para medir glucosa (mg/dl) y el perfil de lípidos con métodos colorimétricos. Los sRAGE se determinaron en suero utilizando un ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Se realizó una transcripción inversa cuantitativa (RT-qPCR) para analizar los transcritos de RAGE en células mononucleares de sangre periférica aisladas por Ficoll®-Hypaque. Resultados: encontramos niveles más altos de RAGE (p = 0,0315) y más bajos de sRAGE (p = 0,0305) en el grupo de obesidad. El nivel de sRAGE mostró una correlación negativa con RAGE (r = -0,35) e IMC (r = -0,24), y positiva con el colesterol HDL (r = 0,29). El análisis de regresión sugiere que los niveles de HDL-C y RAGE predicen los niveles de sRAGE. Conclusiones: la expresión de RAGE se asocia con niveles más bajos de sRAGE en la obesidad infantil. Además, los niños obesos muestran marcadores de riesgo cardiometabólico más elevados y una asociación positiva con sRAGE.

Background Over consumption of added sugar is associated with obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and insulin resistance (IR). Objective The objective of the study was to study the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and NAFLD and their relationship with fructose consumption in children with obesity. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in children 6-11 years old with obesity. Anthropometric measurements, fructose consumption, glucose, lipid profile, insulin, and IGFBP-1 levels were evaluated; the homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) was used. NAFLD was evaluated by ultrasound. Results We studied 83 children with a mean age of 9.2 ± 1.3 years. About 93% of the girls presented IR and lower levels of IGFBP-1 (p = 0.0001). The group with the lower levels of IGFBP-1 had higher HOMA-IR (p = 0.000002); IGFBP-1 was associated with fructose consumption (r = −0.25; p = 0.03), body mass index (BMI) (r=−0.42; p = 0.02), and HOMA-IR (r=−0.61; p = 0.002). About 81% of the children were classified as having mild or moderate/severe NAFLD, and these groups had higher HOMA-IR (p = 0.036) and fructose consumption (p = 0.0014). Conclusions The girls had more metabolic alterations. The group with lower levels of IGFBP-1 (hepatic IR) was associated with higher BMI, HOMA-IR, and fructose consumption; the group with higher severity of NAFLD showed higher HOMA-IR and fructose consumption.

ABSTRACT Introduction The aim of this study was to assess an educational intervention emphasizing the use of foods available in an indigenous community in the Huasteca Potosina on capillary hemoglobin. Material and Methods A quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest study was carried out December 2014 to December 2015 in children aged 0 to 5 years in the community of Tocoy, San Antonio, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. A 6 months intervention consisted in nutritional education workshops which included informational talks, cooking workshops and feedback of the main topics was carried out. An evaluation was performed in which nutritional status (anthropometric measurements and capillary hemoglobin concentration) and macro and micronutrient intake (24-hour recall) were assessed before and 4 months after the intervention. Results We found that our intervention had significant effects on hemoglobin values increased from 11.3±1.3 to 12.0±1.4mg/dL (p=0.025), and the anemia prevalence decrease from 37% to 25.9%. Conclusions An educational intervention emphasizing the use of foods available in the community could contribute to improve capillary hemoglobin concentration in children from an indigenous community in the Huasteca Potosina.

RESUMEN Introducción El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa contextualizada a los alimentos disponibles en una comunidad indígena de la Huasteca Potosina, sobre la hemoglobina capilar. Material y Métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuasiexperimental pretest-postest de un solo grupo, de diciembre de 2014 a diciembre de 2015, en niños indígenas de 0 a 5 años de la comunidad de Tocoy, San Antonio, San Luis Potosí, México. Se realizó una intervención de 6 meses y constó de talleres de educación nutricional los cuales incluían pláticas informativas, talleres de cocina y retroalimentación de los conocimientos impartidos. Se realizó una evaluación previa a la intervención y 4 meses posteriores a ésta, en la que se valoró el estado nutricio (medidas antropométricas y concentración de hemoglobina capilar) y la ingesta de macro y micronutrimentos (recordatorios de 24 horas). Resultados Se encontró un aumento en la concentración de hemoglobina capilar de 11,3±1,3 a 12,0±1,4mg/dL (p=0,025) y la prevalencia de anemia disminuyó de 37 a 25,9%. Conclusiones Una intervención educativa contextualizada a los alimentos disponibles en una comunidad puede contribuir a mejorar las concentraciones de hemoglobina capilar en niños menores de 5 años en una comunidad indígena de la Huasteca Potosina.