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RESUMO Bezerras são extremamente dependentes da ingestão de colostro para adquirir imunidade passiva. Este estudo teve o objetivo de determinar os índices de ocorrência de diarreia e de doença respiratória, assim como o impacto da falha na transferência de imunidade passiva (FTIP) no desenvolvimento de doenças e no desempenho zootécnico de bezerras Holandês criadas em sistema individual. O estudo foi desenvolvido em cinco propriedades comerciais no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre março de 2017 e janeiro de 2018. Assim, 131 bezerras foram acompanhadas, do nascimento aos 60 dias de idade. Em 53 animais, foi realizada avaliação de proteínas plasmáticas totais para determinar a qualidade na transferência de imunidade passiva. Acompanhamento clínico diário foi realizado, a fim de diagnosticar doenças e suas incidências, assim como avaliações zootécnicas, como altura de cernelha, largura de garupa, perímetro torácico e peso. O percentual de FTIP foi 32,07%, a ocorrência de diarreias e de doenças respiratórias foi, respectivamente, 77,9% e 49,6%. A FTIP aumentou as chances de as bezerras apresentarem diarreia e doenças respiratórias, mas não alterou o desempenho zootécnico. Conclui-se que a frequência na FTIP ainda é elevada, fator que corroborou o aumento do risco para as diarreias e doença respiratória. Apesar disso, a FTIP não influenciou no desenvolvimento das bezerras na fase de aleitamento.

ABSTRACT Calves are extremely dependent on colostrum intake for the acquisition of passive immunity. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of diarrhea and respiratory diseases and the impact of Failure of Passive Immune Transfer (FPIT) on the health and zootechnical performance of Holstein dairy calves in individual management. This study has been carried out in five commercial farms in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, from March 2017 to January 2018. In this study, 131 calves were followed from birth to 60 days of age. Total Plasmatic Protein (TPP) has been performed to determine passive immune transfer quality in 53 calves (53/131). A daily clinical follow-up has been accomplished aiming at diagnosing diseases and their incidences, and zootechnical measures such as withers height, width of the croup and weight have been evaluated. FPIT rate was 32.07%, diarrhea occurrence and respiratory diseases were 77.9% and 49.6%, respectively. FPIT increased the chances of calves presenting diarrhea and developing respiratory diseases, but no differences on zootechnical performance were found. The frequency of FPIT is still high and is a factor that corroborated the increased risk for diarrhea and respiratory disease but did not influence the performance of calves in the preweaning phase.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11482 844 downloads

TEMPERATURE, LIGHT, AND DESICCATION TOLERANCE IN SEED GERMINATION OF Mauritia flexuosa L.F.
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Almeida, Lívia Caroline Praseres de

; Pivetta, Kathia Fernandes Lopes

; Gimenes, Renata

; Romani, Gustavo de Nobrega

; Ferraz, Marcos Vieira

; Mazzini-Guedes, Renata Bachin

Revista Árvore

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2018, Volume 42 N. 3 elocation e420305

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO As palmeiras são amplamente utilizadas como plantas ornamentais, além da importância para a sustentabilidade e para a indústria. A propagação comercial destas plantas é realizada por meio de sementes. Devido à importância da espécie e à necessidade de elucidar alguns aspectos relacionados à germinação das sementes, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito de temperatura, regimes de luz e tolerância a dessecação na germinação de sementes da palmeira Mauritia flexuosa L.f. Foram realizados dois experimentos e em ambos o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro, estudou-se o efeito da temperatura e da luz e os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 6 x 2 (seis temperaturas: 20 ºC, 25 ºC, 30 ºC, 35 ºC, 20-30 ºC e 25-35 ºC combinadas com presença e ausência de luz); foram quatro repetições de 25 sementes por parcela. No segundo, estudou-se a tolerância a dessecação e os tratamentos foram cinco teores de água nas sementes (51%, 48%, 45%, 30% e 26%) aferidos a cada três dias de um lote mantido em condições ambiente; foram quatro repetições de 25 sementes por parcela. Avaliou-se a porcentagem de germinação e Índice de Velocidade de Germinação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância; as médias de temperatura e de luz foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P < 0.05) e para dessecação realizou-se a análise de regressão polinomial. A temperatura de 20-30 ºC foi a que apresentou maiores médias de porcentagem e de velocidade de germinação independentemente da presença ou ausência de luz. As sementes de M. flexuosa se mostraram sensíveis à dessecação.

ABSTRACT Palm trees are widely used as ornamental plants, besides its sustainability and industry aspects. These plants are commercially propagated via seeds. Due to its importance and the need for seed germination information, this study aimed to verify the effect of temperature, light regimes, and desiccation tolerance on germination of Mauritia flexuosa L.f. For that, two completely randomized experiments were carried out. The first consisted of treatments arranged in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, testing six temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35, 20-30, and 25-35 ºC) and light presence and absence. The second comprised five seed water contents (51, 48, 45, 30, and 26%) for desiccation tolerance evaluations. Water content measurements were made every three days, from a sample lot maintained at room temperature. In both trials, each treatment was composed of four replicates with 25 seeds per plot. Germination rate (GR) and germination speed index (GSI) were calculated, and the data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Temperature and light means were compared by the Tukey’s test (p < 0.05), and the desiccation ones by a polynomial regression. The highest GR was observed at 20-30 ºC, regardless of light presence. Moreover, M. flexuosa seeds were sensitive to desiccation.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-90882018000300005 958 downloads

Cytogenetic studies of Brazilian pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome cases: challenges and difficulties in a large and emerging country
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Velloso, E.D.R.P.

; Chauffaille, M.L.

; Peliçario, L.M.

; Tanizawa, R.S.S.

; Toledo, S.R.C.

; Gaiolla, R.D.

; Lopes, L.F.

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research

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jan 2013, Volume 46 N. 1 Pages 85 - 90

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) are rare hematopoietic stem cell diseases affecting children. Cytogenetics plays an important role in the diagnosis of these diseases. We report here the experience of the Cytogenetic Subcommittee of the Brazilian Cooperative Group on Pediatric Myelodysplastic Syndromes (BCG-MDS-PED). We analyzed 168 cytogenetic studies performed in 23 different cytogenetic centers; 84 of these studies were performed in patients with confirmed MDS (primary MDS, secondary MDS, JMML, and acute myeloid leukemia/MDS+Down syndrome). Clonal abnormalities were found in 36.9% of the MDS cases and cytogenetic studies were important for the detection of constitutional diseases and for differential diagnosis with other myeloid neoplasms. These data show the importance of the Cooperative Group for continuing education in order to avoid a late or wrong diagnosis.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20122449 2309 downloads

Utilização de biópsias da terceira pálpebra e mucosa retal em ovinos para diagnóstico de scrapie em uma propriedade da região sul do Brasil
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Leal, Juliano S.

; Correa, Gabriel L.F.

; Dalto, André G.C.

; Boos, Gisele S.

; Oliveira, Eduardo C.

; Bandarra, Paulo M.

; Lopes, Rui F.F.

; Driemeier, David

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira

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oct 2012, Volume 32 N. 10 Pages 990 - 994

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Scrapie é uma encefalopatia espongiforme transmissível (EET) que causa lesões cerebrais degenerativas em ovinos e caprinos. Caracteriza-se pelo acúmulo, no tecido encefálico e linforreticular, da forma anormal da proteína priônica (PrP Sc) que provoca a morte maciça de neurônios e células gliais, além de vacuolização intensa no tecido afetado. Esse trabalho descreve a utilização da técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) para proteína priônica em tecido linforreticular de biópsias de terceira pálpebra e mucosa retal, como método diagnóstico de scrapie em ovinos. Realizaram-se exames de IHQ para scrapie em amostras de uma propriedade de origem de um ovino com diagnóstico dessa enfermidade. Utilizaram-se anticorpos monoclonais antipríon para diagnóstico ante mortem pela técnica de IHQ. Nas 318 amostras de biópsias analisadas, encontrou-se 19 resultados positivos para PrP Sc nos folículos de terceira pálpebra e não foi obtida marcação no tecido linfático de mucosa retal em nenhuma das amostras coletadas. Realizaram-se 18 necropsias dos animais positivos anteriormente por biópsia e 21 necropsias de ovinos parentes dos positivos de scrapie. Confirmou-se o resultado de scrapie pela IHQ após a necropsia dos animais positivos nas biópsias de terceira pálpebra. Nesses animais, os órgãos com maior número de cortes positivos foram a terceira pálpebra (18/18) e a tonsila (8/18). Nos ovinos com parentesco com os positivos, nenhum resultado de scrapie ocorreu. A utilização de tecidos linfoides no diagnóstico de scrapie por IHQ através de biópsias mostrou-se um método viável e eficaz para o diagnóstico pré-clínico.

Scrapie, a form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that affects sheep and goats. The disease is characterized by an accumulation of the abnormal prionic protein (PrP Sc) in the encephalic and lymphoreticular tissues. This paper describes the use of anti-prionic protein immunohistochemical (IHC) procedure as a method of pre-clinical diagnosis of scrapie.The test was carried out in biopsied lymphoreticular tissues from third eyelid and rectal mucosa. Anti-prion protein monoclonal antibodies F89/160.1.5 and F99/97.6.1 were used. Scrapie diagnosis in lymphoreticular tissues through IHC was achieved when the samples had a minimum of three lymphoid follicles in well delimited germinal centre. Positive immunostaining was identified in 19 out of 318 samples of the third eyelid. Material sampled at post-mortem examination in 18 of these scrapie-positive sheep, which were previously verified by biopsy, and in 21 of its relatives, was confirmed with IHC tests. Positive immunostaining from rectal mucosa tissue was not observed. Third eyelid and tonsil were the organs with the larger amount of positive immunostaining (18/18 and 8/18 respectively) at post-mortem examination. None positive result was obtained along the 21 animals related to the positive ones, and none of the positive cases showed IHC labeling in the brain. The use of lymphoid tissues for scrapie diagnosis by IHC through biopsies showed to be a viable and efficient method for pre-clinical diagnostic.

2781 downloads

Bilateral traumatic avulsion of abducens nerve
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Lopes, Bruno S.C.

; Amaral, Lazaro L.F. do

; Bezerra, Higor G.

; Rogério, Ricardo M.

; Zambon, Antônio A.

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria

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aug 2011, Volume 69 N. 4 Pages 721 - 722

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

4825 downloads

Neural correlates of lexical-semantic memory: A voxel-based morphometry study in mild AD, aMCI and normal aging
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Balthazar, Marcio L.F.

; Yasuda, Clarissa L.

; Lopes, Tátila M.

; Pereira, Fabrício R.S.

; Damasceno, Benito Pereira

; Cendes, Fernando

Dementia & Neuropsychologia

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jun 2011, Volume 5 N. 2 Pages 69 - 77

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo As correlações neuroanatômicas de nomeação e memória lexical-semântica não são totalmente entendidas. As abordagens mais influentes compartilham a idéia de que representações refletem a maneira na qual a informação foi adquirida por meio da percepção e ação e que cada área do cérebro processa diferentes modalidades de representações semânticas. Apesar destas diferenças anatômicas no processamento semântico, a generalização de diferentes aspectos que tem significância semântica análoga é uma das principais características da cognição humana. Métodos: Nós avaliamos as regiões cerebrais relacionadas à nomeação e à generalização semântica de desenhos de objetos visualmente apresentados do Teste de Nomeação de Boston (TNB), que compreende diferentes categorias, como animais, vegetais, utensílios, comida e móveis. Para criar um modelo de método de lesão, nós investigamos uma amostra de 48 pessoas que demonstraram um declínio contínuo em funções cognitivas, incluindo habilidades de nomeação e em densidade de substância cinzenta (DSC) em relação a adultos jovens: envelhecimento normal, comprometimento cognitivo leve amnéstico (CCLa) e doença de Alzheimer (DA). Nós correlacionamos seus erros semânticos no TNB, assim como seus desempenhos de nomeação, com a DSC de todo o cérebro que foi medido por morfometria baseada em vóxel (MBV). Resultados: As áreas que mais se relacionaram à nomeação e aos erros semânticos foram as estruturas mediais temporais, tálamo, giro temporal superior e inferior, especialmente em suas partes anteriores e os córtices pré-frontais (giro frontal inferior e superior). Conclusão: Discutimos o provável papel de cada uma dessas áreas na rede lexical-semântica e sua contribuição para os modelos de organização semântica.

Abstract Neuroanatomical correlations of naming and lexical-semantic memory are not yet fully understood. The most influential approaches share the view that semantic representations reflect the manner in which information has been acquired through perception and action, and that each brain area processes different modalities of semantic representations. Despite these anatomical differences in semantic processing, generalization across different features that have similar semantic significance is one of the main characteristics of human cognition. Methods: We evaluated the brain regions related to naming, and to the semantic generalization, of visually presented drawings of objects from the Boston Naming Test (BNT), which comprises different categories, such as animals, vegetables, tools, food, and furniture. In order to create a model of lesion method, a sample of 48 subjects presenting with a continuous decline both in cognitive functions, including naming skills, and in grey matter density (GMD) was compared to normal young adults with normal aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Semantic errors on the BNT, as well as naming performance, were correlated with whole brain GMD as measured by voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Results: The areas most strongly related to naming and to semantic errors were the medial temporal structures, thalami, superior and inferior temporal gyri, especially their anterior parts, as well as prefrontal cortices (inferior and superior frontal gyri). Conclusion: The possible role of each of these areas in the lexical-semantic networks was discussed, along with their contribution to the models of semantic memory organization.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642011DN05020003 788 downloads

Critical analysis of autoregressive and fast Fourier transform markers of cardiovascular variability in rats and humans
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Silva, G.J.J.

; Ushizima, M.R.

; Lessa, P.S.

; Cardoso, L.

; Drager, L.F.

; Atala, M.M.

; Consolim-Colombo, F.M.

; Lopes, H.F.

; Cestari, I.A.

; Krieger, J.E.

; Krieger, E.M.

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research

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apr 2009, Volume 42 N. 4 Pages 386 - 396

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in physiological and pathological conditions, and has been extensively evaluated by parametric and non-parametric spectral analysis. To compare the results obtained with fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the autoregressive (AR) method, we performed a comprehensive comparative study using data from humans and rats during pharmacological blockade (in rats), a postural test (in humans), and in the hypertensive state (in both humans and rats). Although postural hypotension in humans induced an increase in normalized low-frequency (LFnu) of systolic blood pressure, the increase in the ratio was detected only by AR. In rats, AR and FFT analysis did not agree for LFnu and high frequency (HFnu) under basal conditions and after vagal blockade. The increase in the LF/HF ratio of the pulse interval, induced by methylatropine, was detected only by FFT. In hypertensive patients, changes in LF and HF for systolic blood pressure were observed only by AR; FFT was able to detect the reduction in both blood pressure variance and total power. In hypertensive rats, AR presented different values of variance and total power for systolic blood pressure. Moreover, AR and FFT presented discordant results for LF, LFnu, HF, LF/HF ratio, and total power for pulse interval. We provide evidence for disagreement in 23% of the indices of blood pressure and heart rate variability in humans and 67% discordance in rats when these variables are evaluated by AR and FFT under physiological and pathological conditions. The overall disagreement between AR and FFT in this study was 43%.

4540 downloads Cited 2 times in SciELO

Caracterização de subproduto da indústria de alumínio e seu uso na retenção de cádmio e chumbo em sistemas monoelementares
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Costa, Enio Tarso de Souza

; Guilherme, Luiz Roberto Guimarães

; Curi, Nilton

; Lopes, Guilherme

; Visioli, Elton Luiz

; Oliveira, Luiz Carlos Alves de

Química Nova

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2009, Volume 32 N. 4 Pages 868 - 874

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

The present work aimed to characterize an aluminum industry by-product in natura (L.A. nat) and after phosphate and thermal pretreatments; evaluate the adsorption/desorption capacity of Cd and Pb by this L.A. nat form and after the aforementioned pretreatments, comparing them with an in natura iron mining by-product (L.F. nat). The L.A. nat presented a high pH as well as a high Na concentration and also an oxide-rich mineralogy. Pretreatment of the by-product had no significant effect upon Cd and Pd adsorption/desorption. The L.A. nat performed better than the L.F. nat as an Cd and Pb adsorbent.

2204 downloads

Epstein-Barr virus infection and gastric carcinoma in São Paulo State, Brazil
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Lopes, L.F.

; Bacchi, M.M.

; Elgui-de-Oliveira, D.

; Zanati, S.G.

; Alvarenga, M.

; Bacchi, C.E.

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research

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nov 2004, Volume 37 N. 11 Pages 1707 - 1712

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, and most people have serological evidence of previous viral infection at adult age. EBV is associated with infectious mononucleosis and human cancers, including some lymphomas and gastric carcinomas. Although EBV was first reported in lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma, the virus was also found in conventional adenocarcinomas. In the present study, 53 gastric carcinomas diagnosed in São Paulo State, Brazil, were evaluated for EBV infection by non-isotopic in situ hybridization with a biotinylated probe (Biotin-AGACACCGTCCTCACCACCC GGGACTTGTA) directed to the viral transcript EBER-I, which is actively expressed in EBV latently infected cells. EBV infection was found in 6 of 53 (11.32%) gastric carcinomas, mostly from male patients (66.7%), with a mean age of 59 years old. Most EBV-positive tumors were in gastric antrum. Two EBV-positive tumors (33.3%) were conventional adenocarcinomas, whereas four (66.7%) were classified as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. EBV infection in gastric carcinomas was reported elsewhere in frequencies that range from 5.6% (Korea) up to 18% (Germany). In Brazil, a previous work found EBV infection in 4 of 80 (5%) gastric carcinomas, whereas another study found 4.7 and 11.2% of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas of Brazilians of Japanese origin or not, respectively. In the present study, the frequency of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas is similar to that reported in other series, and the clinicopathologic characteristics of these EBV-positive tumors are in agreement with the data in the literature.

14217 downloads Cited 3 times in SciELO

10.

Análise econômica de um plantio de teca submetido a desbastes
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Tsukamoto Filho, Antonio de Arruda

; Silva, Márcio Lopes da

; Couto, Laércio

; Müller, Marcelo Dias

Revista Árvore

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aug 2003, Volume 27 N. 4 Pages 487 - 494

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Neste trabalho estudou-se a viabilidade econômica de um plantio de teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) submetido a desbastes. Foram utilizados os seguintes critérios de análise econômica de projetos: valor presente líquido, benefício (custo) periódico equivalente, taxa interna de retorno e valor esperado da terra. A taxa de desconto utilizada foi de 10% a.a. Os indicadores demonstraram a viabilidade econômica do plantio da teca, conforme as condições estabelecidas na análise. O plantio será inviável se houver redução maior que 25% nas receitas ou aumento superior a 35% nos custos, sendo, portanto, mais sensível às variações na redução de receitas que às variações no aumento de custos.

This work evaluated the economic viability of a teak plantation (Tectona grandis L.f. ) submitted to thinning. The following economic criteria of project analysis were applied: Net Present Value, Equivalent Annual Benefit (Cost), Internal Return Rate and Land Expected Value. The discount rate applied was 10% a year. The indicators showed the economic viability of the teak plantation, under the conditions established in the analysis. The plantation will not be viable by reducing 25% of the revenues or increasing 35% of the costs, being more sensitive to the variations in income decrease than to variations in cost increase.

18104 downloads

11.

Os efeitos tardios do tratamento do câncer infantil
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Lopes, L.F.

; Camargo, B. de

; Bianchi, A.

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira

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sep 2000, Volume 46 N. 3 Pages 277 - 284

Abstract: Pt | Text: Pt | PDF: Pt

45507 downloads Cited 7 times in SciELO

12.

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do milho: II. efeito de doses crescentes de N, R e K no crescimento, produção e composição mineral da variedade Piranão em condições controladas
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Malavolta, E.

; Basso, L. C.

; Oliveira, E G. D.

; Vasconcellos, C. A.

; Santos, Z. G.

; Fortes, J. M.

; Fernandes, J.

; Stamford, N.P.

; Lorenzi, J.O.

; Sampaio, N. F.

; Hass, F. J.

; Freire, J. C.

; Souza, M.

; Ventorim, N.

; Victoria F, R.

; Rosalén, CA.

; Zago, E.A.

; Miranda, M.T.

; Lima, S.A.

; Castro, A.M.G.

; Souza, A.P.

; Lopes, E.S.

; Sobral, L.F.

; Lovato, L.A.

; Menezes, M.

; Tisselli F, E O.

Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz

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1976, Volume 33 Pages 479 - 499

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O milho, var. Piranão, foi cultivado em solução nutritiva com níveis crescentes de N, R e K. Houve resposta linear à adição de N e assintótica às doses de R e de K. A determinação da atividade da reductase de nitrato se correlacionou melhor com a produção da matéria seca que a do N total nas folhas. O teor de potássio total nas folhas, por sua vez refletiu melhor o estado nutricional que a determinação de putrescina nas folhas.

Maize plants, Piranão cultivar, were grown in nutrient solution with 5 levels each of N, R and K till harvest. Nitrate reductase activity and putrescine level were determined in leaves of plants in the N and K series, respectively, at silking stage. Upper and lower leaves were analysed for N, R and K in the corresponding treatments at the end of the life cycle. The main conclusions were the following : 5.1 There was a linear effect of level of N in the substrate on dry matter production. 5.2. High activities of nitrate reductase suggest that under natural conditions the variety should be very responsive to N fertilization. 5.3. An asymptotic response curve was found in the treatments with increasing levels of R in the medium, as well as in the case of the K treatments. 5.4. Curves of response of roots (dry matter) showed a tendency to level of as a function of increasing levels of element at lower concentrations than the components aeral part of the plant (leaves, stems, ears). 5.5. Determination of leaf putrescine did not of prove a better indicator of the K status leaf K. 5.6. The variety under study seems to be relatively more efficient in the utilization of N for yield components; the efficiency for utilization of K, is rather low and that for R is intermediate, findings that should have a bearing on the fertilization in field conditions.

1050 downloads

13.

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do milho: II - deficiências de macronutrientes na variedade Piranão
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Malavolta, E.

; Rapchan, V.M.

; Castro, A.M.G. de

; Souza, A.P.

; Lopes, E.S.

; Sobral, L.F.

; Lovato, L.A.

; Menezes, M.

; Tisselli Fº, O.

; Oliveira, G.D.

Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz

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1975, Volume 32 Pages 509 - 525

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Foram induzidos sintomas de carência de macronutrientes no milho, var. Piranão, exceto no caso do enxofre. Os níveis foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S foram determinados nas plantas sujeitos à nutrição completa e às deficiências de macronutrientes.

Corn plants, Piranão variety, were grown in nutrient solution, complete and with omission of one macronutrient each time, in order to gain information on the effects of treatments on growth, symptoms of deficiency, and mineral composition of the leaves. The following symptoms of deficiency were obtained: Nitrogen -- plants underdeveloped; "V" shaped chlorosis beginning in the older leaves followed by drying and necrosis; Phosphorus - older leaves dark green with a purple hve; Potassium - plants underdeveloped; marginal chlorisis and necrosis in the older leaves; iron induced chlorosis in the younger leaves; Calcium - plants very underdeveloped due to death of apical merystem; younger leaves showing tip and marginal chlorosis and afterwards necrosis and break down of the tissue; wide whitish areas in the younger leaves; Magnesium - plants very underdeveloped; internerval chlorosis in older leaves first, proceeding to the young ones; Sulfur - absence of marked symptoms, except for a slight chlorosis in the younger leaves. Dry matter production obeyed the following decreasing order: Complete, minus S, minus P, minus K, minus Mg, minus N and minus Ca. Ears were obtained only in treatments complete and minus S. Top/root ratio decreased according to this order: minus S, complete, minus K, minus Mg, minus N, minus P and minus Ca. The macronutrient content for the treatment complete was the following respectively for lower and upper, leaves: N - 2.76 and 2.52%; P - 0.59 and 0.53%; K - 2.25 and 2.26%;Ca - 2.17 and 1.85;Mg - 0.82 and0.66;S - 0.38 and 0.32. The values of the element corresponding to each treatment were: N - 1.84 and 1.22 (that is: lower leaves in the minus N plants had 1 84% N, whereas the upper leaves in same treatment had 1.22% N; P - 0.14 and 0.17%; K - 0.29 and 0.78%; Ca - 0.29 and 0.05; Mg -0.09 and 0.05%; S- 0.31 and 0.26%.

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