Eletrocatalisadores Pd/C, Au/C e PdAu/C com diferentes razões atômicas foram preparados utilizando-se irradiação por feixe de elétrons e testados na oxidação eletroquímica de glicerol em uma célula alcalina a glicerol direto (ADGFC). Os difratogramas de raios X (XRD) evidenciaram a presença de fases ricas em Pd (fcc) e Au (fcc). As análises de voltametria cíclica (CV) e cronoamperometria indicaram que o eletrocatalisador com razão atômica 50:50 demonstrou atividade superior para a oxidação eletroquímica do glicerol a temperatura ambiente. As análises de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier no modo de refletância total atenuada (ATR-FTIR) in situ identificaram como principais produtos da oxidação eletroquímica do glicerol: 1,3-diidroxi-2-propanona, gliceraldeído e glicolato. Os experimentos em célula unitária foram realizados entre 50 e 90 ºC e foi constatado que o melhor desempenho aconteceu a 80 ºC.

Pd/C, Au/C and PdAu/C electrocatalysts with different atomic ratios prepared using electron beam irradiation were tested for glycerol electrooxidation in single alkaline direct glycerol fuel cell (ADGFC). X-ray diffractograms (XRD) of PdAu/C electrocatalysts showed the presence of Pd (fcc) and Au (fcc) phases. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry showed that PdAu/C electrocatalyst with Pd:Au atomic ratio of 50:50 demonstrated superior activity for glycerol electrooxidation, at room temperature. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy by attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) experiments were performed for the electrocatalysts, identifying oxalate, glycerate ion, 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone, glyceraldehyde and glycolate as products of glycerol electrooxidation. Experiments with single ADGFC were carried out from 50 to 90 ºC, using Pd/C electrocatalyst; the best performance was obtained at 80 ºC.

Significant functions in the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) rely on Gas Diffusion Layers (GDLs), such as control the water balance in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), allow suitable gas permeability and porosity, etc. Aware of the GDL importance in the cell performance and its great demand in scale-up projects, the fuel cell research group at Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) has developed a Sieve Printing method (innovative in Brazil) as a strategic solution for producing GDL and electrodes used in high power PEMFC stacks. The method has shown to be adequate to fabricate low cost electrodes, GDLs of different dimensions and to produce any amount of MEAs for power stacks.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) requires membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) to generate electrical energy from hydrogen and oxygen. In this study a MEA production process by sieve printing and an ink composition were developed to produce catalyst layers of MEAs. The deposition of the exact catalyst content was possible on cathodes and anodes with only one print step. The optimal ink developed shown viscosity of 2.75 Pa s, density 1.27 g cm-3, total solid content of 33.76 % and tack of 92 U.T. The electrodes prepared in only one printing step showed higher performance than those prepared in several steps.

PtRu/C electrocatalysts (carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticles) were prepared submitting water/ethylene glycol mixtures containing Pt(IV) and Ru(III) ions and the carbon support to electron beam irradiation. The electrocatalysts were characterized by energy dispersive X ray analysis (EDX), X ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry and tested for methanol electro-oxidation aiming fuel cell application. The obtained PtRu/C electrocatalysts showed superior performance for methanol electro-oxidation at room temperature compared to commercial PtRu/C electrocatalyst.

This study investigated rickettsial infection in animals, humans, ticks, and fleas collected in five areas of the state of São Paulo. Eight flea species (Adoratopsylla antiquorum antiquorum, Ctenocephalides felis felis, Polygenis atopus, Polygenis rimatus, Polygenis roberti roberti, Polygenis tripus, Rhopalopsyllus lugubris, and Rhopalopsyllus lutzi lutzi), and five tick species (Amblyomma aureolatum, Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma dubitatum, Ixodes loricatus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus) were collected from dogs, cats, and opossums. Rickettsia felis was the only rickettsia found infecting fleas, whereas Rickettsia bellii was the only agent infecting ticks, but no animal or human blood was shown to contain rickettsial DNA. Testing animal and human sera by indirect immunofluorescence assay against four rickettsia antigens (R. rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. felis, and R. bellii), some opossum, dog, horse, and human sera reacted to R. rickettsii with titers at least four-fold higher than to the other three rickettsial antigens. These sera were considered to have a predominant antibody response to R. rickettsii. Using the same criteria, opossum, dog, and horse sera showed predominant antibody response to R. parkeri or a very closely related genotype. Our serological results suggest that both R. rickettsii and R. parkeri infected animals and/or humans in the studied areas.

PtRu/Carbon hybrids were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization process using glucose or starch as carbon sources and reducing agents and platinum and ruthenium salts as catalysts of carbonization process and metals source. The obtained PtRu/Carbon materials were characterized by SEM/EDX, TGA, XRD and cyclic voltammetry. The electro-oxidation of methanol was studied by cyclic voltammetry using the thin porous coating technique aiming fuel cell application. The catalytic activity was dependent of carbon source and time used in the synthesis.

This article deals with electrocatalysis and electrocatalysts for low temperature fuel cells and also with established means and methods in electrocatalyst research, development and characterization. The intention is to inform about the fundamentals, state of the art, research and development of noble metal electrocatalysts for fuel cells operating at low temperatures.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare catalysts produced by the Bönnemann - colloidal method (PtRu (B1) and PtRu (B2)), and those produced by the spontaneous deposition method (PtRu (SD)). The catalysts produced by both methods had good electrochemical behavior for methanol oxidation for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications. The structure of the catalyst was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis (EDS) was used to determine the semi-quantitative composition of the catalysts, and the electrochemical behavior was determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The diffractograms of the binary catalysts revealed platinum and ruthenium as the only crystalline phases, as per ICDD data base. The PtRu (B1) catalyst, treated in a reducing atmosphere, has the same structure as PtRu (B2), treated in an oxidising/reducing atmosphere, except that the crystallite size was around 1.7 nm for PtRu (B1) instead of 9.9 nm for PtRu (B2). The catalysts PtRu (B2) and PtRu (SD) showed similar cyclic voltammetric behavior, which was better than that of PtRu (B1). Both methods are suitable for the production of electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications. The colloidal method is more expensive than the deposition method, but the former permits the production of ternary and quaternary catalyst systems with enhanced CO tolerance.

Fuel cells are attracting much interest as efficient and clean energy conversion devices. The main components of low temperature fuel cells are the electrocatalysts used to promote the anodic and cathodic reactions, which are based on platinum and platinum alloys. These electrocatalysts are normally prepared in the form of metal nanoparticles supported on a conductive material, usually high surface area carbon, to improve catalyst utilization and reduce cost. This work presents and comments some methods used presently to produce these electrocatalysts. The performances of the produced electrocatalysts are compared to that of state-of-the-art commercial E-TEK electrocatalysts.

A paradigmatic shift in developing fuel cell for stationary applications has been occurring in the last ten years. Previously, 100 kW class to a few MW class power plants were preferred but recently, the development has drifted towards units of only a few kW. The motivation is the present market situation, which favors disperse residential electric power generation from natural or liquefied gas. Membrane-type fuel cells are very promising for this application, due to their present state of development in the automobile industry. More recently, small ceramic fuel cells (SOFC) has also been found to be adequate for this application. Considering a family of 4 members, 1 kW (electric) units seem to be optimal for individual residences. This presentation discusses briefly the Brazilian scenario with respect to these units.

The fuel cell principle was discovered by Sir Grove 150 years ago. However material problems prohibited its commercialization for a long time. A change has been occurring during the last 30 years, so two types of fuel cell technologies can be distinguished: low and high temperature operation cells. Nowadays, only phosphoric acid cells are commercially offered as 200 kWel power plants. Membrane cells are more suitable for automobile electrotraction with a very low (or no) environmental impact. The fuel continues, however, to play a very particular role, since hydrogen is not easy to store and to transport. The more promising target is the utilization of liquid methanol. The Brazilian scenario concerning this kind of technology is discussed.