RESUMO Introdução: Cuidar completamente das crianças com microcefalia é um grande desafio para os seus cuidadores. A situação de vulnerabilidade social aliada à complexidade do cuidado pode levar à sobrecarga com perda de qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre aspectos socioeconómicos, domínio social da qualidade de vida e sobrecarga de mães cuidadoras de crianças com microcefalia. Metodologia: Estudo transversal com 105 participantes, por meio da aplicação de questionários sociodemográficos, WHOQOL-BREF, sobrecarga do cuidador. Foram utilizados os testes ANOVA, t de Student, e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r). Resultados: População de mães pardas (65.7%), desempregadas (88.6%), dependentes de benefícios sociais (76.2%), baixa escolaridade (50.5%) e insuficiência financeira (90.5%). A média do domínio social foi considerada baixa (51.11). Houve associação entre benefício social e pontuação total de qualidade de vida (p=0.046). As mães sofrem sobrecarga severa (39%) e intensa (30.4%). Foi encontrada associação entre os níveis de sobrecarga e as variáveis de etnia (p= 0.027), ocupação (p= 0.043) e meio de transporte (p <0.0001). A sobrecarga tem um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida (r= -.463, p <0.0001), percepção de qualidade de vida (r= -.476, p= <0.0001), qualidade de vida total (r= -.576, p= <0.0010). Conclusões: As mães cuidadoras sofrem sobrecarga com perda de qualidade de vida. Os aspectos sociais influenciam diretamente e podem potenciar a sobrecarga do cuidado. A enfermagem tem um papel fundamental na criação e implementação de linhas de cuidados com ênfase na promoção da saúde e no alívio da sobrecarga do cuidador.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Taking care of children with microcephaly is a great challenge for their care providers because of the associated social vulnerability, work overload, and loss of quality of life. Objective: To analyze the associations related to the social aspects, the quality of life, and the work overload among care providing mothers of children with microcephaly. Methodology: This is a transversal study with 105 participants. Social and demographic questionnaires and WHOQOL-BREF were used. ANOVA tests, Student’s t-test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were calculated. Results: 65.7% were of mixed ethnicity; 88.6% were unemployed; 76.2% were dependent on Social Welfare; 50.5% had a low level of education; and 90.5% were financially insufficient. The social domain average was considered low (51.11). An association was found between social benefits and quality of life (p=0.046). 39% of these mothers suffer from severe work overload while 30.4% suffer from intense work overload. An association was found between the levels of work overload and ethnicity (p= 0.027), occupation (p= 0.043), and transportation means (p <0.0001). Work overload had a negative impact on the quality of life (r= -.463, p <0.0001), the perception of quality of life (r= -.476, p= <0.0001), and total quality of life (r= -.576, p= <0.0010). Conclusions: These care providing mothers suffer work overload with an associated loss of quality of life. Social aspects have a direct influence and can increase work overload. Nursing professionals have a fundamental role in the creation and implementation of attention initiatives aimed at promoting health and relief to this kind of care providing mothers.

RESUMEN Introducción: Cuidar completamente de niños con microcefalia es un gran desafío para sus cuidadores. La situación de vulnerabilidad social junto con la complejidad de la atención puede llevar a sobrecarga con pérdida de la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre aspectos socioeconómicos, dominio social de la calidad de vida y la sobrecarga de madres cuidadoras de niños con microcefalia. Metodología: Estudio transversal con 105 participantes, mediante aplicación de cuestionarios sociodemográficos, WHOQOL-BREF, sobrecarga del cuidador. Se utilizaron pruebas ANOVA, t de Student, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r). Resultados: Población de madres mestizas (65.7%), desempleadas (88.6%), dependientes de la prestación social (76.2%), bajo nivel educativo (50.5%) e insuficiencia financiera (90.5%). El promedio del dominio social se consideró bajo (51.11). Hubo asociación entre beneficio social y puntaje de calidad de vida total (p=0.046). Las madres sufren sobrecarga severa (39%) e intensa (30.4%). Se encontró asociación entre niveles de sobrecarga y variables etnia (p= 0.027), ocupación (p= 0.043) y medios de transporte (p <0.0001). La sobrecarga tiene impacto negativo en la calidad de vida (r= -.463, p <0.0001), percepción de la calidad de vida (r= -.476, p= <0.0001), calidad de vida total (r= -.576, p= <0.0010). Conclusiones: Las madres cuidadoras manifiestan sobrecarga con pérdida de calidad de vida. Los aspectos sociales influyen directamente y pueden potenciar la sobrecarga del cuidado. El personal de enfermería tiene un papel fundamental para crear e implementar líneas de atención con énfasis en promover la salud y alivio de la sobrecarga en el cuidador.

Abstract Introduction and objective Emergence Delirium (ED), particularly in children, is characterized by mental confusion, irritability, disorientation, and inconsolable crying. ED prolongs the time required in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and increases concern and anxiety in parents. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of low-dose clonidine in preventing ED in children receiving sevoflurane anesthesia for tonsillectomy/adenotonsillectomy. Methods A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted between November 2013 and January 2014. Sixty-two children aged 2-12 years, scheduled to undergo tonsillectomy/adenotonsillectomy, and classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I/II were included, with 29 being randomized to receive 1 µg.kg-1 clonidine intravenously, and 33 allocated to a control group that received no clonidine. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane. Children with altered state of consciousness, neurological deficit, history of allergy to dipyrone, or receiving other drugs such as preanesthetic agents were excluded from the study. The primary outcome was the presence of ED in the initial 20 minutes in the PACU according to the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. The Chi-Square test and Fisher’s two-tailed exact test were used for statistical analysis, as applicable. Significance level was set at 5%, and Risk Ratios (RR) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Results The frequency of ED was significantly decreased in the group of children who received clonidine (17.2% vs. 57.6%; RR = 0.30; 95% CI 0.13-0.70; p= 0.001). There was no difference between groups with respect to the frequency of postoperative self-harm (falls and bruises), dislodged catheters, and for most of the other adverse events evaluated. Conclusions The use of 1 µg.kg-1 intravenous clonidine during anesthesia induction can effectively reduce the incidence of ED in children undergoing elective tonsillectomy/adenotonsillectomy under general inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02181543.

The present study compared the effects of a footwear designed to enhance energy return (thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU) vs minimalist shoes on running economy (RE) and endurance performance. In this counterbalanced and crossover design study, 11 recreational male runners performed two submaximal constant-speed running tests and two 3-km time-trials with the two shoe models. Oxygen uptake was measured during submaximal constant-speed running tests in order to determine the RE at 12 km/h and oxygen cost of running (CTO2) at individual average speed sustained during the 3-km running time-trials wearing either of the two shoes. Our results revealed that RE was improved (2.4%) with TPU shoes compared with minimalist shoes (P=0.01). However, there was no significant difference for CTO2 (P=0.61) and running performance (P=0.52) comparing the TPU (710±60 s) and the minimalist (718±63 s) shoe models. These novel findings demonstrate that shoes with enhanced mechanical energy return (i.e. TPU) produced a lower energy cost of running at low (i.e., 12 km/h) but not at high speeds (i.e., average speed sustained during the 3-km running time-trial, ∼15 km/h), ultimately resulting in similar running performance compared to the minimalist shoe.

Abstract The use of creep feeding for preweaning piglets is important to improve the performance of the piglets. The objective of this experiment was evaluate the effect of using or altering the position of piglet’s creep feeder during lactation on piglet’s performance and on behavior of piglets and sows kept in a hot climate environment. Forty-five sows and their litters at 10 days of lactation were randomly distributed into three treatments: front feeder (FF) - near the side of the sow’s head; back feeder (BF) - near the side of the rump of the sow; and no feeder (NF). All piglets were weighed individually to evaluate the average weight, weight gain and coefficient of variation of the weight. Behavior assessments of the piglets and sows were recorded in 3 period. At 15 and 21 d, piglets of the FF treatment were heavier (P ≤ 0.0001) than piglets of the other treatments. At 10-21d piglets of FF treatment had 76.2% less belly nosing behavior than the NF piglets (P=0.015). The treatments had no impact on behavior of the sows. The creep feeders positioned in the front of the farrowing crate increased piglet growth rate and decreased frequency of belly nosing behavior.

Abstract Geographic information systems make it possible to obtain fine scale maps for environmental monitoring from airborne sensors on aerial platforms, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which offer products with low costs and high space-time resolution. The present study assessed the performance of an UAV in the evaluation of the seasonal behavior of five vegetation coverages: Coffea spp., Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp. and two forest remnants. For this, vegetation indices (Excess Green and Excess Red minus Green), meteorological data and moisture of surface soils were used. In addition, Sentinel-2 satellite images were used to validate these results. The highest correlations with soil moisture were found in coffee and Forest Remnant 1. The Coffea spp. had the indices with the highest correlation to the studied soil properties. However, the UAV images also provided relevant results for understanding the dynamics of forest remnants. The Excess Green index (p = 0.96) had the highest correlation coefficients for Coffea spp., while the Excess Red minus Green index was the best index for forest remnants (p = 0.75). The results confirmed that low-cost UAVs have the potential to be used as a support tool for phenological studies and can also validate satellite-derived data.

Mechanisms involved in cardiac function and calcium (Ca2+) handling in obese-resistant (OR) rats are still poorly determined. We tested the hypothesis that unsaturated high-fat diet (HFD) promotes myocardial dysfunction in OR rats, which it is related to Ca2+ handling. In addition, we questioned whether exercise training (ET) becomes a therapeutic strategy. Male Wistar rats (n=80) were randomized to standard or HFD diets for 20 weeks. The rats were redistributed for the absence or presence of ET and OR: control (C; n=12), control + ET (CET; n=14), obese-resistant (OR; n=9), and obese-resistant + ET (ORET; n=10). Trained rats were subjected to aerobic training protocol with progressive intensity (55-70% of the maximum running speed) and duration (15 to 60 min/day) for 12 weeks. Nutritional, metabolic, and cardiovascular parameters were determined. Cardiac function and Ca2+ handling tests were performed in isolated left ventricle (LV) papillary muscle. OR rats showed cardiac atrophy with reduced collagen levels, but there was myocardial dysfunction. ET was efficient in improving most parameters of body composition. However, the mechanical properties and Ca2+ handling from isolated papillary muscle were similar among groups. Aerobic ET does not promote morphological and cardiac functional adaptation under the condition of OR.

RESUMO O uso de soluções eletrolíticas hipotônicas na hidratação enteral ainda é pouco estudado em bezerros. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de soluções eletrolíticas enterais de manutenção com diferentes concentrações de acetato de sódio e diferentes osmolaridades em bezerros. Para isso, foram utilizados 18 bezerros, seis machos e 12 fêmeas, holandeses, com 20 dias de nascidos e pesando por volta dos 52kg. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos e cada grupo recebeu um dos tratamentos. As três soluções eletrolíticas continham os mesmos componentes, mas em diferentes concentrações, resultando em uma solução hiposmótica, uma isosmótica e uma hiperosmótica. Cada animal foi mantido em hidratação enteral durante 12 horas com taxa de infusão de 15mL kg-1h-1. Foram aferidos perímetro abdominal, peso corporal, consistência das fezes, glicose e lactato plasmático, pH, pCO2, HCO- 3 e excesso de base nos seguintes tempos: T0h, T6h, T12h e T24h. A solução hiposmótica não gerou aparecimento de diarreia, enquanto a isosmótica e a hiperosmótica geraram. Independentemente da dose utilizada, o acetato não causou alcalose metabólica nos animais avaliados. Os resultados sugerem que o uso da solução hiposmótica em bezerros diarreicos, desidratados e sem acidose metabólica, pode ser clinicamente importante.

ABSTRACT The use of hypotonic electrolytic solutions in enteral fluid therapy is still understudied in calves. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of maintenance enteral electrolytic solutions with different concentrations of sodium acetate and different osmolarities in calves. For this, 18 Holstein calves, six male and 12 female, 20 days old and weighing around 52kg, were used. The animals were randomly divided into three groups and each group received one of the treatments. The three electrolytic solutions contained the same components in different concentrations, resulting in a hyposmotic, an isosmotic and a hyperosmotic solution. Each animal was maintained in enteral fluid therapy for 12 hours with infusion rate of 15mL kg-1 h-1. Abdominal circumference, body weight, feces consistency, glucose and plasma lactate, pH, pCO2, HCO- 3 and BE were measured at the following times: T0h, T6h, T12h and T24h. The hyposmotic solution did not generate the onset of diarrhea, while the isosmotic and the hyperosmotic did. Regardless of the dose used, acetate did not cause metabolic alkalosis in the evaluated animals. The results suggest that the use of hyposmotic solution in diarrheic calves, dehydrated and without metabolic acidosis, may be clinically important.

Nitric oxide (NO) inhibition by high-dose NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is associated with several detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system. However, low-dose L-NAME increases NO synthesis, which in turn induces physiological cardiovascular benefits, probably by activating a protective negative feedback mechanism. Aerobic exercise, likewise, improves several cardiovascular functions in healthy hearts, but its effects are not known when chronically associated with low-dose L-NAME. Thus, we tested whether the association between low-dose L-NAME administration and chronic aerobic exercise promotes beneficial effects to the cardiovascular system, evaluating the cardiac remodeling process. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control (C), L-NAME (L), chronic aerobic exercise (Ex), and chronic aerobic exercise associated to L-NAME (ExL). Aerobic training was performed with progressive intensity for 12 weeks; L-NAME (1.5 mg·kg-1·day-1) was administered by orogastric gavage. Low-dose L-NAME alone did not change systolic blood pressure (SBP), but ExL significantly increased SBP at week 8 with normalization after 12 weeks. Furthermore, ExL promoted the elevation of left ventricle (LV) end-diastolic pressure without the presence of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Time to 50% shortening and relaxation were reduced in ExL, suggesting a cardiomyocyte contractile improvement. In addition, the time to 50% Ca2+ peak was increased without alterations in Ca2+ amplitude and time to 50% Ca2+ decay. In conclusion, the association of chronic aerobic exercise and low-dose L-NAME prevented cardiac pathological remodeling and induced cardiomyocyte contractile function improvement; however, it did not alter myocyte affinity and sensitivity to intracellular Ca2+ handling.

Contradictory findings suggest that the behavioral and abuse-related effects of ethanol are mediated by its action at α1 subunit-containing GABAA (α1GABAA) receptors. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a sub-chronic post-ethanol administration treatment with zolpidem, an α1-preferring positive allosteric modulator at GABAA receptors, on the subsequent expression of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. Animals received ethanol (1.8 g/kg, ip) or saline treatments every other day for 15 days (8 treatment sessions) and were subsequently treated with zolpidem (0.5 mg/kg, ip) or vehicle 4 times on alternate days. At the end of the treatment phase, animals were challenged with saline or ethanol on separate days for the evaluation of the expression of conditioned locomotion and behavioral sensitization. Eight-day treatment with ethanol did not lead to the development of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization. Animals treated with ethanol and subsequently administered vehicle showed similar locomotion frequencies during the last ethanol challenge compared to the control group receiving ethanol for the first time. Animals treated with ethanol and subsequently administered zolpidem expressed behavioral sensitization to ethanol during the ethanol challenge. The present study adds to the literature by providing further evidence of a role of α1GABAA receptors on the behavioral effects of ethanol. Because of the current highly prevalent co-abuse of ethanol and benzodiazepine drugs in humans, the use of zolpidem and other α1GABAA receptor ligands during ethanol withdrawal should be monitored carefully.

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, fractionation of nitrogen compounds and carbohydrates, digestibility parameters, gas production kinetics and ruminal fermentation of fruit seed cakes. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three fruit seed cakes (treatments) and four replications. The cakes were made of seeds of custard apple (Annona squamosa), soursop (Annona muricata) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), which were collected in a biodiesel plant. The passion fruit seed cake presented the highest content of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre crude protein (NDFcp), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin and total carbohydrates (P<0.05). The custard apple seed cake presented high proportions of crude protein, condensed tannins and digestible energy (P<0.05). The soursop seed cake presented higher values for ether extract and total digestible nutrients (P<0.05). For potential degradability, the authors detected a difference between the custard apple, soursop and passion fruit seed cakes. The total volume of gases was higher for custard apple and soursop seed cakes. Custard apple seed cake presented higher proportions of in vitro degradation parameters (P<0.05). Thus this cake could provide greater nutrient levels when supplied in ruminant diets, followed by soursop seed cake and passion fruit seed cake.

Resumo Os últimos onze mil anos foram marcados por diversas alterações ambientais nas regiões costeiras, sendo que, no Brasil, modelos evolutivos e curvas de variação do nível do mar indicaram uma fase geral de regressão marinha, intercalada por picos de transgressão, que contribuíram para a evolução de extensas planícies costeiras. Entretanto, nas planícies costeiras de menor dimensão, essas questões ainda carecem de maiores discussões. No estudo de caso da planície costeira do Itapicuru, norte da Bahia, essa pesquisa objetivou complementar as informações paleoambientais da área, com o propósito de estabelecer o possível cenário de evolução geomorfológica no Holoceno Médio-Superior. Foram analisados sedimentos de terraços marinhos e planície aluvial por meio de granulometria, morfologia e morfoscopia de grãos de quartzo e LOE. A correlação dos dados indicou fase regressiva lenta e gradual entre 5 e 0,8 ka A.P., com formação de altos terraços marinhos. Entre 0,8 ka A.P. e o Presente, houve regressão rápida e brusca, também observada em outros pontos do litoral baiano, com a formação de baixos terraços. Acredita-se que eventos de curta duração podem ter sido responsáveis pela evolução de outras planícies costeiras brasileiras com características semelhantes.

Abstract The last eleven thousand years have been marked by several environmental changes in coastal regions and in Brazil, evolutionary models and sea-level variation curves indicated a general phase of marine regression, interspersed with peaks of transgression. These oscillations contributed to the evolution of extensive coastal plains. However, in the smaller coastal plains, these issues need more discussions. In the case study of the Itapicuru coastal plain, north coast of Bahia State, we aimed to complement the paleoenvironmental information to define the possible geomorphological evolution scenario during the Upper-Middle Holocene. We analyzed marine terraces and floodplain using particle size distribution, quartz grain morphological analysis, and OSL. The data indicates a slow and gradual regressive phase between 5 kyrs - 0,8 kyrs BP, responsible for the highest marine terrace’s formation. Between 0.8 ka A.P. and the Present, there was a fast and abrupt regression also observed in other places of the Bahia coast, with the formation of low terraces. We suggest that short-lived events may have been responsible for the evolution of other Brazilian coastal plains with similar characteristics.

Resumen Los últimos once mil años han estado marcados por cambios ambientales en las regiones costeras. En Brasil, los modelos evolutivos y las curvas de variación del nivel del mar indicaron una fase general de regresión marina, intercalada con picos de transgresión. Estas oscilaciones contribuyeron a la evolución de extensas llanuras costeras. Sin embargo, en las llanuras costeras más pequeñas, estos problemas necesitan más discusiones. En el estudio de caso de la llanura costera de Itapicuru, se objetivó complementar la información paleoambiental para definir el posible escenario de evolución geomorfológica durante el Holoceno Medio-Superior. Fueran analizados los sedimentos superficiales de terrazas marinas y llanuras de inundación utilizando la distribución del tamaño de partícula, el análisis morfológico de los granos de cuarzo y la LOE. La correlación de los datos indicó una fase regresiva lenta y gradual entre 5 y 0,8 ka AP con formación de altas terrazas marinas. Entre 0,8 ka y el Presente ocurrió una fase regresiva rápida y abrupta, también observada en otros puntos de la costa de Bahía, con formación de bajas terrazas. Se cree que los eventos de corta duración pueden haber sido responsables de la evolución de otras llanuras costeras brasileñas con características similares.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar três períodos de adaptação, cinco, 10 e 15 dias, a dietas com baixa ou alta fibra sobre a digestibilidade e características fecais. Foram utilizadas duas dietas, uma contendo 0% de casca de soja (0%CS) e outra com 15% de casca de soja (15%CS), fornecidas a 12 cães adultos. Ao final de cada período, houve coleta total de fezes para avaliação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA), energia metabolizável (EM) e características fecais. Além disso, foi avaliada a palatabilidade das dietas. Como resultado, não houve efeito do período de adaptação sobre a digestibilidade das dietas (P>0,05). A dieta 15%CS apresentou menor CDA da matéria seca (MS) e EM, em relação à dieta 0%CS (P<0,05). A consistência fecal dos cães não diferiu entre as dietas e os períodos (P>0,05). Houve redução no pH e na amônia fecal dos cães alimentados com a dieta 15%CS (P<0,05), após 10 dias de alimentação. Não houve diferença na palatabilidade das dietas (P>0,05). Períodos de adaptação à dieta superiores a cinco dias não alteram a digestibilidade e a maioria das características fecais de cães, exceto a amônia fecal. A inclusão de 15%CS na dieta reduz a digestibilidade da MS e a EM, bem como o pH e a amônia fecal.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate three periods of adaptation, 5, 10 and 15 days, to diets with low or high fiber on digestibility and fecal characteristics. Two diets were used, one containing 0% (0% SH) and one containing 15% soybean hulls (15% SH). Diets were provided to 12 adult dogs. At the end of each period there was total collection of feces to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), metabolizable energy (ME) and fecal characteristics. We also evaluated diet palatability. There was no effect of the adaptation period on digestibility of diets (P> 0.05). The 15% SH diet reduced ADC of dry matter (DM) and ME, compared to the 0% SH diet (P< 0.05). Fecal consistency of the dogs did not differ among diets and periods (P> 0.05). There was a decrease in fecal pH and ammonia in dogs fed the diet with 15% SH (P< 0.05) after 10 days of feeding (P< 0.05). There was no difference in diet palatability (P> 0.05). Diet adaptation longer than 5 days did not alter the digestibility and most fecal characteristics of dogs, except for fecal ammonia. The inclusion of 15% SH in diet reduces DM digestibility and fecal pH and ammonia in dogs.

RESUMO: A identificação de compostos com potencial alelopático produzidos pelas plantas de cobertura pode auxiliar na seleção de espécies para fins de manejo de plantas daninhas em sistema de plantio direto. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais compostos fenólicos com potencial alelopático na parte aérea das plantas de cobertura centeio (Secale cereale L.) e nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.), bem como avaliar se o sistema de cultivo e o estádio fenológico influenciam na produção desses metabólitos secundários e na emergência de plantas daninhas. Foram coletadas amostras da parte aérea das plantas de cobertura aos 60, 80 e 100 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e 15 e 30 dias após o acamamento delas (DAA), em um experimento de campo. Foi avaliada a emergência de plantas daninhas aos 45, 75 e 100 DAA das plantas de cobertura. No centeio, os compostos majoritários foram o 6-metoxi-2-benzoxazolinona (MBOA) e o 2-benzoxazolinona (BOA) em cultivo solteiro e consorciado, e no nabo-forrageiro foi o flavonoide quercetina, em todas as épocas avaliadas. Ao longo do ciclo de cultivo, os maiores conteúdos de compostos fenólicos foram encontrados no estádio de alongamento (60 DAS) para a espécie centeio cultivada solteira e consorciada (9,33 e 8,22 mg g-1 MS) e no estádio de enchimento de grãos (100 DAS) para o nabo forrageiro em sistema de cultivo consorciado com centeio e aveia (3,24 e 3,83 mg g-1 MS). Não houve diferença nos conteúdos dos principais compostos quando a espécie foi cultivada solteira ou consorciada. Após o acamamento, houve redução nos conteúdos de MBOA, BOA e quercetina. A produção de MS de plantas daninhas foi menor aos 45 DAA em todos os tratamentos com resíduos de centeio e nabo, quando comparados com a testemunha. O consórcio do centeio com o nabo forrageiro é uma alternativa de manejo para o controle das plantas daninhas em sistemas agroecológicos, tanto pela barreira física exercida por essas espécies como pela presença de compostos fenólicos com potencial alelopático.

ABSTRACT: The identification of compounds with allelopathic potential produced by cover crops can assist in selecting species for weed management purposes in no-tillage systems. This study aimed to identify the main phenolic compounds with allelopathic potential in the shoot of rye (Secale cereale L.) and oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cover crops, as well as evaluate whether the cultivation system and phenological stage may influence secondary metabolite production and weed emergence. Samples of the shoot of these cover crops were collected at 60, 80, and 100 days after sowing (DAS) and 15 and 30 days after lodging (DAL) under field conditions. Weed emergence was evaluated at 45, 75, and 100 DAL of cover crops. The main compounds in rye were 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) and 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) under monocropping and intercropping, while flavonoid quercetin was found in oilseed radish at all evaluated times. During the growing cycle, the highest contents of phenolic compounds were found at the elongation stage (60 DAS) of rye under monocropping and intercropping systems (9.33 and 8.22 mg g-1 DM, respectively) and at grain filling stage (100 DAS) for oilseed radish intercropped with rye and black oat (3.24 and 3.83 mg g-1 DM, respectively). No differences were found in the contents of the main compounds when the species was grown under monocropping or intercropping systems. A reduction in the contents of MBOA, BOA, and quercetin was observed after lodging. Weed dry matter production was lower at 45 DAL in all treatments with rye and oilseed radish residues when compared to the control. The intercropping of rye with oilseed radish is an alternative management for weed control in agroecological systems due to the physical barrier created by these species and the presence of phenolic compounds with allelopathic potential.

RESUMO: A melancia é uma das olerícolas mais importantes do Brasil, situando o país entre os maiores produtores mundiais. Os vírus se destacam como agentes de doenças prejudiciais, que podem reduzir drasticamente a produção de frutos. Plantas daninhas presentes em campos cultivados também podem interferir na produção de hortaliças, atuando como reservatórios de vírus. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a ocorrência de vírus em plantas daninhas nas principais regiões produtoras de melancia do estado de Tocantins. A identificação de vírus (em geral: os potyvírus Watermelon mosaic virus - WMV, Papaya ringspot virus - type watermelon - PRSV-W, e Zucchini yellow mosaic virus - ZYMV; o cucumovírus Cucumber mosaic virus - CMV e o orthotospovírus Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus - ZLCV) foi realizada por meio de testes serológicos e confirmada por RT-PCR. Os resultados sorológicos e moleculares indicaram que as espécies Amaranthus spinosus, Nicandra physaloides, Physalis angulata e Heliotropium indicum estavam infectadas com pelo menos uma espécie viral. A maior taxa de infecção foi representada por ZYMV (52,7%), seguido por PRSV-W (22,2%), CMV, WMV e ZLCV com a mesma taxa de infecção (8,3%). A espécie Physalis angulata, na qual foram detectadas todas as cinco espécies virais, representou 50% do total de plantas infectadas. As maiores porcentagens de infecção viral em plantas daninhas, 50% e 44,4% foram encontradas em amostras coletadas em Lagoa da Confusão e Formoso do Araguaia, respectivamente. Os resultados de ocorrência e distribuição de vírus infectando plantas daninhas em áreas cultivadas com melancia no estado de Tocantins geram informações importantes sobre o papel destas plantas como reservatórios de vírus em campos cultivados com melancia, bem como contribui para o conhecimento da epidemiologia dessas doenças de modo a propiciar o manejo adequado de plantas daninhas e a disseminação secundária desses vírus por meio de insetos vetores.

ABSTRACT: Watermelon is one of the most important vegetable crops in Brazil, which is grouped among the greatest producers worldwide. Viruses stand out among the most damaging disease agents, which can drastically reduce fruit production. In this context, weeds present in the field can also interfere in crop production, acting as reservoirs for viruses. Thus, this study aimed to investigate virus occurrence in weeds at the main watermelon-growing regions in the State of Tocantins. Viruses identification (e.g. potyviruses: Watermelon mosaic virus - WMV; Papaya ring spot virus - type watermelon -PRSV-W; Zucchini yellow mosaic virus- ZYMV; the cucumovirus Cucumber mosaic virus - CMV, and the orthotospovirus Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus - ZLCV) infecting weeds was performed by serology and confirmed by RT-PCR tests. Serological and molecular test results indicate that Amaranthus spinosus, Nicandra physaloides, Physalis angulata and Heliotropium indicum were infected by at least one virus species. The highest infection rate was represented by ZYMV (52.7%), followed by PRSV-W (22.2%); CMV, WMV, and ZLCV that showed the same infection rate (8.3%) each. Plants of P. angulata were infected by all five viruses, singly or in mixed infection, and represented 50% of the total number of infected samples. The highest virus infection rates, 50% and 44.4%, occurred in weeds collected at Lagoa da Confusão and Formoso do Araguaia, respectively. The results on occurrence and distribution of viruses infecting weeds in watermelon commercial plantations in the State of Tocantins provide important information about the role of weeds as virus reservoirs contribute to the knowledge of the epidemiology of these diseases, and enable a proper weed management aiming at reducing the secondary spreading control of viruses by insect vectors.

Studies have suggested that total energy intake and diet composition affect lifespan and ageing. A high-fat diet induces oxidative stress and affects the development of diseases. In contrast, antioxidants are capable of reducing its harmful effects. Yerba mate beverages are an important source of antioxidants, but there is scarce knowledge about their effects on suppressing fat accumulation. Here, we investigated the compounds present in yerba mate extracts and assessed their effects on Drosophila melanogaster given a high cholesterol diet. LS-ESI-MS analysis showed the presence of matesaponins, phenolic compounds and methylxanthines in all of the examined extracts. In Drosophila, under extract treatment conditions, the mean lifespan was significantly extended from 38 to 43 days, there was an increase in the ability to support induced stress and decrease in lipid peroxidation products. Moreover, yerba mate extracts recovered the glutathione S-transferases (GST) activity and reduced the cholesterol level. Taken together, our results support that extracts can extend lifespan by reducing the detrimental effect of a high-fat diet in D. melanogaster, and this outcome can be associated with the compound content in the extracts. This study improves the understanding of natural interventions that reduce stress-induced oxidative damage, which is fundamental in promoting healthy ageing.