Abstract The objective of this study was to identify molecular responses in Ditylenchus destructor to cold and desiccation by means of transcriptomes analyses. A total of 102,517 unigenes were obtained, with an average length of 1,076 bp, in which 58,453 (57%) had a functional annotation. A total of 1154 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) distributed over 1078 unigenes were detected. Gene expression profiles in response to cold and desiccation stress and the expression of specific stress-related genes were compared. Gene ontology analysis and pathway-based analysis were used to further investigate the functions of the differentially expressed genes. The reliability of the sequencing data was verified through quantitative real-time PCR analysis of 19 stress-related genes. RNA interference used to further assess the functions of the cold-related unigenes 15628 and 15596 showed that the knockdown of each of these genes led to decreased cold tolerance of D. destructor. Hence, this study revealed molecular processes and pathways active in cold- or dessication-treated nematodes. The transcriptome profiles presented in this study provide insight into the transcriptome complexity and will contribute to further understand stress tolerance in D. destructor.

O valor nutritivo ou a qualidade das proteínas dietéticas utilizadas para a formulação de rações para aves varia: a disponibilidade de aminoácidos é uma medida importante da qualidade da proteína. A determinação dos valores de digestibilidade ileal tornou-se o método preferido para a estimativa da disponibilidade de aminoácidos. Nesta revisão são discutidas as diferentes abordagens para a expressão dos resultados de digestibilidade, incluindo a correção de perdas endógenas e a derivação de valores padronizados. As fontes de variação dos valores incluem o protocolo do ensaio, os fatores anti-nutricionais na alimentação e a indústria de alimentação. A formulação de rações com base nos valores de digestibilidade ileal deve permitir a inclusão de maiores níveis dietéticos de alimentos com proteína de qualidade inferior, desde que sejam considerados os valores dos diferentes alimentos aditivos, a idade da ave e o uso de enzimas para alimentação animal. Um conjunto de dados australianos de "valores de aminoácidos digestíveis ileais em alimentos para aves" acaba de ser publicado. Esta visão procura estimular o interesse na geração e aplicação de digestibilidade ileal como um método para estimativa da disponibilidade de aminoácidos na nutrição de aves.

The nutritional value or quality of dietary proteins used for poultry feed formulation varies: amino acid availability is an important measure of protein quality. Determination of ileal digestibility values has become the preferred method for estimating amino acid availability. This review discusses the different approaches to the expression of digestibility results, including correction for endogenous loss and the derivatisation of standardised values. Sources of variation in values include, the assay protocol, anti-nutritional factors in feedstuffs and feed milling. Feed formulating with ileal digestibility values should allow higher dietary inclusion levels of protein feedstuffs of lower quality provided that values of different feedstuffs are additive, the age of the bird and the use of feed enzymes are considered. An Australian data set of "ileal digestible amino acid values in feedstuffs for poultry" that has recently be published is described. This overview is intended to stimulate interest in the generation and application of ileal digestibility as a method for estimating amino acid availability in poultry nutrition.