ABSTRACT In the Peruvian city of Arequipa, rabid dogs have been detected since March 2015, signaling the reintroduction of the rabies virus (RV) in this previously officially-declared rabies free zone. High dog density is considered one of the causes for the continuous transmission of the RV in the outbreak in the city of Arequipa, which seemingly lends support to the culling of dogs as a public health measure. However, the effectiveness of culling free-roaming dogs to control urban rabies has not been evaluated. Objective to determine the effectiveness of free-roaming dog culling as a control measure of urban rabies. Source of data: We searched for articles on dog rabies control or urban rabies control in the databases of PubMed, Scopus and LILACS. The characteristics and results of the documents obtained were recorded. Eligibility criteria: We included original studies and reviews that have evaluated an effect of culling dogs in the transmission of RV. Data collection and evaluation: One of the authors (RCN) screened the articles found in the search based on their titles and abstracts. The data and results of the articles selected for full reading were evaluated by at least two authors. Results: 21 articles were eligible for full reading. 20 of 21 articles conclude that free-roaming dog culling is ineffective in reducing the transmission of RV and may even have unintended consequences that worsen the problem. We believe that the available evidence indicates that the sacrifice of free-roaming dogs is not effective to control urban rabies. In addition, the various negative consequences of free-roaming dog culling reported in other parts of the world suggest that the system of urban rabies is highly complex and all its components must be taken into account during the implementation of control activities.

RESUMEN En la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú, se han detectado perros con rabia desde marzo de 2015, señal de la reintroducción del virus de la rabia (VR) en esta zona previamente declarada libre de esta enfermedad. La alta densidad de perros vagabundos ha sido considerada una de las causas de la continua transmisión del VR en el brote de la ciudad de Arequipa, alentando el sacrificio de perros como medida de salud pública. Sin embargo, la efectividad de esta medida de control no ha sido evaluada. El objetivo de esta revisión fue determinar la efectividad del sacrificio de perros vagabundos como medida de control de la rabia urbana. Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos sobre control de rabia canina o urbana en las bases de datos de Medline, Scopus y LILACS. Se incluyeron estudios originales y revisiones que hayan evaluado algún efecto del sacrificio de perros en la transmisión del VR. Veinte de 21 artículos concluyen que el sacrificio de perros vagabundos es inefectivo en reducir la trasmisión del VR e, incluso, puede tener consecuencias imprevistas que empeoren el problema. En conclusión, la evidencia disponible indica que sacrificar perros vagabundos no es efectivo para controlar la rabia urbana. Además, las diversas consecuencias negativas del sacrificio de los perros vagabundos reportadas en otras partes del mundo sugieren que el sistema de rabia urbana es altamente complejo y todos sus componentes deben ser tomados en cuenta durante la implementación de actividades de control.

In the Peruvian city of Arequipa, rabid dogs have been detected since March 2015, signaling the reintroduction of the rabies virus (RV) in this previously officially-declared rabies free zone. High dog density is considered one of the causes for the continuous transmission of the RV in the outbreak in the city of Arequipa, which seemingly lends support to the culling of dogs as a public health measure. However, the effectiveness of culling free-roaming dogs to control urban rabies has not been evaluated. Objective to determine the effectiveness of free-roaming dog culling as a control measure of urban rabies. Source of data: We searched for articles on dog rabies control or urban rabies control in the databases of PubMed, Scopus and LILACS. The characteristics and results of the documents obtained were recorded. Eligibility criteria: We included original studies and reviews that have evaluated an effect of culling dogs in the transmission of RV. Data collection and evaluation: One of the authors (RCN) screened the articles found in the search based on their titles and abstracts. The data and results of the articles selected for full reading were evaluated by at least two authors. Results: 21 articles were eligible for full reading. 20 of 21 articles conclude that free-roaming dog culling is ineffective in reducing the transmission of RV and may even have unintended consequences that worsen the problem. We believe that the available evidence indicates that the sacrifice of free-roaming dogs is not effective to control urban rabies. In addition, the various negative consequences of free-roaming dog culling reported in other parts of the world suggest that the system of urban rabies is highly complex and all its components must be taken into account during the implementation of control activities.

En la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú, se han detectado perros con rabia desde marzo de 2015, señal de la reintroducción del virus de la rabia (VR) en esta zona previamente declarada libre de esta enfermedad. La alta densidad de perros vagabundos ha sido considerada una de las causas de la continua transmisión del VR en el brote de la ciudad de Arequipa, alentando el sacrificio de perros como medida de salud pública. Sin embargo, la efectividad de esta medida de control no ha sido evaluada. El objetivo de esta revisión fue determinar la efectividad del sacrificio de perros vagabundos como medida de control de la rabia urbana. Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos sobre control de rabia canina o urbana en las bases de datos de Medline, Scopus y LILACS. Se incluyeron estudios originales y revisiones que hayan evaluado algún efecto del sacrificio de perros en la transmisión del VR. Veinte de 21 artículos concluyen que el sacrificio de perros vagabundos es inefectivo en reducir la trasmisión del VR e, incluso, puede tener consecuencias imprevistas que empeoren el problema. En conclusión, la evidencia disponible indica que sacrificar perros vagabundos no es efectivo para controlar la rabia urbana. Además, las diversas consecuencias negativas del sacrificio de los perros vagabundos reportadas en otras partes del mundo sugieren que el sistema de rabia urbana es altamente complejo y todos sus componentes deben ser tomados en cuenta durante la implementación de actividades de control.

Nematoides formadores de galhas (Meloidogyne sp.) são responsáveis pela baixa produtividade na cultura do feijoeiro, cujas perdas, provocadas por esses patógenos, podem chegar até 90%. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento de seis linhagens de feijoeiro ('Hav 06', 'Hav 11', 'Hav 28', 'Hav 50', 'Hav 69' e 'Torino') frente ao parasitismo de M. javanica e de M. paranaensis. As linhagens foram inoculadas com 5.000 ovos e eventuais juvenis dos respectivos nematoides. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dez repetições para cada tratamento com os nematoides e dez repetições para testemunha sem inoculação. Quarenta e cinco dias após inoculação, os sistemas radiculares foram coletados, lavados e avaliados quanto à produção de ovos e estimativa do Fator de Reprodução (FR). Os resultados mostraram baixa reprodução dos nematoides nas linhagens de feijão-vagem avaliadas, e que, para M. javanica, o FR variou de 0,02 a 0,05, enquanto que, para M. paranaensis, a variação foi de 0,04 a 0,36, indicando que todas as linhagens se comportaram como resistentes, apresentando FR < 1.

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) are responsable for low productivity on bean culture, where the losses caused by this pathogen can reach 90%. The present study aimed to evaluate the behavior of six bean lineages ('Hav 06', 'Hav 11', 'Hav 28', 'Hav 50', 'Hav 69' and 'Torino') against the parasitism of M. javanica and M. paranaensis. The lineages were inoculated with 5,000 eggs and possible juveniles of each nematode in a completely randomized design, with 10 replications per treatment with the nematodes and 10 replications per treatment without inoculation (control). Forty-five days after inoculation, the roots systems were collected, washed and evaluated for egg production and estimated reproduction factor (RF). The results showed that, for M. javanica, the RF varied from 0.02 to 0.05, while for M. incognita the variation was from 0.04 to 0.36, showing that all snap bean genotypes were resistant, presenting a RF < 1.

O uso de híbridos e genótipos de milho resistentes aos nematóides formadores de galhas em sistemas de rotação de culturas mantém sua população em níveis baixos, diminuindo as perdas e possibilitando, posteriormente, o uso de genótipos mais suscetíveis. No presente trabalho, foi avaliada a resistência de 18 genótipos de milho ao parasitismo de M. paranaensis e a M. incognita raça 1 em casa-de-vegetação. As plantas foram inoculadas com 5.000 ovos e eventuais juvenis dos respectivos nematóides. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com dez repetições para cada tratamento com os nematóides e cinco repetições para a testemunha sem inoculação. Também foi realizada a técnica de coloração das raízes com fucsina ácida, pelo método de Byrd et al. (1972). Sessenta dias após a inoculação, os sistemas radiculares foram coletados, lavados e avaliados quanto à penetração, produção de ovos e estimativa do Fator de Reprodução (FR). Os resultados mostraram que, para M. paranaensis, o FR variou de 0,01 a 0,08; para M. incognita, a variação foi de 0,01 a 0,03, mostrando que todos os genótipos se comportaram como resistentes, apresentando FR < 1.

The use of corn hybrids and genotypes resistant to root-knot nematodes in crop rotation systems reduce the population of nematodes, preventing losses and allowing for the use of more susceptible genotypes. In this study, the resistance of eighteen hybrids of corn to parasitism of Meloidogyne paranaensis and M. incognita breed 1 were evaluated in a greenhouse. The plants were inoculated with 5,000 eggs and possible juveniles of each nematode in a completely randomized design, using ten replicates for each treatment with nematodes, and five replicates for the treatment without inoculation (control). The root staining technique using acid fuchsin was also applied, according to Byrd et al. (1972). Sixty days after the inoculation, the roots systems were collected, washed and evaluated for penetration, egg production and estimated reproduction factor (RF). The results showed that, for M. paranaensis, the RF varied from 0.01 to 0.08, while for M. incognita the variation was from 0.01 to 0.03, showing that all corn genotypes were resistant, presenting a RF < 1.