RESUMO Este artigo objetiva compreender a relação entre a materialidade da escrita e a escrita cuneiforme na antiga Mesopotâmia. Inicialmente, discutimos como as abordagens tradicionais aplicadas a textos, a partir do “modelo linguístico” e suas derivações, contribuíram para a desmaterialização da escrita ao priorizar a mensagem escrita em detrimento do material inscrito. Em seguida, debatemos os conceitos de material e materialidade, levando em conta tanto as condições de existência e as propriedades materiais do suporte/objeto, como as relações materiais que fazem com que a escrita se concretize. Por fim, apresentamos dois estudos de caso que consideram a relação entre sujeitos, objetos e ambientes dentro do contexto em que circulam, partindo de abordagens analíticas mais recentes, aplicadas aos estudos de cultura material, que conferem à materialidade um papel ativo nas relações sociais. O primeiro estudo de caso apresenta os tabletes de argila em um contexto preciso de relações administrativas, problematizando a visão de que seriam suportes ou veículos para uma mensagem. Já no segundo, trazemos as possíveis compreensões da relação entre materialidade, texto e imagem em relevos parietais palacianos.

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the relationship between the materiality of writing and the cuneiform writing system in ancient Mesopotamia. To this end, it will first look at the traditional approaches to the analyses of texts, from the “linguistic model” and its derivatives, and how they contributed to the dematerialization of writing by prioritizing the written message over the written material. Then, it will discuss the concepts of material and materiality, considering the conditions for existence and material properties of inscribed objects, as well as the material relations that enable the act of writing. Finally, from more recent analytical approaches in material culture studies that assign a more active role to materiality in structuring social relations, this study examines the relationship between subjects, objects, and the environments in which they are inserted through two case studies. The first one looks at clay tablets in administrative relations, problematizing the understanding of tablets as supports or vehicles for messages. The second case study explores alternatives for conceptualizing the dynamic relationship among materiality, text, and image in palace wall reliefs.

Abstract Background: Lack of complete genomic data of Bothrops jararaca impedes molecular biology research focusing on biotechnological applications of venom gland components. Identification of full-length coding regions of genes is crucial for the correct molecular cloning design. Methods: RNA was extracted from the venom gland of one adult female specimen of Bothrops jararaca. Deep sequencing of the mRNA library was performed using Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. De novo assembly of B. jararaca transcriptome was done using Trinity. Annotation was performed using Blast2GO. All predicted proteins after clustering step were blasted against non-redundant protein database of NCBI using BLASTP. Metabolic pathways present in the transcriptome were annotated using the KAAS-KEGG Automatic Annotation Server. Toxins were identified in the B. jararaca predicted proteome using BLASTP against all protein sequences obtained from Animal Toxin Annotation Project from Uniprot KB/Swiss-Pro database. Figures and data visualization were performed using ggplot2 package in R language environment. Results: We described the in-depth transcriptome analysis of B. jararaca venom gland, in which 76,765 de novo assembled isoforms, 96,044 transcribed genes and 41,196 unique proteins were identified. The most abundant transcript was the zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin-like jararhagin. Moreover, we identified 78 distinct functional classes of proteins, including toxins, inhibitors and tumor suppressors. Other venom proteins identified were the hemolytic lethal factors stonustoxin and verrucotoxin. Conclusion: It is believed that the application of deep sequencing to the analysis of snake venom transcriptomes may represent invaluable insight on their biotechnological potential focusing on candidate molecules.

Abstract Background: South American rattlesnakes are represented in Brazil by a single species, Crotalus durissus, which has public health importance due to the severity of its envenomation and to its wide geographical distribution. The species is subdivided into several subspecies, but the current classification is controversial. In Brazil, the venoms of C. d. terrificus and C. d. collilineatus are used for hyperimmunization of horses for antivenom production, even though the distinction of these two subspecies are mostly by their geographical distribution. In this context, we described a comparative compositional and functional characterization of individual C. d. collilineatus and C. d. terrificus venoms from three Brazilian states. Methods: We compared the compositional patterns of C. d. terrificus and C. d. collilineatus individual venoms by 1-DE and RP-HPLC. For functional analyzes, the enzymatic activities of PLA2, LAAO, and coagulant activity were evaluated. Finally, the immunorecognition of venom toxins by the crotalic antivenom produced at Butantan Institute was evaluated using Western blotting. Results: The protein profile of individual venoms from C. d. collilineatus and C. d. terrificus showed a comparable overall composition, despite some intraspecific variation, especially regarding crotamine and LAAO. Interestingly, HPLC analysis showed a geographic pattern concerning PLA2. In addition, a remarkable intraspecific variation was also observed in PLA2, LAAO and coagulant activities. The immunorecognition pattern of individual venoms from C. d. collilineatus and C. d. terrificus by crotalic antivenom produced at Butantan Institute was similar. Conclusions: The results highlighted the individual variability among the venoms of C. durissus ssp. specimens. Importantly, our data point to a geographical variation of C. durissus ssp. venom profile, regardless of the subspecies, as evidenced by PLA2 isoforms complexity, which may explain the increase in venom neurotoxicity from Northeastern through Southern Brazil reported for the species.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the level of psychological well-being and burnout on 121 health professionals from Los Lagos region in Chile (63% female, M = 30.80 years, SD = 13.03 years). The Ryff psychological well-being scale and the Maslach burnout Inventory were applied, resulting in a 21% of participants having a low level of well-being and a 25.5% showing symptoms of burnout. Thus, we can state that there is a positive relationship between the level of personal fulfilment and psychological well-being (r = 0.53, p < 0.01). That is why throughout this study the need to generate and encourage self-care actions among health professionals is reinforced.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de bienestar psicológico y burnout de 121 profesionales de salud de la Región de Los Lagos, Chile (63% mujeres, M = 30.80 años, DT = 13.03 años). Se aplicó la escala de bienestar psicológico de Ryff y el Inventario de burnout de Maslach. El 21% presenta un nivel de bienestar bajo, 25.5% presenta síntomas de burnout. Existe relación positiva entre el nivel de realización personal y el bienestar psicológico (r = 0.53, p < 0.01). Este estudio refuerza la necesidad de generar y fomentar acciones de autocuidado entre los profesionales de salud.

A técnica do diagnóstico nutricional, para fins de recomendação de adubação mais racional e econômica na viticultura, carece de padrões metodológicos para as condições regionais de cultivo da videira. Com o objetivo avaliar e ajustar os valores padrões, ou faixas limites, de diagnóstico nutricional para videiras, com base em três metodologias de diagnose foliar, para melhor detecção do estado nutricional dos vinhedos, foram averiguados 30 vinhedos comerciais da cultivar de uva de mesa Itália e de 33 vinhedos da cultivar Rubi, no município de Marialva, região Noroeste do Estado do Paraná, empregando as metodologias de diagnose foliar da Califórnia, de Michigan e da África do Sul, na safra normal de 2002. Analisaram-se dados de produtividade e teores de macronutrientes e micronutrientes. Os ajustes nos padrões foram realizados pelo método do nível crítico, por meio do critério da distribuição normal reduzida (NCRIz). A metodologia da Califórnia não se mostrou adequada para as condições regionais. As outras duas metodologias podem ser utilizadas para a diagnose nutricional das videiras do município de Marialva com pequenos ajustes.

The technique of nutritional diagnosis, for purposes of recommendation of more rational and economical fertilization in wine growing, lacks methodological patterns for the regional conditions of grapevine cultivation. With the objective of evaluating and adjusting the existing values or limit ranges of the grapevine nutritional diagnosis, with base in three diagnosis methodologies to foliate the nutritional state of 30 commercial vineyards of the variety of Italy table grape was evaluated and 33 vineyards of the Ruby variety, in the city of Marialva. Three methodologies were used: California, Michigan and South Africa foliar analyses, in the normal crop of 2002. Productivity data, and macro- and micronutrients were evaluated. The adjustments to the standards were made by the method of the critical level, through the approach of reduced normal distribution (NCRIz). The results showed that the California methodology did not prove adequate for the conditions of Marialva; the others, with some adjustments, can be used for the nutritional diagnosis of the vine of the grapevines of the municipal district of Marialva.

Buscando compreender a produção de imagens sobre saúde e doença e seus efeitos de aprendizagem resultante da educação em saúde mediada pelos vídeos educativos, o artigo analisa a produção audiovisual sobre as leishmanioses no Brasil. Com base no estudo de 14 vídeos educativos, verificou-se a predominância de um discurso técnico-científico e uma estética do grotesco. Observou-se a hegemonia do modelo televisivo-espetacular, em particular o padrão do telejornalismo, com o uso constante de voz off, indutora da fixação de sentidos. Ao invés de estimular a reflexão crítica sobre as circunstâncias sociais do adoecimento, a prática discursiva e imagética dos vídeos encoraja a sua banalização, tanto pela abordagem pouco criteriosa da doença como pela construção de representações estereotipadas. Há a exposição visual de pessoas doentes e não o protagonismo crítico e sensível das populações implicadas. O artigo apresenta, então, com base nos estudos sobre a antropologia visual e da saúde, argumentos para uma abordagem inovadora na produção e utilização de vídeos educativos, e da educação em saúde mediada pelo audiovisual. Esta deve respeitar e dialogar com as culturas, a subjetividade e a cidadania, desenvolvendo estéticas audiovisuais (narrativas e imagéticas) como práxis educativa no campo da saúde coletiva.

In order to understand audiovisual production on health and disease and the pedagogical effects of health education mediated by educational videos, this article analyzes the audiovisual production on leishmaniasis in Brazil. Fourteen educational videos showed the hegemony of TV aesthetics, particularly a journalistic paradigm with constant use of voice-over, inducing the fixation of meanings. Rather than stimulating critical reflection on the social circumstances of leishmaniasis, the videos' discourse and images promote a banal, non-critical, stigmatized representation of the disease. Individuals with the disease are subjected to visual exposure rather than being involved critically and sensitively as protagonists in prevention and treatment. The article thus presents approaches based on studies of visual and health anthropology, arguing in favor of an innovative approach to the production and utilization of educational videos in health education, mediated through audiovisuals. Health education should respect and engage in dialogue with various cultures, subjectivity, and citizenship, developing an audiovisual aesthetics (in terms of narrative and image) that fosters an educational praxis in the field of collective health.

Buscando compreender a produção de imagens sobre saúde e doença e seus efeitos de aprendizagem resultante da educação em saúde mediada pelos vídeos educativos, o artigo analisa a produção audiovisual sobre as leishmanioses no Brasil. Com base no estudo de 14 vídeos educativos, verificou-se a predominância de um discurso técnico-científico e uma estética do grotesco. Observou-se a hegemonia do modelo televisivo-espetacular, em particular o padrão do telejornalismo, com o uso constante de voz off, indutora da fixação de sentidos. Ao invés de estimular a reflexão crítica sobre as circunstâncias sociais do adoecimento, a prática discursiva e imagética dos vídeos encoraja a sua banalização, tanto pela abordagem pouco criteriosa da doença como pela construção de representações estereotipadas. Há a exposição visual de pessoas doentes e não o protagonismo crítico e sensível das populações implicadas. O artigo apresenta, então, com base nos estudos sobre a antropologia visual e da saúde, argumentos para uma abordagem inovadora na produção e utilização de vídeos educativos, e da educação em saúde mediada pelo audiovisual. Esta deve respeitar e dialogar com as culturas, a subjetividade e a cidadania, desenvolvendo estéticas audiovisuais (narrativas e imagéticas) como práxis educativa no campo da saúde coletiva.

In order to understand audiovisual production on health and disease and the pedagogical effects of health education mediated by educational videos, this article analyzes the audiovisual production on leishmaniasis in Brazil. Fourteen educational videos showed the hegemony of TV aesthetics, particularly a journalistic paradigm with constant use of voice-over, inducing the fixation of meanings. Rather than stimulating critical reflection on the social circumstances of leishmaniasis, the videos' discourse and images promote a banal, non-critical, stigmatized representation of the disease. Individuals with the disease are subjected to visual exposure rather than being involved critically and sensitively as protagonists in prevention and treatment. The article thus presents approaches based on studies of visual and health anthropology, arguing in favor of an innovative approach to the production and utilization of educational videos in health education, mediated through audiovisuals. Health education should respect and engage in dialogue with various cultures, subjectivity, and citizenship, developing an audiovisual aesthetics (in terms of narrative and image) that fosters an educational praxis in the field of collective health.

Se ao roteiro escrito cabe o mérito de ter permitido o apogeu do cinema clássico hollywoodiano e os grandes momentos de diálogo do cinema francês, a tradição de escrever previamente o que se vai filmar é, em contrapartida, responsável pela hegemonia de narrativas fechadas, de tipo aristotélico, baseadas na identificação psicológica, narrativas que já trazem em si a solução dos problemas apresentados e que, por isso mesmo, inibem uma relação didática do espectador com o filme. A partir da análise de um roteiro construído com imagens e sons, Roteiro do filme "Paixão" (Godard, 1982), avaliamos aqui as contribuições de uma escrita dessa natureza para uma participação ativa do espectador no texto fílmico. Avaliamos também os resultados de uma oficina de roteiro inspirada na pedagogia godardiana.

If written screenplay allowed the apogee of the classic Hollywood cinema and the great moments of dialogue of the French cinema, the tradition to write previously what will be filmed also gave rise to closed narratives based on psychological identification, in the Aristotelian model. These narratives already carry the solution of their own problems, thus inhibiting any didactic relation between the spectators and the movie. Analyzing Screenplay from the film Passion (Godard, 1981), constructed with images and sound, we assess the contributions of this type of writing to an active participation of the spectators in the film text. We also evaluate the results of a screenwriting workshop inspired in the Godardian pedagogy.